نود أن نشكر الدكتور جولي غوردون والدكتورة نانسي مانلي للحصول على المشورة المفيدة مع تقنية الثقافة. وقد تم دعم هذا العمل من قبل مؤسسة الزرق الأطفال وشارون ستيوارت انعدام القزحية تراست البحوث.

<ol>
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ليس لدينا أي مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

تم تربيتها الأجنة منتصف الحمل مرحلة الماوس في وسائل الإعلام ثقافة خالية من مصل في جو من 95٪ O 2/5٪ CO 2 في المتداول زجاجة جهاز الثقافة في 37 درجة مئوية. كان تطور الجنين داخل الرحم السابقين اعتمادا كبيرا على عوامل متعددة في كل خطوة أثناء الإجراء من وقت عزل ال...

في المختبر باستخدام أساليب الثقافة الأجنة كلها هي مناسبة تماما لدراسة الآليات التي تشارك في إشارة توالد الأعضاء الجنينية التي يصعب الوصول إليها إلا في الرحم. توفير الأجنة الجامعة على سلامة الأنسجة والدعم المناسب للتفاعلات الأنسجة التي تعتبر حاسمة بالنسبة لحدوث الوقت المناسب مما يشير الآليات الأساسية للعمليات الخلوية المختلفة خلال توالد الأعضاء. بينما توفر الثقافات الجنين كله منبرا لمجموعة كبيرة من التطبيقات مثل دراسات الزرع، التلاعب الجيني والأنسجة، والدراسات حبة زرع والدراسات السمية، الخ.، ونظم الثقافة الجنين المستخدمة حاليا تعتمد بشكل أساسي على مصل للنمو السليم والحفاظ على الأجنة في الثقافة 1-9. وقد استخدمت المصل باعتبارها واحدة من المكونات الرئيسية التي تتراوح 10-100٪ من وسائل الإعلام الثقافة 6-8، 10، 11.؛ ومع ذلك، فإن تركيبة المصل لم يتم تعريف بشكل جيد ويمكن أن تختلف من حيوان إلى حيوان وفي كل مرة يتم جمع المصل. في حين إعداد مختبر المصل هو مضيعة للوقت وينطوي على إجراءات صارمة، مصل شراؤها يسلك تجاريا تفاوتا كبيرا بين الكثير مختلفة ويرفع تكاليف التجريبية. تضاف إلى هذه، قد يحتوي المصل عوامل غير معروفة مثل عوامل النمو والهرمونات والبروتينات أو غيرها، والتي يمكن أن تؤثر على نتائج بعض التجارب، وخاصة تلك التي تنطوي على دراسة إشارات جزيئات مهمة في تفاعلات الأنسجة. وقد أظهرت الدراسات أن إضافة مصل للثقافة يمكن أن يحتمل تغيير مستويات الخلايا من بعض الجزيئات يشير الى مثل أحادي فسفات الأدينوزين الحلقي (المخيم) والبروتينات المشاركة في إشارة مولد للتفتل وفسفوإينوزيتيد 3 (PI 3) كيناز مسارات إشارات 12-14. خلافا لهؤلاء، نظام الثقافة المصل خالية يوفر مزايا البيئة مستضد الحرة،الامتناع عن الانزيمات النشطة بيولوجيا التي يمكن أن تغير العمليات الخلوية ويتيح الاتساق بين التجارب. في هذه الدراسة، ونحن تستخدم لمستنبت المصل خالية أعدت من وسائل الإعلام المتاحة تجاريا المكملات الخلايا الجذعية لثقافة مرحلة منتصف الحمل الأجنة كله في جو من 95٪ O 2/5٪ CO 2 في المتداول زجاجة جهاز الثقافة في 37 ° C 15،16. أجنة الفئران مثقف ل16-40 ساعة في ظل هذه الظروف المحددة عرضت التقدم في التنمية الصرفي من الجسم ومختلف الهياكل الشاملة الجنينية مثل القلب والأطراف والمخ والعينين تشير مستويات مناسبة من انتشار الخليوي، والهجرة، والتمايز والتفاعل الأنسجة. وكشف التحليل الجزيئي للالتطور الجنيني في الثقافة لأحد أنظمة جهاز معقد مثل العين تطور العين لتكون متسقة مع تلك التي لوحظت في أنسجة العين في EMBRيوس النامية في الرحم (Kalaskar وودرديل، قيد الإعداد). وهكذا تبين لنا أن أجنة الفئران مثقف في مرحلة منتصف الحمل، تظهر النمو المطرد والتنمية المورفولوجية مماثلة لتلك التي لوحظت في الأجنة النامية في الرحم.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="634">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10829-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10828-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 Supplement</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td>Stock: 100x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin, from Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9418-50G</td>
			<td>Stock: 100%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic - Antimycotic Solution</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-004-Cl</td>
			<td>Stock: Penicillin (10000 IU/ml); Streptomycin (10000 &#181;g/ml; Amphotericin (250&#181;g/ml)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>15-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Incubator Unit</td>
			<td>B.T.C. Engineering Milton Cambridge England</td>
			<td>Id.No. 840-374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Bottles for Rotating Unit</td>
			<td>B.T.C. Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone Rubber Cork</td>
			<td>B.T.C. Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2/5% CO2 Cylinder</td>
			<td>AirGas Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stemi SV11 Apo Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stemi SV6 Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Water Jacketed Incubator</td>
			<td>Forma Scientific</td>
			<td>Model: 3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Hood</td>
			<td>Nuaire Biological Safety Cabinets Class II TypeA2</td>
			<td>Model: Nu-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>IsoTemp205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weigh Balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo&#160;</td>
			<td>AG285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Tube &#8211; 50ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Operating Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating Sharp-Blunt Scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Forceps &#8211; 4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Forceps - Hudson (cWALD) &#8211; 4-3/4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Tweezers (5/45)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5005</td>
			<td>Modified - Sharp ends were made blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Tweezers (5)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5060</td>
			<td>Modified - Sharp ends were made blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Tweezers (55)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5063</td>
			<td>Modified - Sharp ends were made blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument Tray</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RT-1401S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument Tray Lid</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RT-1401L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish-100mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>087571Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish-60mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish-35mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0875711YZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter System ( 0.22um Cellulose Acetate)-150ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter System ( 0.22um Cellulose Acetate)-250ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter System ( 0.22um Cellulose Acetate)-500ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-aid Pipetter</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Co.</td>
			<td>D57849</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological Pipette-10ml</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89130-898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Serological Pipette-25ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Pipette - 7.7ml</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>202-20S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse embryonic development in a serum-free whole embryo culture system

تم تربيتها الأجنة منتصف الحمل مرحلة الماوس الاستفادة من مستنبت المصل خالية أعدت من وسائل الإعلام المتاحة تجاريا المكملات الخلايا الجذعية في نظام الثقافة زجاجة المتداول الاوكسيجين. أجنة الفئران في E10.5 تم عزل بعناية من الرحم مع سليمة صفار الكيس وفي عملية تنطوي على المناورة جراحية دقيقة الأجنة وexteriorized بلطف من الكيس المحي مع الحفاظ على استمرارية الأوعية الدموية للجنين مع الكيس المحي. مقارنة مع الأجنة أعدت مع سليمة صفار الكيس أو الكيس المحي مع إزالتها، عرضت هذه الأجنة معدل البقاء على قيد الحياة متفوقة والتقدم التنموي عندما مثقف في ظل ظروف مماثلة. وتبين لنا أن هذه الأجنة الماوس، عندما مثقف في المتوسط ​​المحدد في أجواء من 95٪ O 2/5٪ CO 2 في المتداول زجاجة جهاز الثقافة في 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 16-40 ساعة، تظهر النمو المورفولوجية والتنمية مماثلة ل الأجنة النامية في الرحم. نعتقد الهو الأسلوب سوف تكون مفيدة للمحققين الذين يحتاجون إلى الاستفادة من ثقافة الجنين كله لدراسة التفاعلات إشارات هامة في توالد الأعضاء الجنينية.

تطوير أجنة الفئران السابقين الرحم يعتمد على عوامل متعددة بدءا من الوقت الذي يتم عزل الرحم من الجسم إلى الوقت الأجنة هي مثقف. كما هو مبين في الشكل 1، الإجراء ينطوي على سلسلة من الخطوات بما في ذلك، والفصل بين الرحم حامل من الجسم (الشكل 1A)، عزل الأج?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System at JoVE.com

Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

المصل المستخدمة في الثقافات الجنين يحتوي على مكونات غير معروفة يمكن أن تؤثر على نتائج التجارب وخاصة في الدراسات التي تنطوي على إشارات التفاعلات. نحن هنا لاستخدام الاوكسيجين نظام الثقافة المصل خالية وتبين أن الأجنة منتصف الحمل الماوس تربيتها لمدة 16-40 ساعة تظهر التنمية المورفولوجية مماثلة لأجنة النامية في الرحم.

الفأر الجنينية التنمية في الجامعة نظام الثقافة الأجنة الخالية من المصل

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in ...

mouse-embryonic-development-serum-free-whole-embryo-culture

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

25.7K Views.  University of Georgia.  المصل المستخدمة في الثقافات الجنين يحتوي على مكونات غير معروفة يمكن أن تؤثر على نتائج التجارب وخاصة في الدراسات التي تنطوي على إشارات التفاعلات. نحن هنا لاستخدام الاوكسيجين نظام الثقافة المصل خالية وتبين أن الأجنة منتصف الحمل الماوس تربي...

Video: Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

Isolation and Culture of Post-Natal Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitor Cells and Neurons 

The cerebellar cortex is a well described structure that provides unique opportunities for studying neuronal properties and development1,2. Of the cerebellar neuronal types (granule cells, Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons), granule neurons are by far the most numerous and are the most abundant type of neurons in the mammalian brain. In rodents, cerebellar granule neurons are generated during the first two post-natal weeks from progenitor cells in the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex, the external granule layer (EGL). The protocol presented here describes techniques to enrich and culture granule neurons and their progenitor cells from post-natal mouse cerebellum. We will describe procedures to obtain cultures of increasing purity3,4, which can be used to study the differentiation of proliferating progenitor cells into granule neurons5,6. Once the progenitor cells differentiate, the cultures also provide a homogenous population of granule neurons for experimental manipulation and characterization of phenomena such as synaptogenesis, glutamate receptor function7, interaction with other purified cerebellar cells8,9 or cell death7.

Isolation and Culture of Post-Natal Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitor Cells and Neurons

Here we present a method to isolate and culture cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells and cerebellar granule neurons from postnatal mouse.

العزلة وثقافة ما بعد الولادة ماوس مخيخي الخلايا الحبيبية السلف الخلية العصبية والخلايا العصبية

The cerebellar cortex is a well described structure that provides unique opportunities for studying neuronal properties and development1,2. Of the ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

الثقافة والمحافظة على الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية البشرية

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

كفاءة اشتقاق السلائف القلب البشري وافرة القوة العضلية من خلايا المنشأ الجنينية البشرية التعريفي مع جزيء صغير

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels1. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation2. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes.
 During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo3,4. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ2,5,6. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing &beta;-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium7,8. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic.
 Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

Here, we describe a method for isolation, culture and manipulation of mouse embryonic pancreas. This represents an excellent ex vivo system for studying various aspects of pancreatic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation and growth. Pancreatic bud explants can be cultured for several days and used in a range of different applications, including whole-mount immunofluorescence and live imaging.

نظام ل<em&gt; خارج الجسم</em&gt; التثقيف البنكرياس الجنينية

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo. Although fate maps are very useful for identifying the precursors of an organ and for elucidating the developmental path by which the descendant cells populate that organ in the normal embryo, they do not illustrate the full developmental potential of a precursor cell or identify the mechanisms by which its fate is determined. To test for cell fate commitment, one compares a cell's normal repertoire of descendants in the intact embryo (the fate map) with those expressed after an experimental manipulation. Is the cell's fate fixed (committed) regardless of the surrounding cellular environment, or is it influenced by external factors provided by its neighbors? Using the comprehensive fate maps of the Xenopus embryo, we describe how to identify, isolate and culture single cleavage stage precursors, called blastomeres. This approach allows one to assess whether these early cells are committed to the fate they acquire in their normal environment in the intact embryo, require interactions with their neighboring cells, or can be influenced to express alternate fates if exposed to other types of signals.

The fate of an individual embryonic cell can be influenced by inherited molecules and/or by signals from neighboring cells. Utilizing fate maps of the cleavage stage Xenopus embryo, single blastomeres can be identified for culture in isolation to assess the contributions of inherited molecules versus cell-cell interactions.

إإكسبلنتس قسيم أرومي لاختبار الالتزام مصير الخلايا أثناء التطور الجنيني

Fate maps, constructed from lineage tracing all of the cells of an embryo, reveal  which tissues descend from each cell of the embryo.  Although fate maps ...

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to isolate and culture individual organs of interest are essential to provide a method of both visualizing changes in development and allowing novel treatment strategies. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel. This substrate provides enough support to maintain the three-dimensional structure but is flexible enough to allow continued contraction. In brief, hearts are excised from the embryo and placed in a mixture of cold Matrigel diluted 1:1 with growth medium. After the diluted Matrigel solidifies, growth medium is added to the culture dish. Hearts excised as late as embryonic day 16.5 were viable for four days post-dissection. Analysis of the coronary plexus shows that this method does not disrupt coronary vascular development. Thus, we present a novel method for long-term culture of embryonic hearts.

A Novel Ex vivo Culture Method for the Embryonic Mouse Heart

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. To promote the long-term culture of the embryonic heart at late stages of gestation, we developed a protocol in which the excised heart is cultured in a semi-solid, dilute Matrigel.

رواية<em&gt; خارج الحي</em&gt; الطريقة الثقافة لالجنينية القلب

Developmental studies in the mouse are hampered  by the inaccessibility of the embryo during gestation. Thus, protocols to  isolate and culture individual ...

The Slice Culture Method for Following Development of Tooth Germs In Explant Culture

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental biologist. For many organs it is difficult to access developing tissue to allow monitoring during ex vivo culture. The slice culture method allows access to tissue so that morphogenetic movements can be followed and specific cell populations can be targeted for manipulation or lineage tracing.
In this paper we describe a method of slice culture that has been very successful for culture of tooth germs in a range of species. The method provides excellent access to the tooth germs, which develop at a similar rate to that observed in vivo, surrounded by the other jaw tissues. This allows tissue interactions between the tooth and surrounding tissue to be monitored. Although this paper concentrates on tooth germs, the same protocol can be applied to follow development of a number of other organs, such as salivary glands, Meckel&#39;s cartilage, nasal glands, tongue, and ear.

Here we detail a method to culture tooth germs in mandible slices using a tissue chopper. This method allows unique access to the tooth during development, providing excellent opportunity for manipulation and lineage tracing, not available using more traditional culture methods.

أسلوب الثقافة شريحة لوبعد تطور الجراثيم الأسنان في يزدرع الثقافة

Explant culture allows manipulation of developing organs at specific time points&#160;and is therefore an important method for the developmental ...

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in cytogenetics and cancer diagnostics, and can detect aberrations of the genome, which often has important clinical implications. RNA FISH can be used to detect RNA molecules in cells and has provided important insights in regulation of gene expression. Combining DNA and RNA FISH within the same cell is technically challenging, as conditions suitable for DNA FISH might be too harsh for fragile, single stranded RNA molecules. We here present an easily applicable protocol which enables the combined, simultaneous detection of Xist RNA and DNA encoded by the X chromosomes. This combined DNA-RNA FISH protocol can likely be applied to other systems where both RNA and DNA need to be detected.

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the detection of nucleic acids in their native environment within cells. We here describe a protocol for the combined, simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA by means of FISH, which can be used to study X chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells.

الحمض النووي RNA-مجتمعة نيون<em&gt; في الوضع الطبيعي</em&gt; التهجين (FISH) لدراسة كروموسوم X التعطيل في المتباينة أنثى الفأر الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in ...

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the &#8220;angio-follicular&#8221; units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood.
This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo.
Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR.
In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.

و<em&gt; خارج الحي</em&gt; نظام الثقافة لدراسة التنمية الغدة الدرقية

The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are ...

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Most morphogenetic processes in the fetal intestine have been inferred from thin sections of fixed tissues, providing snapshots of changes over developmental stages. Three-dimensional information from thin serial sections can be challenging to interpret because of the difficulty of reconstructing serial sections perfectly and maintaining proper orientation of the tissue over serial sections. Recent findings by Grosse et al., 2011 highlight the importance of three- dimensional information in understanding morphogenesis of the developing villi of the intestine1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of singly labeled intestinal cells demonstrated that the majority of the intestinal epithelial cells contact both the apical and basal surfaces. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction of the actin cytoskeleton at the apical surface of the epithelium demonstrated that the intestinal lumen is continuous and that secondary lumens are an artifact of sectioning. Those two points, along with the demonstration of interkinetic nuclear migration in the intestinal epithelium, defined the developing intestinal epithelium as a pseudostratified epithelium and not stratified as previously thought1. The ability to observe the epithelium three-dimensionally was seminal to demonstrating this point and redefining epithelial morphogenesis in the fetal intestine. With the evolution of multi-photon imaging technology and three-dimensional reconstruction software, the ability to visualize intact, developing organs is rapidly improving. Two-photon excitation allows less damaging penetration deeper into tissues with high resolution. Two-photon imaging and 3D reconstruction of the whole fetal mouse intestines in Walton et al., 2012 helped to define the pattern of villus outgrowth2. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows ex vivo development of villi and extensions of that culture system to allow the intestines to be three-dimensionally imaged during their development.

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development

Improved imaging technology is allowing three-dimensional imaging of organs during development. Here we describe a whole organ culture system that allows live imaging of the developing villi in the fetal mouse intestine.