Chapter 3
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
الالتهاب الرئوي الأول: مقدمة
Pneumonia is a lung parenchymal infection that affects one or both lungs.
Risk factors for pneumonia include air pollution, smoking, corticosteroid and ...
الالتهاب الرئوي الثاني: الفيزيولوجيا المرضية
Pneumonia follows a sequence of pathophysiological changes.
The process begins when pathogens enter the respiratory tract through various means, such as ...
الالتهاب الرئوي الثالث: المضاعفات والتقييم
Pneumonia can lead to complications like hypotension, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and respiratory failure, especially without timely ...
الالتهاب الرئوي الرابع: الإدارة
Effective pneumonia management includes the following:
Pharmacological treatment for pneumonia involves oral or intravenous antibiotics for bacterial ...
الالتهاب الرئوي الخامس: إدارة التمريض والوقاية منه
Nursing management of a patient with pneumonia includes the following interventions.
Nurses must adhere to medical asepsis and infection control ...
السل الرئوي الأول
Tuberculosis or TB is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily affecting the lung parenchyma.
It can also affect other body ...
السل الرئوي الثاني
The pathophysiology of tuberculosis begins when a susceptible host inhales aerosolized droplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The droplets reach ...
السل الرئوي الثالث
Tuberculosis can be classified into the following six categories based on disease progression:
Class zero indicates no known tuberculosis exposure with a ...
السل الرئوي الوريدي
Diagnosing tuberculosis involves a series of tests.
The initial method is the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, which entails injecting a small amount of ...
السل الرئوي V
Collaborative care for pulmonary tuberculosis involves a prolonged medication course tailored to drug-susceptible or drug-resistant tuberculosis.
...
فشل الجهاز التنفسي الحاد الأول
Acute respiratory failure develops when the respiratory system fails to meet the body's oxygenation, ventilation, or metabolic requirements.
It can ...
فشل الجهاز التنفسي الحاد - II
Type 1 hypoxemic respiratory failure occurs due to an inadequate oxygen supply, characterized by a partial pressure of oxygen below 60 milliliters of ...
فشل الجهاز التنفسي الحاد III
Type 2 or hypercapnic respiratory failure occurs due to increased carbon dioxide production or decreased alveolar ventilation.
It is characterized by ...
فشل الجهاز التنفسي الحاد - IV
Clinical manifestations of acute respiratory failure include the following:
Initial manifestations like restlessness and confusion indicate inadequate ...
فشل الجهاز التنفسي الحاد - V
Managing acute respiratory failure necessitates a collaborative approach.
Respiratory therapy aims to optimize oxygenation and ventilation while ...
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