نشكر الدكتور أليسون ريتشارد ، المدير السابق للمنشأة الببتيد LSU لتوليف يجند الفلورسنت ، ومركز لبحوث التكنولوجيا الحيوية Interdisciplinaray ، الجبهة المتحدة لتركيب الببتيد يجند - lytic ، ومرفق مجهر سوكولوفسكي لتوفير الوصول إلى مضان المجاهر. تم توفير التمويل من قبل برنامج التنمية SERDP الاستكشافية (SEED) في وزارة الدفاع ، وزارة الطاقة ووكالة حماية البيئة ، والتكنولوجيا الحيوية AgCenter برنامج الفريق المتعدد الاختصاصات واية لويزيانا.

<ol>
	<li>Hansel, W., Leuschner, C., Enright, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugates+of+lytic+peptides+and+LHRH+or+&#946;CG+target+and+cause+necrosis+of+prostate+cancers+and+metastases.">Conjugates of lytic peptides and LHRH or &#946;CG target and cause necrosis of prostate cancers and metastases.</a> Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 269, 26-33 (2007).</li><li>Husseneder, C., Collier, R. E., Bourtzis, K., Miller, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paratransgenesis+for+termite+control.">Paratransgenesis for termite control.</a> Insect Symbiosis. 3, 361-376 (2009).</li><li>Husseneder, C., Grace, J. K., Oishi, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+genetically+engineered+bacteria+(Escherichia+coli)+to+monitor+ingestion,+loss+and+transfer+of+bacteria+in+termites.">Use of genetically engineered bacteria (Escherichia coli) to monitor ingestion, loss and transfer of bacteria in termites.</a> Curr. Microbiol. 50, 119-123 (2005).</li><li>Husseneder, C., Grace, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetically+engineered+termite+gut+bacteria+deliver+and+spread+foreign+genes+in+termite+colonies.">Genetically engineered termite gut bacteria deliver and spread foreign genes in termite colonies.</a> Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68, 360-367 (2005).</li><li>Javadpour, M. M., Juban, M. M., Lo, W. C., Bishop, S. M., Alberty, J. B., Cowell, S. M., Becker, C. L., Mc Laughlin, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+antimicrobial+peptides+with+low+mammalian+cell+toxicity.">De novo antimicrobial peptides with low mammalian cell toxicity.</a> J. Med. Chem. 39, 3107-3113 (1996).</li><li>Lai, P. Y., Tamashiro, M., Fuji, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abundance+and+distribution+of+the+three+species+of+symbiotic+protozoa+in+the+hindgut+of+Coptotermes+formosanus+(Isoptera).">Abundance and distribution of the three species of symbiotic protozoa in the hindgut of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera).</a> Proc. Haw. Entomol. Soc. 24, 271-276 (1983).</li><li>Leuschner, C., Hansel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+disrupting+lytic+peptides+for+cancer+treatments.">Membrane disrupting lytic peptides for cancer treatments.</a> Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 2299-2310 (2004).</li><li>Mutwiri, G. K., Henk, W. G., Enright, F. M., Corbeil, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+Antimicrobial+Peptide,+d-Hecate,+on+Trichomonads.">Effect of the Antimicrobial Peptide, d-Hecate, on Trichomonads.</a> J. Parasitol. 86, 1355-1359 (2000).</li><li>Trager, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cultivation+of+a+cellulose-digesting+flagellate,+Trichomonas+termopsidis,+and+of+certain+other+termite+protozoa.">The cultivation of a cellulose-digesting flagellate, Trichomonas termopsidis, and of certain other termite protozoa.</a> Biol. Bull. 66, 182-190 (1934).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

وقد يجند - lytic الببتيدات استخدمت بنجاح لهدف على نحو فعال وتدمير الخلايا السرطانية (هانسيل وLeuschner 2004 ، هانسيل وآخرون 2007). بناء على هذا المفهوم ، قمنا بتطوير يجند ببتيد سباعي التي تربط إلى سطح الأوليات في أمعاء النمل الأبيض الفرموزية الجوفية وبالإضافة إلى الببتيد lyt...

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<td>Sigmacote</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>SL-2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EDANS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Novabiochem</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anaerobic glove box</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Coy Laboratories, Inc.</td>
<td>Custom made</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Intellus environmental controller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Percival</td>
<td>I36NL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PC-10 Glass micropipette puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Narishige Scientific Instrument Lab</td>
<td>PC-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass needles (Model GD-1, 1 X 900 mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Narishige Scientific Instrument Lab</td>
<td>GD-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Leitz micromanipulators</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vermont Optechs, Inc.</td>
<td>ACS01</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microinjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Tritech Research, Inc.</td>
<td>MINJ-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microcaps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
<td>1-000-0005</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LEICA fluorescence imaging system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>DMRxA2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LEICA dissecting scope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>MZ16</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LEICA microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>DMLB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Olympus dissecting scope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>SZ61</td>
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testing protozoacidal activity of ligand-lytic peptides against termite gut protozoa in vitro (protozoa culture) and in vivo (microinjection into termite hindgut)

نحن نعمل على تطوير مقاربة جديدة لمكافحة النمل الأبيض الجوفية التي من شأنها أن تؤدي إلى تقليل الاعتماد على استخدام المبيدات الكيماوية. النمل الأبيض الجوفية التي تعتمد على الأوليات في hindguts العمال في هضم الخشب بكفاءة. وقد تبين أن الببتيدات Lytic لقتل مجموعة متنوعة من الطفيليات (Mutwiri آخرون 2000) والبروتوزوا أيضا في أمعاء النمل الأبيض والجوفية الفرموزية ، Coptotermes formosanus (Husseneder وكولير 2009). الببتيدات Lytic هي جزء من الجهاز المناعي اللانوعي من حقيقيات النوى ، وتدمير الأغشية من الكائنات الحية الدقيقة (Leuschner وهانسيل 2004). الببتيدات معظم lytic ليس من المرجح أن يضر ارتفاع حقيقيات النوى ، لأنها لا تؤثر على حيادية كهربائيا أغشية الخلايا التي تحتوي على الكوليسترول العالي حقيقيات النوى (Javadpour وآخرون 1996). ويمكن توجيه عمل Lytic الببتيد لأنواع معينة من الخلايا من خلال إضافة ليجند. على سبيل المثال ، أفادت هانسيل وآخرون (2007) التي يمكن استخدامها الببتيدات lytic مترافق مع يغاندس سرطان الخلايا مستقبلات الغشاء لتدمير خلايا سرطان الثدي ، في حين أن الببتيدات lytic وحدها أو مترافق مع الببتيدات غير محددة لم تكن فعالة. الببتيدات Lytic كما تم مترافق للهرمونات البشرية التي تربط لمستقبلات على خلايا الورم لتدمير تستهدف خلايا البروستات وسرطان الخصية (Leuschner وهانسيل 2004). في هذا المقال نقدم التقنيات المستخدمة للتدليل على وجود نشاط protozoacidal الببتيد lytic (هيكات) إضافة إلى يجند ببتيد سباعي الذي يربط لغشاء سطح البروتوزوا من أمعاء النمل الأبيض والجوفية الفرموزية. هذه التقنيات تشمل استئصال الأمعاء من العمال النمل الأبيض ، والثقافة اللاهوائي للأمعاء البروتوزوا (Pseudotrichonympha grassii ، Holomastigotoides hartmanni ، Spirotrichonympha leidyi) ، وتأكيد أن يجند المجهرية التي تحمل صبغة الفلورسنت بربط الأمعاء النمل الأبيض وغيرها من الأوليات حرة المعيشة البروتوزوا ولكن ليس للبكتيريا أو أنسجة الأمعاء. نظهر أيضا أن يجند نفسه بالإضافة إلى الببتيد lytic يقتل بكفاءة الأمعاء البروتوزوا النمل الأبيض في المختبر (الثقافة البروتوزوا) والحية (microinjection في المعى المؤخر العمال) ، ولكن أقل من الببتيد bacteriacidal lytic وحدها. خسارة يؤدي إلى موت الكائنات ذات الخلية الواحدة من النمل الأبيض في أقل من أسبوعين. في المستقبل ، فإننا سوف مهندس وراثيا الكائنات الحية الدقيقة التي يمكن أن يعيش النمل الأبيض في المعى المؤخر وينتشر عن طريق مستعمرة النمل الأبيض بأنه &quot;حصان طروادة&quot; للتعبير عن يجند - lytic الببتيدات التي من شأنها أن تقتل الطفيليات في الأمعاء النمل الأبيض ، وقتل لاحقا في مستعمرة النمل الأبيض . يجند - lytic الببتيدات يمكن أيضا أن تكون مفيدة لتطوير العقاقير لمكافحة الطفيليات.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Testing Protozoacidal Activity of Ligand-lytic Peptides Against Termite Gut Protozoa in vitro Protozoa Culture and in vivo Microinjection into Termite Hindgut

Testing Protozoacidal Activity of Ligand-lytic Peptides Against Termite Gut Protozoa in vitro Protozoa Culture and in vivo Microinjection into Termite Hindgut

نقدم إجراءات لإثبات أن يغاندس ربط غشاء سطح هذه هضم السليولوز الأوليات في أمعاء النمل الأبيض الفرموزية الجوفية باستخدام المجهر الفلورسنت ويغاندس أن يقترن الببتيدات lytic تقتل البروتوزوا<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; (البروتوزوا اللاهوائية الثقافة) و<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; (الحقن في المعى المؤخر النمل الأبيض).

اختبار نشاط Protozoacidal من يجند - lytic هضميدات ضد النمل الأبيض غوت البروتوزوا في المختبر (الثقافة البروتوزوا) و في الجسم الحي (Microinjection في المعى المؤخر النمل الأبيض)

We are developing a novel approach to subterranean termite control that would lead to reduced reliance on the use of chemical pesticides. Subterranean ...

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Testing Protozoacidal Activity of Ligand-lytic Peptides Against Termite Gut Protozoa in vitro (Protozoa Culture) and in vivo (Microinjection into Termite Hindgut)

14.8K Views.  Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. نقدم إجراءات لإثبات أن يغاندس ربط غشاء سطح هذه هضم السليولوز الأوليات في أمعاء النمل الأبيض الفرموزية الجوفية باستخدام المجهر الفلورسنت ويغاندس أن يقترن الببتيدات lytic تقتل البروتوزوا في المختبر (البروتوزوا اللاهوائية الثقافة) و في الجسم الحي (?...

Video: Testing Protozoacidal Activity of Ligand-lytic Peptides Against Termite Gut Protozoa in vitro Protozoa Culture and in vivo Microinjection into Termite Hindgut

Extracting DNA from the Gut Microbes of the Termite (Zootermopsis Angusticollis) and Visualizing Gut Microbes

Termites are among the few animals known to have the capacity to subsist solely by consuming wood.  The termite gut tract contains a dense and species-rich microbial population that assists in the degradation of lignocellulose predominantly into acetate, the key nutrient fueling termite metabolism (Odelson &amp; Breznak, 1983).  Within these microbial populations are bacteria, methanogenic archaea and, in some ("lower") termites, eukaryotic protozoa. Thus, termites are excellent research subjects for studying the interactions among microbial species and the numerous biochemical functions they perform to the benefit of their host.  The species composition of microbial populations in termite guts as well as key genes involved in various biochemical processes has been explored using molecular techniques (Kudo et al., 1998; Schmit-Wagner et al., 2003; Salmassi &amp; Leadbetter, 2003). These techniques depend on the extraction and purification of high-quality nucleic acids from the termite gut environment.  The extraction technique described in this video is a modified compilation of protocols developed for extraction and purification of nucleic acids from environmental samples (Mor  et al., 1994; Berthelet et al., 1996; Purdy et al., 1996; Salmassi &amp; Leadbetter, 2003; Ottesen et al. 2006) and it produces DNA from termite hindgut material suitable for use as template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Extracting DNA from the Gut Microbes of the Termite Zootermopsis Angusticollis and Visualizing Gut Microbes

This video illustrates the technique for extracting DNA from the species of microbes resident in the termite hindgut. The preparation of a wet mount slide, which is useful for visualizing the gut microbial community is also illustrated, and a tour through the species-rich gut environment is given.

استخراج الحمض النووي من الميكروبات غوت من النمل الأبيض (Zootermopsis Angusticollis) وتصور الميكروبات غوت

Termites are among the few animals known to have the capacity to subsist solely by consuming wood.  The termite gut tract contains a dense and ...

Investigating the Microbial Community in the Termite Hindgut - Interview

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes. The symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose-degrading gut microbes is explained, as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels.

التحقيق في الجماعة الميكروبية في المعى المؤخر النمل الأبيض -- مقابلة

Jared Leadbetter explains why the termite-gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes.     The ...

Layers of Symbiosis - Visualizing the Termite Hindgut Microbial Community

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth.  Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on Earth. Jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi-layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants, but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves.

طبقات من التكافل -- الرؤية والميكروبية المعى المؤخر الجماعة النمل الأبيض

Jared Leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different ...

Testing the Physiological Barriers to Viral Transmission in Aphids Using Microinjection

Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When an uninfected aphid feeds on an infected plant it contracts the virus through the plant phloem. Once ingested, the virus must pass from the insect gut to the hemolymph (the insect  blood ) and then must pass through the salivary gland, in order to be transmitted back to a new plant. An aphid may take up different viruses when munching on a plant, however only a small fraction will pass through the gut and salivary gland, the two main barriers for transmission to infect more plants. In the lab, we use physalis plants to study PLRV transmission. In this host, symptoms are characterized by stunting and interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves between the veins with the veins remaining green). The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut is preventing viral transmission.
The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing Aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut or salivary gland is preventing viral transmission.

Aphids are effective transmitters of plant viruses. Aphid microinjection of virus, the procedure we will show you today, is a technique allowing researchers to inject virus directly into the hemocoel of the aphid, bypassing the gut, one of the 2 major barriers for virus transmission in a circulative manner. The same technique is also used to inject dsRNA for RNAi.

اختبار الحواجز الفسيولوجية لانتقال الفيروس عن طريق Microinjection في المن

Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When ...

In vivo and in vitro Studies of Adaptor-clathrin Interaction

A major endocytic pathway initiates with the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that transport cargo from the cell surface to endosomes1-6. CCVs are distinguished by a polyhedral lattice of clathrin that coats the vesicle membrane and serves as a mechanical scaffold. Clathrin coats are assembled during vesicle formation from individual clathrin triskelia , the soluble form of clathrin composed of three heavy and three light chain subunits7,8. Because the triskelion does not have the ability to bind to the membrane directly, clathrin-binding adaptors are critical to link the forming clathrin lattice to the membrane through association with lipids and/or membrane proteins9. Adaptors also package transmembrane protein cargo, such as receptors, and can interact with each other and with other components of the CCV formation machinery9.
Over twenty clathrin adaptors have been described, several are involved in clathrin mediated endocytosis and others localize to the trans Golgi network or endosomes9. With the exception of HIP1R (yeast Sla2p), all known clathrin adaptors bind to the N-terminal -propeller domain of the clathrin heavy chain9. Clathrin adaptors are modular proteins consisting of folded domains connected by unstructured flexible linkers. Within these linker regions, short binding motifs mediate interactions with the clathrin N-terminal domain or other components of the vesicle formation machinery9. Two distinct clathrin-binding motifs have been defined: the clathrin-box and the W-box9. The consensus clathrin-box sequence was originally defined as L[L/I][D/E/N][L/F][D/E]10 but variants have been subsequently discovered11. The W-box conforms to the sequence PWxxW (where x is any residue).
Sla1p (Synthetic Lethal with Actin binding protein-1) was originally identified as an actin associated protein and is necessary for normal actin cytoskeleton structure and dynamics at endocytic sites in yeast cells12. Sla1p also binds the NPFxD endocytic sorting signal and is critical for endocytosis of cargo bearing the NPFxD signal13,14. More recently, Sla1p was demonstrated to bind clathrin through a motif similar to the clathrin box, LLDLQ, termed a variant clathrin-box (vCB), and to function as an endocytic clathrin adaptor15. In addition, Sla1p has become a widely used marker for the endocytic coat in live cell fluorescence microscopy studies16. Here we use Sla1p as a model to describe approaches for adaptor-clathrin interaction studies. We focus on live cell fluorescence microscopy, GST-pull down, and co-immunoprecipitation methods.

In vivo and in vitro Studies of Adaptor-clathrin Interaction

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends on adaptor proteins that coordinate cargo selection and clathrin coat assembly. Here we describe procedures to study adaptor-clathrin physical interaction and live cell imaging approaches using as a model the yeast endocytic adaptor protein Sla1p.

في الجسم الحي والدراسات في المختبر من محول - clathrin التفاعل

A major endocytic pathway initiates with the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that transport cargo from the cell surface to endosomes1-6. CCVs ...

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a conserved and highly regulated pathway by which cells die1. Apoptosis can be triggered when cells encounter a wide range of cytotoxic stresses. These insults initiate signaling cascades that ultimately cause the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytoplasm2. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria is a key event that triggers the rapid activation of caspases, the key cellular proteases which ultimately execute cell death3-4.
The pathway of apoptosis is regulated at points upstream and downstream of cytochrome c release from mitochondria5. In order to study the post-mitochondrial regulation of caspase activation, many investigators have turned to direct cytoplasmic microinjection of holocytochrome c (heme-attached) protein into cells6-9. Cytochrome c is normally localized to the mitochondria where attachment of a heme group is necessary to enable it to activate apoptosis10-11. Therefore, to directly activate caspases, it is necessary to inject the holocytochrome c protein instead of its cDNA, because while the expression of cytochrome c from cDNA constructs will result in mitochondrial targeting and heme attachment, it will be sequestered from cytosolic caspases. Thus, the direct cytosolic microinjection of purified heme-attached cytochrome c protein is a useful tool to mimic mitochondrial cytochrome c release and apoptosis without the use of toxic insults which cause cellular and mitochondrial damage.
In this article, we describe a method for the microinjection of cytochrome c protein into cells, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and primary sympathetic neurons as examples. While this protocol focuses on the injection of cytochrome c for investigations of apoptosis, the techniques shown here can also be easily adapted for microinjection of other proteins of interest.

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

In this protocol, we describe the direct cytoplasmic microinjection of cytochrome c protein into fibroblasts and primary sympathetic neurons. This technique allows for the introduction of cytochrome c protein into the cytoplasm of cells and mimics the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which occurs during apoptosis.

تفعيل موت الخلايا المبرمج من قبل Microinjection هيولي من السيتوكروم ج</em

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a conserved and highly regulated pathway by which cells die1.  Apoptosis can be triggered when cells encounter a ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

التعريفي واختبار نقص الأكسجة في الثقافة خلية

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of neurulation, migrates extensively towards various organs, and differentiates into many types of derivatives (neurons, glia, cartilage and bone, pigmented and endocrine cells). In this protocol, we describe how to dissect the premigratory cranial NC from Xenopus laevis embryos, in order to study NC development in vivo and in vitro. The frog model offers many advantages to study early development; abundant batches are available, embryos develop rapidly, in vivo gain and loss of function strategies allow manipulation of gene expression prior to NC dissection in donor and/or host embryos. The NC explants can be plated on fibronectin and used for in vitro studies. They can be cultured for several days in a serum-free defined medium. We also describe how to graft NC explants back into host embryos for studying NC migration and differentiation in vivo.

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

This protocol describes how to dissect premigratory cranial neural crest (NC) from Xenopus laevis neurulas. These explants can be plated on fibronectin and cultured in vitro, or grafted back into host embryos. This technique allows studying the mechanisms of NC epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, migration, and differentiation.

تشريح<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; العصبية كريست ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; يزدرع الثقافة أو<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; زرع

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of ...

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo

In order to efficiently stimulate an innate immune response, DNA must be of sufficient length and purity. We present a method where double stranded DNA (dsDNA) which has the requisite characteristics to stimulate the cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways can be generated cheaply and with ease. By the concatemerization of short, synthetic oligonucleotides (which lack CpG motifs), dsDNA can be generated to be of sufficient length to activate the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. This protocol involves blunt end ligation of the oligonucleotides in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which provides an environment for efficient ligation to occur. The dsDNA concatemers can be used, following purification by phenol/chloroform extraction, to simulate the innate immune response in vitro by standard transfection protocols. This DNA can also be used to stimulate innate immunity in vivo by intradermal injection into the ear pinna of a mouse, for example. By standardizing the concatemerization process and the subsequent stimulation protocols, a reliable and reproducible activation of the innate immune system can be produced.

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo

The aim of the protocol is to use optimal methods for stimulating the cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways in cells and in vivo. This is achieved by improving the generation of long, double-stranded DNA during blunt-end ligation. Cells or mice are then transfected using a lipid transfection reagent.

تحفيز حشوية DNA الاستشعار عن مسارات<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; و<em&gt; في فيفو</em

In order to efficiently stimulate an innate immune response, DNA must be of sufficient length and purity. We present a method where double stranded DNA ...

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular transfection technique for testicular mouse cells allows the study of unique processes in spermatogenesis.
The following protocol focuses on transfection of testicular mouse cells with plasmid constructs. Specifically, we used the reporter vector pEGFP-C1, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and also the pDsRed2-N1 vector expressing red fluorescent protein (DsRed2). Both encoded reporter genes were under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV).
For performing gene transfer into mouse testes, the reporter plasmid constructs are injected into testes of living mice. To that end, the testis of an anaesthetized animal is exposed and the site of microinjection is prepared. Our preferred place of injection is the efferent duct, with the ultimately connected rete testis as the anatomical transport route of the spermatozoa between the testis and the epididymis. In this way, the filling of the seminiferous tubules after microinjection is excellently managed and controlled due to the use of stained DNA solutions. After observing a sufficient filling of the testis by its colored tubule structure, the organ is electroporated. This enables the transfer of the DNA solution into the testicular&#160;cells. Following 3 days of incubation, the testis is removed and investigated under the microscope for green or red&#160;fluorescence, illustrating transfection success.
Generally, this protocol can be employed for delivering DNA- or RNA- constructs into living mouse testis in order to (over)express or knock down genes, facilitating in vivo gene function analysis. Furthermore, it is suitable for studying reporter constructs or putative gene regulatory elements. Thus, the main advantages of the electroporation technique are fast performance in combination with low effort as well as the moderate technical equipment and skills required compared to alternative techniques.

In Vivo Microinjection and Electroporation of Mouse Testis

This article describes microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in&#160;vivo as a&#160;transfection technique for testicular mouse cells to study unique processes of spermatogenesis. The presented protocol involves steps of glass capillary preparation, microinjection via the efferent duct, and transfection by electroporation.

في فيفو حقن مكروي و Electroporation ماوس الخصية

This video and article contribution gives a comprehensive description of microinjection and electroporation of mouse testis in vivo. This particular ...