Chapter 21
Synthetic Polymers
خصائص وتسميات البوليمرات المتجانسة
Polymers that are made up of identical monomer units are called homopolymers. Only one repeating unit is involved in the construction of the homopolymer ...
خصائص وتسميات البوليمرات المشتركة
Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating ...
البوليمرات: تحديد الوزن الجزيئي
Unlike small molecules with definite molecular weights, polymers are a mixture of individual polymer chains of varying lengths, each with a unique ...
البوليمرات: توزيع الوزن الجزيئي
For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only ...
تصنيف البوليمر: الهندسة المعمارية
Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like ...
تصنيف البوليمر: التبلور
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. ...
تصنيف البوليمر: الخصوصية الفراغية
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الجذرية: نظرة عامة
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الجذرية: آلية
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الجذرية: تفرع السلسلة
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الأنيونية: نظرة عامة
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الأنيونية: آلية
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic ...
بلمرة نمو السلسلة الكاتيونية: آلية
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization ...
بلمرة نمو سلسلة زيجلر-ناتا: نظرة عامة
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched ...
بلمرة النمو التدريجي: نظرة عامة
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are ...
الوزن الجزيئي لبوليمرات النمو التدريجي
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas ...
أنواع البوليمرات ذات النمو التدريجي: البوليستر
The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the ...
بلمرة أوليفين Metathesis: نظرة عامة
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on ...
بلمرة أوليفين Metathesis: بلمرة Metathesis الافتتاحية الحلقية (ROMP)
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting ...
بلمرة أوليفين Metathesis: Metathesis Diene Acyclic (ADMET)
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear ...
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