<ol>
	<li>Yee, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+high-titer+pseudotyped+retroviral+vectors+with+very+broad+host+range.">Generation of high-titer pseudotyped retroviral vectors with very broad host range.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 43, 99-112 (1994).</li><li>Gaiano, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+rapid+gain-of-function+studies+in+the+mouse+embryonic+nervous+system.">A method for rapid gain-of-function studies in the mouse embryonic nervous system.</a> Nat Neurosci. 2, 812-819 (1999).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

ويمكن إجراء عمليات الحقن الفيروسية باستخدام الموجات فوق الصوتية من التوجيه E11.5 - E8.5 ، حيث يمكن حقنه فقط الكيس الذي يحيط بالجنين في E8.5 ، في حين يمكن حقنها كل من الكيس الذي يحيط بالجنين ونظام من البطين - E9.5 E11.5. عندما يقوم بشكل صحيح ، والجسيمات الفيروسية حقنها في نظام التوجيه باستخدام الموجات فوق الصوتية البطين الحصول على الخلايا المبطنة للنظام البطين ، وبالتالي يمكن أن تصيب مختلف الهياكل الدماغ المقدم من الدماغ المتوسط ​​(اللحاء الجديد ، العقد القاعدية ، الدماغ البيني ، والعين ، الخ.) والدماغ المؤخر (Figure1C). فيروس يحقن في الكيس الأمنيوسي لديه حق الوصول إلى الخلايا على السطح الخارجي للجنين. بالإضافة إلى الفيروسات ، ويمكن أيضا توجيه الموجات فوق الصوتية يمكن استخدامها لحقن الخلايا في الأجنة النامية. ولذلك ، فإن هذا الأسلوب يوفر خيارات متعددة للاختيار من بينها (التنموية الفترة الزمنية ، والفيروسات ، هيكل / الخلايا) عند تصميم التجربة. فمن الأهمية بمكان أن الفيروس أو حقن الخلايا التعبير عن مراسل لسهولة تحديد الخلايا المصابة / حقن. تاريخيا ، استخدمت الإنسان الفوسفاتيز القلوية المشيمة (PLAP) أو GFP. من التجربة ، وجدنا PLAP يمكن أن تكون مفيدة جدا الجين مراسل لأن كلا PLAP النسيجية وتلطيخ المناعى غلة خلية واحدة حادة ومتميزة وصمة عار أن يسمح احد لتحليل مورفولوجيا الخلايا والموقف ، وإجراء تحليل نسيلي. منذ الفيروسية التعبير GFP يمكن باهتة ، قد لا يكون المراسل GFP مثالية للتلوين الأنسجة ، ولكن من المفيد إذا كان أحد يريد الحصول على الخلايا وحيدة الخلية عن طريق الفرز مضان تنشيط (FACS).

&quot;يمكن استخدام واحدة من الموجات فوق الصوتية المجاهر تشتت ارتدادي التالية لهذا الإجراء. ورغم ان في الفيديو هو استخدام P40 من بارادايم - الطبية ، P40 لم تعد متوفرة تجاريا ، وحلت محلها في P60 ، الذي يتم تسعيره على نحو مماثل ، ويمكن تستعمل لنفس التطبيق ، ومواد إضافية وصفها لبناء المرحلة هي للاستخدام مع الجهاز الطبي للبارادايم (ق) ، وVEVO 2100 يأتي مع معدات للتصوير الحيوانات الصغيرة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> P60 BioMicroscope الموجات فوق الصوتية (UBM) من الطب بارادايم ( <a href="http://www.paradigm-medical.com/ubms.html">http://www.paradigm-medical.com/ubms.html</a> ). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> VEVO 2100 من VisualSonics ( <a href="http://www.visualsonics.com/">http://www.visualsonics.com/</a> ) </li></ol> التخدير وتخفيف الآلام ويمكن الحصول عليها من الصحة الحيوانية Bulter شين ؛ الحل Nembutal (التي تنتجها مختبرات أبوت 50 ملغ / مل للحقن الصوديوم بنتوباربيتال). علما أن هذا هو جوهر جدول زمني للرقابة والثاني يتطلب وكالة مكافحة المخدرات (DEA) للحصول على الترخيص. ويمكن الحصول عليها من عدد من الموزعين ، بما في ذلك الطب مور ؛ الحل بوبيفاكايين (التي تنتجها هوسبيرا ، وشركة ، من بين أمور أخرى 0.25 ٪).

ultrasound-guided microinjection into the mouse forebrain in utero at e9.5

في جراحة بقاء الرحم في الفئران تصاريح التلاعب في التعبير الجيني الجزيئي خلال التنمية. ومع ذلك ، لأن جدار الرحم غير شفاف في وقت مبكر خلال مرحلة التطور الجنيني ، هي محدودة إلى حد كبير القدرة على استهداف أجزاء معينة من الجنين لmicroinjection. لحسن الحظ ، عالية التردد تصاريح التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية لتوليد الصور التي يمكن استخدامها في الوقت الحقيقي لتوجيه إبرة microinjection في منطقة الجنينية المثيرة للاهتمام. نحن هنا وصف استخدام التصوير لتوجيه مثل هذه الحقن لنواقل فيروسات في النظام البطين من الدماغ المقدم الفأر الجنينية في اليوم (E) 9.5. هذا الأسلوب يستخدم البطن للسماح بالوصول إلى أبواق الرحم ، والمصممة خصيصا لوحة تسمح الأجنة المضيفة أن يستحم في المياه المالحة في حين التقط هم وحقن. عملية جراحية ناجحة في كثير من الأحيان نتيجة في معظم أو كل من الباقين على قيد الحياة حقن الأجنة في أي نقطة زمنية لاحقة من الاهتمام (بشكل أولي أو بعد الولادة). ويمكن استخدام المبادئ الموصوفة هنا مع تعديلات طفيفة لإجراء الحقن في السائل سلوي E8.5 من الأجنة (العدوى مما يسمح على طول مدى الخلفي الأمامي من الأنبوب العصبي ، والتي لم تغلق حتى الآن) ، أو في نظام من البطين الدماغ في E10.5/11.5. وعلاوة على ذلك ، في منتصف العصبية الأعمار (~ E13.5) ، ويمكن استخدام التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية الحقن المباشر في مناطق الدماغ محددة لعدوى فيروسية أو زرع الخلايا. استخدام التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية لتوجيه الحقن في الرحم في الفئران هي تقنية قوية جدا تسمح للتلاعب الجزيئية والخلوية من أجنة فئران في السبل التي من شأنها أن يكون الأمر خلاف ذلك صعبة للغاية إن لم يكن مستحيلا.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5 at JoVE.com

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

في جراحة بقاء الرحم في الفئران تصاريح التلاعب في التعبير الجيني الجزيئي خلال التنمية. نحن هنا وصف استخدام الترددات العالية التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية لتوجيه حقن فيروسات نواقل في مخ الفأر الجنينية في اليوم (E) 9.5.

الموجات فوق الصوتية ، إذ تسترشد Microinjection في الدماغ المقدم ماوس في الرحم في E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

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Neuroscience

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

17.8K Views.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. في جراحة بقاء الرحم في الفئران تصاريح التلاعب في التعبير الجيني الجزيئي خلال التنمية. نحن هنا وصف استخدام الترددات العالية التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية لتوجيه حقن فيروسات نواقل في مخ الفأر الجنينية في اليوم (E) 9.5.

Video: Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

الوقت الفاصل بين التصوير حية من خلايا ذات صلة Clonally السلف العصبية في الدماغ المقدم اسماك الزرد النامية

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

كفاءة توصيل الجينات في الجهاز العصبي المركزي متعددة باستخدام الأراضي في الرحم Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

فأر في الرحم Electroporation : الشواهد ترنسفكأيشن جين Spatiotemporal

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Acute Slices of the Adult Mouse Forebrain

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells in restricted areas of the adult mammalian brain. Newborn neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to their final destination in the olfactory bulb (OB)1. In the RMS, neuroblasts migrate tangentially in chains ensheathed by astrocytic processes2,3 using blood vessels as a structural support and a source of molecular factors required for migration4,5. In the OB, neuroblasts detach from the chains and migrate radially into the different bulbar layers where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the existing network1, 6.
In this manuscript we describe the procedure for monitoring cell migration in acute slices of the rodent brain. The use of acute slices allows the assessment of cell migration in the microenvironment that closely resembling to in vivo conditions and in brain regions that are difficult to access for in vivo imaging. In addition, it avoids long culturing condition as in the case of organotypic and cell cultures that may eventually alter the migration properties of the cells. Neuronal precursors in acute slices can be visualized using DIC optics or fluorescent proteins. Viral labeling of neuronal precursors in the SVZ, grafting neuroblasts from reporter mice into the SVZ of wild-type mice, and using transgenic mice that express fluorescent protein in neuroblasts are all suitable methods for visualizing neuroblasts and following their migration. The later method, however, does not allow individual cells to be tracked for long periods of time because of the high density of labeled cells. We used a wide-field fluorescent upright microscope equipped with a CCD camera to achieve a relatively rapid acquisition interval (one image every 15 or 30 sec) to reliably identify the stationary and migratory phases. A precise identification of the duration of the stationary and migratory phases is crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of results. We also performed multiple z-step acquisitions to monitor neuroblasts migration in 3D. Wide-field fluorescent imaging has been used extensively to visualize neuronal migration7-10. Here, we describe detailed protocol for labeling neuroblasts, performing real-time video-imaging of neuroblast migration in acute slices of the adult mouse forebrain, and analyzing cell migration. While the described protocol exemplified the migration of neuroblasts in the adult RMS, it can also be used to follow cell migration in embryonic and early postnatal brains.

We describe a protocol for real-time videoimaging of neuronal migration in the mouse forebrain. The migration of virally-labeled or grafted neuronal precursors was recorded in acute live slices using wide-field fluorescent imaging with a relatively rapid acquisition interval to study the different phases of cell migration, including the durations of the stationary and migration phases and the speed of migration.

الوقت الفاصل بين التصوير للهجرة أرومة عصبية في شرائح الدماغ الأمامي الحاد للماوس الكبار

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

التصور والتلاعب الجيني من التشعبات والاعمده الفقريه في قشرة الدماغ والحصين ماوس باستخدام<em&gt; في الرحم</em&gt; Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

الحصين حقن مكروي الأنسولين و<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; Microdialysis أثناء اختبار الذاكرة المكانية

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

الدماغ الأمامي تسجيل الكهربية في الزرد اليرقات

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

التلاعب الجيني من الفأرة النامية من خلال المهاد<em&gt; في الرحم</em&gt; Electroporation

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the over-production of amyloid-beta and the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in brain regions of the afflicted individuals. Throughout the years scientists have generated numerous Alzheimer&#8217;s disease mouse models that attempt to replicate the amyloid-beta pathology. Unfortunately, the mouse models only selectively mimic the disease features. Neuronal death, a prominent effect in the brains of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease patients, is noticeably lacking in these mice. Hence, we and others have employed a method of directly infusing soluble oligomeric species of amyloid-beta - forms of amyloid-beta that have been proven to be most toxic to neurons - stereotaxically into the brain. In this report we utilize male C57BL/6J mice to document this surgical technique of increasing amyloid-beta levels in a select brain region. The infusion target is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus because this brain structure, along with the basal forebrain that is connected by the cholinergic circuit, represents one of the areas of degeneration in the disease. The results of elevating amyloid-beta in the dentate gyrus via stereotaxic infusion reveal increases in neuron loss in the dentate gyrus within 1 week, while there is a concomitant increase in cell death and cholinergic neuron loss in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca of the basal forebrain. These effects are observed up to 2 weeks. Our data suggests that the current amyloid-beta infusion model provides an alternative mouse model to address region specific neuron death in a short-term basis. The advantage of this model is that amyloid-beta can be elevated in a spatial and temporal manner.

Here, we present a protocol for direct stereotaxic brain infusion of amyloid-beta. This methodology provides an alternative in vivo mouse model to address the short-term effects of amyloid-beta on brain neurons.

تسريب التجسيمي من بلازميدة قليلة القسيمات اميلويد بيتا في الحصين ماوس

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

Cortex-، Hippocampus-، Thalamus-، Hypothalamus-، الجانبي الحاجزي Nucleus- والمخطط محددة<em&gt; في الرحم</em&gt; Electroporation للفي C57BL / 6 الماوس

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...