نشكر الدكتور Shahragim تاجبخش لتوفير الفئران Myf5 + / nLacZ. نشكر أيضا الكسندر Hron ومايكل Baumrucker لقراءة نقدية لهذه المخطوطة. وأيد هذا العمل من المنح المقدمة من جمعية الضمور العضلي (MDA) وغريغوري Marzolf جونيور جائزة مركز MD.

وتم إيواء الحيوانات في بيئة SPF وتم رصدها من قبل بحوث الثروة الحيوانية (RAR) من جامعة مينيسوتا. . الموت الرحيم كانت الحيوانات بالوسائل الملائمة (CO 2 الاستنشاق أو الحقن بوكل بعد تخدير مع حقن IP من آفيرتين (250 ملغ / كلغ) وقد وافق جميع البروتوكولات من قبل اللجنة المؤسسية رعاية الحيوان واستخدام (IACUC، عدد الرمز: 1304-30492 ) من جامعة مينيسوتا. 1. عزل النوى من الخلايا ماوس العضلات الهيكلية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تضحية صحيح 1 أو 2 الفئران الشباب البالغين (3-8 أسابيع). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> قرصة وشق الجلد من البطن مع مقص حاد. تقشر الجلد لتظهر تماما ثلاثية الرؤوس والعضلة الخلفية أطرافهم (سحب الجلد في اتجاهات معارضة). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة جميع عضلات الساق والهيكل العظمي (الظنبوبي الأمامي، الساق، والفخذ) وثلاثية الرؤوس على طول العظام مع مقص. ثم نقل إلى عضلات الجليد الباردة، برنامج تلفزيوني العقيمة في 10 سم لوحة. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غسل الدم من العضلات في برنامج تلفزيوني والعضلات نقل إلى جديدة معقمة 6 سم لوحة: 1 لوحة لمدة 1-2 الفئران. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة النسيج الضام والأوعية الدموية والأعصاب حزم، والأنسجة مكون الشحم تحت المجهر تشريح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> باستخدام مقص لجراحة العيون، وقطع اللحم المفروم والأنسجة في اللب السلس (أرقام 1A و 1B). ليس محاولة لترك القطع الكبيرة، كما لن يتم تقسيمها بسهولة عن طريق الحل الانزيم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل العضلات المفروم إلى مل أنبوب فالكون 50، وإضافة 5 مل من محلول كولاجيناز (0.2٪ كولاجيناز من النوع 2 في 10٪ FBS في DMEM). احتضان عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 60 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يسحن (صعودا وهبوطا مع 18 G إبرة) إلى التجانس خليط (الشكل 1C). ثم مزيد من احتضان الخليط عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 15 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يسحن مرة أخرى إلى التجانس الخليط إلى فصل في تعليق خلية واحدة. إضافة 2٪ FBS في DMEM تصل إلى 50 مل في تعليق خلية واحدة وتخلطأيضا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع مصفاة الخلية (70 ميكرومتر) في الصعود إلى مل أنبوب فالكون 50 (الشكل 1D). نقل طاف تحتوي الخلايا فصلها على مصفاة الخلية، وماصة تعليق الخلية صعودا وهبوطا على مرشح حتى أنها تمر عبر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حساب عدد الخلايا التي كتبها عدادة الكريات. الطرد المركزي أنابيب في 2،000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 5 دقائق؛ نضح وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في resuspend مع 10 مل من 2٪ FBS في DMEM. الطرد المركزي أنابيب في 2،000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 5 دقائق؛ نضح وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> في resuspend مع 200 ميكرولتر من 2٪ FBS في DMEM وتعليق خلية نقل إلى 1.5 مل أنابيب microcentrifuge. عادة، يجب أن تحصد حوالي 2 × 10 6 خلايا من عضلات 1 الماوس. سوف تضعف الخلايا إلى تركيز من 1 × 10 6 خلايا في 100 ميكرولتر من 2٪ FBS في DMEM. </li></ol> 2. تلوين الأجسام المضادة وفصل مع MACS خلال العلاقات العامة التاليةocedures، والحفاظ على ظروف معقمة باستخدام مخازن العقيمة. وأضاف كل من حجم الأجسام المضادة ويتم احتساب تعليق خلية المتوسطة للخلايا العضلات من كل من 1 الماوس. إذا يتم حصاد الخلايا من 2 أو أكثر من الفئران، وينبغي أن يكون الأمثل كمية من الكواشف. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 1 ميكرولتر من كل CD31-PE، CD45-PE، هيئة السلع التموينية-1-PE، وإنتغرين الضد α7 في 200 ميكرولتر من التعليق الخلية. احتضان على الجليد لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غسل الخلايا: بعد مرور فترة الحضانة، إضافة 1 مل من 2٪ FBS في DMEM في تعليق خلية في أنبوب 1.5 مل، وأجهزة الطرد المركزي في 2000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق. كرر هذه الخطوة مرتين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نضح وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend الخلايا مع 200 ميكرولتر من 2٪ FBS في DMEM، وإضافة 10 ميكرولتر من مكافحة PE الخرز المغناطيسي. احتضان على الجليد لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غسل الخلايا: بعد مرور فترة الحضانة، إضافة 1 مل من العازلة MACS لتعليق الخلية في أنبوب microcentrifuge 1.5 مل، ومن ثم الطرد المركزي في 2000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق. كرر هذه الخطوة TWالجليد. لاحظ أن الخلايا يجب غسلها العازلة MACS قبل أن يتم فصلها بواسطة عمود المغناطيسي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نضح وتجاهل طاف. resuspend الخلايا مع 1.0 مل من العازلة MACS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إنشاء عمود LD على لوحة مغناطيسية، وشطف العمود مع 2.0 مل من MACS العازلة (الشكل 1E). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل تعليق الخلية على العمود دينار، وجمع الكسر التدفق من خلال في أنبوب 1.5 مل. هذا جزء يحتوي على خلايا-PE سلبية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أجهزة الطرد المركزي في 2000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق، نضح وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Resuspend الخلايا مع 200 ميكرولتر من 2٪ FBS في DMEM، وإضافة 10 ميكرولتر المضادة للماوس مفتش الخرز المغناطيسي. احتضان على الجليد لمدة 30 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> غسل الخلايا: بعد مرور فترة الحضانة، إضافة 1 مل من العازلة MACS في تعليق خلية في أنبوب 1.5 مل، ومن ثم الطرد المركزي في 2000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق. نضح وتجاهل طاف. كرر هذه الخطوة مرتين. الخلايا resuspend مع 500 ميكرولتر من العازلة MACS. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إنشاء عمود MS على لوحة مغناطيسية، وشطف العمود مع 500 ميكرولتر من العازلة MACS (الشكل 1F). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل علقت حل الخلية على العمود MS، وتجاهل الكسر التدفق من خلال (إنتغرين الخلايا α7 سلبية). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> شطف مع 1 مل من العازلة MACS، وكرر هذه الخطوة مرتين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد الشطف، إزالة عمود من الحقل المغناطيسي للفاصل. تنطبق 1.0 مل من العازلة MACS على العمود، وأزل الخلايا المسمى مغناطيسيا (خلايا α7 إيجابية إنتغرين) في أنبوب microcentrifuge 1.5 مل عن طريق دفع المكبس حقنة من أعلى العمود. جمع من خلال تدفق في أنبوب 1.5 مل. تكرار شطف مع 1.5 مل من العازلة MACS وجمع التدفق من خلال. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أجهزة الطرد المركزي في 2000 دورة في الدقيقة في 4 درجات مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق، نضح وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الخلايا resuspend المنقى مع 1 مل من Myoblast المتوسطة (20٪ FBS الواردة همس F-10 مع bFGF)، وخلايا لوحة على Matrigel المغلفة 10 سملوحة مع 8 مل من Myoblast متوسطة (5 مل في 6 سم لوحة) (الشكل 1G). نلاحظ أن 1-2 × 10 5 خلايا يمكن أن يحتمل أن تكون معزولة من 1 العضلات الماوس سليمة. </li></ol> 3. صيانة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تغذية الخلايا كل يوم مع Myoblast المتوسط. ظهور myoblasts المتزايد هو من شكل صغيرة ومستديرة معربا عن MyoD (الشكل 2) وPax7 (لا تظهر البيانات) في النواة الخاصة بهم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وينبغي passaged Myoblasts قبل 50٪ التقاء أو عند بدء انصهار الخلية. بعد الشطف مرة واحدة مع برنامج تلفزيوني، واحتضان الخلايا مع 0.25٪ التربسين الحل عند 37 درجة مئوية لمدة 3 دقائق في حاضنة CO 2 وجمع الخلايا مع فصلها Myoblast المتوسط. بعد الطرد المركزي الخلايا (1،000 دورة في الدقيقة لمدة 5 دقائق)، مع تعليق Myoblast المتوسطة وreplate الخلايا على لوحات جديدة Matrigel المغلفة. لوحات المغلفة الكولاجين يمكن استخدامه بعد مرور 3. عادة ما يمكن تقسيم واحد في لوحة 3-5 لوحات. </li></ol> 4. Differentiation <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Refeed متوسطة التمايز مع كل يوم. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد يوم 1 في متوسطة التمايز، myoblasts خروج دورة الخلية والخضوع التمايز في ميوسين الثقيلة سلسلة (MHC) إيجابية myocytes. هذه myoctyes تبدأ خلية الانصهار مع بعضهم البعض لتوليد myotubes متعددة النوى. عادة، فإن معظم myoblasts تصبح MHC-الإيجابية myocytes وحيدات النوى التفريق أو myotubes (الشكل 2) بعد يوم 3-5 في متوسطة التمايز. </li></ol> 5. Myoblast زرع في ماوس لتجديد العضلات الهيكلية <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تخدير الفأر مع آفيرتين (250 ملغ / كغ) من قبل داخل الصفاق (IP) حقن. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حلق الشعر على الجلد حول الظنبوبي الأمامي (TA) في العضلات. قبل أربع وعشرين ساعة زرع myoblast، 10 ميكرومتر CTX (50 ميكرولتر) يتم حقن العضل في الإيماءة / SCID الماوس TA العضلات للحث على تجديد العضلات عن طريق حقنة الأنسولين خلال 31 G الجلد حلق (الشكل60، 3). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يتم فصلها myoblasts المتكاثرة مع 0.25٪ التربسين الحل، وطرد في 1000 دورة في الدقيقة لمدة 5 دقائق. نضح وتجاهل طاف. في resuspend 1 × 10 6 خلايا مع 50 ميكرولتر من 2٪ FBS في DMEM. نقل الخلايا علقت في حقنة الانسولين 31 G. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سيتم مخدرة الفئران المتلقي مع آفيرتين (250 ملغ / كلغ) عن طريق الحقن IP، ويتم حقن 1 × 10 6 myoblasts (الشكل 2) عضليا في تجديد TA العضلات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصاد TA العضلات من خلال 1-4 أسابيع بعد حقن الخلايا للتحليل النسيجي (الشكل 3). </li></ol>

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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+CD34+and+Myf5+defines+the+majority+of+quiescent+adult+skeletal+muscle+satellite+cells.">Expression of CD34 and Myf5 defines the majority of quiescent adult skeletal muscle satellite cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 151, 1221-1134 (2000).</li><li>Sabourin, L. A., Girgis-Gabardo, A., Seale, P., Asakura, A., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+differentiation+potential+of+primary+MyoD-/-+myogenic+cells+derived+from+adult+skeletal+muscle.">Reduced differentiation potential of primary MyoD-/- myogenic cells derived from adult skeletal muscle.</a> J. Cell Biol. 144, 631-643 (1999).</li><li>Bischoff, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+single+skeletal+muscle+fibers+in+vitro.">Regeneration of single skeletal muscle fibers in vitro.</a> Anat. Rec. 182, 215-235 (1975).</li><li>Asakura, A., Seale, P., Girgis-Gabardo, A., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+specification+of+side+population+cells+in+skeletal+muscle.">Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle.</a> J. Cell Biol. 159, 123-134 (2002).</li><li>Kuang, S., Kuroda, K., Le Grand, F., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+self-renewal+and+commitment+of+satellite+stem+cells+in+muscle.">Asymmetric self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells in muscle.</a> Cell. 129, 999-1010 (2007).</li><li>Cerletti, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient,+functional+engraftment+of+skeletal+muscle+stem+cells+in+dystrophic+muscles.">Highly efficient, functional engraftment of skeletal muscle stem cells in dystrophic muscles.</a> Cell. 134, 37-47 (2008).</li><li>Farina, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+RNA+post-transcriptional+regulation+in+satellite+cell+activation.">A role for RNA post-transcriptional regulation in satellite cell activation.</a> Skelet. Muscle. 2, 21-21 (2012).</li><li>Tanaka, K. K., Hall, J. K., Troy, A. A., Cornelison, D. D., Majka, S. M., Olwin, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syndecan-4-expressing+muscle+progenitor+cells+in+the+SP+engraft+as+satellite+cells+during+muscle+regeneration.">Syndecan-4-expressing muscle progenitor cells in the SP engraft as satellite cells during muscle regeneration.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4, 217-225 (2009).</li><li>Pallafacchina, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+adult+tissue-specific+stem+cell+in+its+niche:+a+gene+profiling+analysis+of+in+vivo+quiescent+and+activated+muscle+satellite+cells.">An adult tissue-specific stem cell in its niche: a gene profiling analysis of in vivo quiescent and activated muscle satellite cells.</a> Stem Cell Res. 4, 77-91 (2009).</li></ol>

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في هذا البروتوكول، والخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة يمكن تنقية بسهولة من العضلات والهيكل العظمي الكبار من الفئران عن طريق الهضم كولاجيناز والسطح بوساطة الأضداد MACS الانفصال. هذا الأسلوب يستغرق حوالي 6 ساعات و لا تحتاج إلى أي معدات باهظة الثمن مثل جهاز نظام مراقبة الأ?...

خلايا العضلات الأقمار الصناعية هي عدد صغير من السكان من الخلايا الجذعية عضلي يقع تحت الصفيحة القاعدية من ألياف العضلات والهيكل العظمي. فهي تتميز التعبير عن Pax7، Pax3، ج الأرصاد، M-كادهيرين، CD34، Syndecan-3، والكالسيتونين 1-3. وقد أثبتت الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية لتكون مسؤولة عن تجديد العضلات والخلايا الجذعية العضلية. في العضلات الكبار، والخلايا الأقمار الصناعية عادة ما تكون هادئة ميتوتيكلي 4-8. بعد الإصابة، يتم تنشيط الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية، والشروع في التعبير عن MyoD، وأدخل دورة الخلية لتوسيع ذريتها، ووصف الخلايا السلائف عضلي أو myoblasts 3. بعد عدة جولات من انقسام الخلايا، myoblasts خروج دورة الخلية والصمامات مع بعضها البعض من أجل الخضوع التمايز في myotubes متعددة الأنوية، تليها الألياف العضلية الناضجة. Myoblasts معزولة من العضلات الكبار يمكن بسهولة توسيع فيفو السابقين. القدرة على أن تصبح myoblasts ألياف العضلات في تجديد العضلات ويتم استغلالها شكل ألياف العضلات خارج الرحم في الأنسجة nonmuscle بواسطة زرع myoblast، نهج العلاجية المحتملة لضمور العضلات دوشين (DMD) 4، وضعف الجهاز البولي 9، وفشل القلب 10. في الواقع، تم زرعها بنجاح myoblasts في العضلات من كلا MDX (DMD نموذج) الفئران والمرضى DMD 11-14. وmyoblasts العادي حقن تلتحم مع الألياف العضلية المضيف لتحسين الأنسجة وظيفة العضلات المريضة. أظهرت الأعمال السابقة أن المجموعات السكانية الفرعية من myoblasts هي أكثر الجذعية مثل الخلية وتظل في حالة غير متمايزة يعد في العضلات خلال تجديد العضلات 5. وقد أظهرت الأعمال الأخيرة أن الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية طازجة معزولة من العضلات الكبار تحتوي على السكان مثل الخلايا الجذعية التي يسلك engraftment أكثر كفاءة والنشاط التجديد الذاتي في تجديد العضلات 5-8. وبالتالي، تنقية من السكان نقية من الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة من مو الهيكل العظمي الكباربعد المقطع ضروري لفهم بيولوجيا الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية، وتجديد العضلات myoblasts، وتطوير العلاجات المستندة إلى الخلايا. ومع ذلك، وأساليب تنقية المحتملين الحالية الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة تتطلب استخدام ومضان تنشيط الخلايا مكلفة الفرز (FACS) آلة 1،2،6-8. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، التعرض ليزر نظام مراقبة الأصول الميدانية تميل للحث على موت الخلايا خلال الفصل، والذي يسبب انخفاض العائد من الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة 15. هنا، نقدم طريقة جديدة لتنقية السريع، واقتصادا، وموثوق بها الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة من الماوس الكبار العضلات والهيكل العظمي. يستخدم هذا الأسلوب تفارق الأنزيمية تليها خلية المغناطيسي تنشيط فرز (MACS). بعد عزل الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة نقية، يمكن تربيتها هذه الخلايا للحصول على عدد كبير من myoblasts بعد عدة مقاطع. وتبين لنا أيضا أن الحقن العضلي من هذه الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة معزولة طازجة أو السابقين السادسيمكن زرعها فو توسيع myoblasts في cardiotoxin (CTX) الناجم عن تجديد الماوس العضلات والهيكل العظمي لدراسة مساهمة من الخلايا المشتقة من الجهات المانحة إلى تجديد الألياف العضلية، فضلا عن المقصورات الخلية الأقمار الصناعية لفحص أنشطة التجديد الذاتي.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type 2</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>CLS-2</td>
			<td>100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10569010</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen (Rat Tail)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td>100 mg (3-4 mg/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320099-500ML</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF, human, Recombinant</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0263</td>
			<td>1 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5611-1G</td>
			<td>1 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#8217;s F10 Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11550-043</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>3600511</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26050088</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptmycin</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15640055</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G needle with 12cc Syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-256-563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer (70 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50 ml tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 15 ml tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 cm tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 10 ml disposable pipet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD31 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-0311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD45 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>30-F11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Sca1 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>Dec-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Integrin &#945;7 antibody</td>
			<td>MBL International</td>
			<td>ABIN487462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PE MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-048-801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IgG MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-048-402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini &#38; MidiMACS Starting Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LD Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiotoxin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9759-1MG</td>
			<td>Stock 10 &#956;M in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>31G Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>328438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Microcentrifuge (Microfuge 22R)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>368826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S241.5 Swinging Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>368882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Centrifuge (Allegra X-22R)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>392187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nod/Scid immunodeficient mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td>Strain Code 394</td>
			<td>Use 2 months old mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% and 2% FBS DMEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMEM (Gibco-Invitrogen #10569010) with 10% or 2% FBS (Fisher Scientific #03600511) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% Collagenase solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Collagenase Type 2 (Worthington, #CLS-2), Stock: 50 ml: 100 mg Collagenase Type 2 in 10% FBS DMEM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Matrigel solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Matrigel (BD Biosciences: #356234) is placed on ice for thawing overnight. Five ml Matrigel is dilute by 45 ml DMEM and 5 ml aliquots are stored at -20&#176;C until use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel-coated plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Five ml of 10% Matrigel solution is placed on ice for thawing and is used for coating 10 cm plate at room temprature for 1 minutes. The plate is placed in 5% CO2 incubator at 37&#176;C for 30 minute after removing Matrigel solution, and let the plate dry in culture hood for another 30 minutes. Removed 10% Matrigel solution is stored at -20&#176;C for reusing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% Collagen solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix to final: 0.01% Collagen (Collagen, Rat Tail: BD Biosciences #354236) in 0.2% acetic acid (320099-500ML) in ddH2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-coated plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 5 ml or 2 ml of Collagen solution to a 10 cm or 6 cm tissue culture plate and let sit at room temperature for three hours. Then, aspirate off liquid and allow to dry in culture hood for 30 min to overnight. Plates can be stored at room temperature for several months.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bFGF, Human, Recombinant (Gibco-Invitrogen #PHG0263, 1 mg) is dissolved with 0.1% BSA solution consisting of 1 mg BSA (Sigma-Aldrich #A5611-1G) and 2 ml ddH2O (0.5 mg/ml bFGF). Aliquot 20 &#956;l in 500 &#956;l microcentrifuge tubes and kept in -80&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myoblast medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 mL HAM&#8217;S F10 Medium (Gibco-Invitrogen #11550-043) supplemented with 20% FBS (Fisher Scientific #03600511), Penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055), and 10 &#956;g of bFGF (20 &#956;l of bFGF stock).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differentiation medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 mL DMEM (Gibco-Invitrogen #10569010) supplemented with 5% Horse serum (Gibco-Invitrogen #26050088) and 1% Penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;M Cardiotoxin stock</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 mg Cardiotoxin (EMD Millipore #217504-1MG) is dissolved with 13.9 ml PBS.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture, and transplantation of muscle satellite cells

خلايا العضلات الأقمار الصناعية هي مجموعة من السكان الخلايا الجذعية اللازمة لتطوير الهيكل العظمي والعضلات بعد الولادة والتجدد، وهو ما يمثل 2-5٪ من نوى sublaminal في الألياف العضلية. في العضلات الكبار، والخلايا الأقمار الصناعية عادة ما تكون هادئة ميتوتيكلي. بعد الاصابة، ومع ذلك، بدء انتشار الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية الخلوية لإنتاج myoblasts، السلالات، وللتوسط في تجديد العضلات. زرع الخلايا المشتقة من myoblasts الأقمار الصناعية وقد درس على نطاق واسع كعلاج ممكن لعدة أمراض التجدد بما في ذلك ضمور العضلات، وفشل القلب، وضعف الجهاز البولي. وقد أظهرت زرع Myoblast في التصنع العضلات والهيكل العظمي والقلب احتشاء، وتفكك القنوات البولية التي myoblasts المغروسة يمكن أن تفرق في ألياف العضلات في الأنسجة المضيفة وتحسين عرض وظيفية جزئية في هذه الأمراض. وبالتالي، فإن تطوير أساليب تنقية كفاءة الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة من muscl الهيكل العظميه، وكذلك إنشاء الخلية المستمدة من الثقافات myoblast الأقمار الصناعية وأساليب زرع لmyoblasts، ضرورية لفهم الآليات الجزيئية وراء خلية الفضائية التجديد الذاتي، والتنشيط، والتمايز. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وتطوير العلاجات المستندة إلى الخلايا لضمور العضلات وأمراض أخرى التجدد تعتمد على هذه العوامل أيضا. ومع ذلك، وأساليب تنقية المحتملين الحالية الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة تتطلب استخدام مضان تنشيط الخلايا مكلفة الفرز (FACS) الآلات. هنا، نقدم طريقة جديدة لتنقية السريع، واقتصادا، وموثوق بها الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة من الماوس الكبار العضلات والهيكل العظمي من قبل تفارق الأنزيمية تليها خلية المغناطيسي تنشيط فرز (MACS). بعد عزل الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة نقية، يمكن تربيتها هذه الخلايا للحصول على عدد كبير من myoblasts بعد عدة مقاطع. هذه معزولة طازجةالخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة أو خارج الحي myoblasts توسعت يمكن زرعها في cardiotoxin (CTX) الناجم عن تجديد الماوس العضلات والهيكل العظمي لدراسة مساهمة من الخلايا المشتقة من الجهات المانحة إلى تجديد الألياف العضلية، فضلا عن المقصورات الخلية الأقمار الصناعية لدراسة التجديد الذاتي الأنشطة.

الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة معزولة طازجة عرض، شكل جولة صغيرة (الشكل 1G)، وPax7 صريحة كعلامة نهائية لخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة. أكثر من 90٪ من خلايا معزولة طازجة تعبير عن Pax7 (الشكل 1H و1I). الخلايا الملوثة هي أكثر من خلايا الدم التي لا تنمو في المخت?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

العزلة وثقافة السكان نقية من الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة، والسكان الخلايا الجذعية العضلية، أمر ضروري لفهم العضلات الجذعية بيولوجيا الخلايا وتجديدها، فضلا عن زرع الخلايا الجذعية لعلاج ضمور العضلات في والأمراض التنكسية الأخرى.

العزلة والثقافة، وزرع خلايا العضلات الأقمار الصناعية

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

isolation-culture-and-transplantation-of-muscle-satellite-cells

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Unit 1

Fibroblast Transformation and Muscle Stem Cells

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41.2K Views.  University of Minnesota Medical School.  العزلة وثقافة السكان نقية من الخلايا الأقمار الصناعية هادئة، والسكان الخلايا الجذعية العضلية، أمر ضروري لفهم العضلات الجذعية بيولوجيا الخلايا وتجديدها، فضلا عن زرع الخلايا الجذعية لعلاج ضمور العضلات في والأمراض التنكسية الأخرى. 

Video: Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

I am Christina Ceso. I am a postdoc in David's Den lab and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells. Today we are going to purify long-term recuperating hematopoietic stem cells and we'll transplant them into a mouse.We start by spraying the mice with alcohol so that first of all, the mind starts sterilized and also the hair doesn't interfere with the dissection. We use PBS with 2%serum for the dissection. I cut the back skin and I pull the skin apart in order to expose the tissue.In order to isolate the tibia, I hold the tibia with tweezers. I cut the tendon on top of the knee and I cut the muscles below the knee and after that I cut through the knee so that the TBI is not connected to the rest of the limb anymore and I pull in order to isolate it. I then hold the TB upside down and with the scissors I separate the foot from the tibia In order to obtain the femur.I cut the muscles around the femur and then I dislocate the femur from the hip. In order to isolate the hip, I cut the muscle around the hip bone on the side of the tail of the mouse and then I pull the hip away from the body of the mouth In order to isolate the spine. I cut through the tail as close as I can to the beginning of the back and then I cut on the two sides of the spine and below the spine, trying to stay as close as possible to the spine so that the peritoneum is not cut and the intestine is left untouched.A first round of cleaning of the bones is done with a scalpel, which is used to scrape the bone, the muscles away from the bone. The scalpel is good to clean the femurs, the hip and the spine. In order to clean the tibia, I hold them with forceps and I use the forceps to remove as much tissue as possible.A second round of cleaning is done using clean wipe to completely clean the bones outta the muscle, and I use the F wipe to clean the tibia, the femurs and the hips. So this is how bones look. After cleaning, I prefer 50 amount tubes with filters on top and I transfer the bones into the mortar.I add the section media and I crush the bones ask of the first round of crashing of the bones. I piped the mixture in order to release as many styles as possible into solution and reduce clumps. I transferred the mixture on the tubes through the filters and this is what the bone fragments look like after the first round of crushing.So I add more dissection medium to the bone fragments and I flash them again. I transferred the seline mixture to the tubes through the filters and at this point the remaining bone fragments are white and there is no bone marrow left. The tubes are filled with PBS 2%serum and in order to have them all with the same weight so that they're balanced in the centrifuge, but also in order to wash the filters so that we obtain as many cells as possible, I then centrifuge the cell mixture and after centrifugation, the palt includes the bone marrow cells.I aspirate the medium and I move back and forward the tube on the rack so that the pelle is becomes loose and fewer clamps are formed. When I add medium, at this point I add one ml of medium per tube and I ics since I'm sorting hematopoietic stem cells. Later on, I'm going to store an ALI output of total bone marrow sizes at this point, which I will use later for the fact single color control.I add lineage antibody cocktail. I ordered the samples to mix them well and I invaded four degrees for 15 minutes. In the meantime, I start preparing the columns for the lineage division.I put the columns on the magnet and I prepare Ian tubes under the columns. I also prepared the gas PBS using aster flip filter and attaching it to the vacuum so that all the bubbles of air move in the top part of the filter. I then add three ml of the gas DBS to each column in order for the column to become wet.After the incubation with the antibodies, I add medium to the cell samples and I centrifuge them in order to remove the excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the stain cells are in the pallet. I aspirate the medium and I suspend the pallet in one mile of the gas PBSI Add the strip tab beans, I mix the cells and I incubate for 15 minutes at four degrees.After the incubation, I put new elucian tubes under the columns. I add two ml of PBS to each tube with the cells and I transferred the cell mixture to the column through a 40 micron filter. I wash the tubes with more medium in order to collect all the cells remaining and I apply the remaining medium through the filters to the columns.The progenitor cells lineage low are alluded into the collection views. I pulled the luted samples and I sent tofu them. So after the centrifugation, the depleted cells are in a white pate.I aspirate the medium and re suspend the cells. I store an adequate of the depleted cells and I add the antibodies to the cell mixture for the sorting and also to all the single color controls. The antibodies are incubated in that with the size for 15 minutes in the fridge.After the ation, I add medium to the cells and and centrifuge them to remove the ex excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the cells are in the pt, I aspirate the media that I suspend the cells and I transfer the cells into fox tubes with a blue filter. At this point, the cells are ready to be sorted.I place, I place the mouse under a heating lamp for a few minutes so that the veins dilate and they are more easily seen. When preparing the syringe, you have to be careful to eliminate all the bubbles from the, the mixture that is in the syringe and then you bend the needle at 90 degrees. I put the mouse under a glass cup with a weight on top so that it can run away.I sterilize the tail with the alcohol pad so that the site of injection is sterile, but also it's easier to identify the vein. If you look at the tail of the mouse from the top in the middle and top of the tail, there is an artery while on the two sides there are the two veins and we inject the cells in one of the two veins. I insert the needle into the vein and I inject following injection.It is to wait for a couple of seconds before removing the needle, the needle, and after that I clean the side of injection. This is a representation of the syringe with the ben needle bent at 90 degrees with the knee, the at this ankle compared to the tail, which makes the injection the easiest. When you injecting the tail of the mouse, you have to keep in mind that the tail vein is extremely superficial, so really this is the orientation of the needle compared to the tail.And it looks like you will just keep sliding on top of the tail, but actually you will get into the tail then. I am Christina Ceso. I am a post in David Kaden lab, and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells.I usually use for animals to start with, and I had more variability at the beginning, but once you become consistent with your methods, I consistently get about 50, 000 to 60, 000 stem cells out for mice. I did my PhD in London with Dr.Fiona Wat working on derma stem cells. After that, I just wanted to have a wider knowledge of adult stem cells in various tissues, and so I decided to move to David Kaden lab to work on hematopoietic stem cells, mainly because the things that are known about hematopoietic stem cells are the things that are not known for the epidermic stem cells and a number of assays that can be done with epi.Epidermal stem cells are not really done yet with the hematopoietic stem cells, and so at this point I'm trying to put together the, the knowledge from the two different fields and ultimately I'm interested in the study of the mechanism to regulate adult tissue sensors in general, so not just the epidermis or the stem cells, but also different tissues because there are, there are similar mechanism that is, it's always the same genes that are involved in the regulation that just interact with each other in different ways, and it's just interesting to understand what makes each stem cell be a stem, but then ultimately a stem cell in a different tissue. So giving rise to a different protein.

العزلة وزرع الخلايا الجذعية المكونة للدم (HSCs)

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

جيل من الخلايا البشرية باء تنشيط CD40

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded and their collection does not imply any added risk to the newborn or mother s health. Moreover no ethical concerns are raised. The UC is composed by one vein and two arteries from which both endothelial cells (ECs) 1 and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 2, two of the main cellular components of blood vessels, can be isolated. In this project the SMCs were obtained after enzymatic treatment of the UC arteries accordingly the experimental procedure previously described by Jaffe et al 3. After cell isolation they were kept in t-flash with DMEM-F12 supplemented with 5% of fetal bovine serum and were cultured for several passages. Cells maintained their morphological and other phenotypic characteristics in the different generations. The aim of this study was to isolate smooth muscle cells in order to use them as models for future assays with constrictor drugs, isolate and structurally characterize L-type calcium channels, to study cellular and molecular aspects of the vascular function 4 and to use them in tissue engineering.

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells HUASMC

The umbilical cords are used to isolate smooth muscle cells by different ways. In this work we used the enzymatic treatment to isolated smooth muscle cells.

عزل الشريان السري الإنسان خلايا العضلات الملساء (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Rat Hepatic Cells

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology and other related subjects. The method based on two-step collagenase perfusion for isolation of intact hepatocytes was first introduced by Berry and Friend in 1969 1 and, since then, has undergone many modifications. The most commonly used technique was described by Seglenin 1976 2. Essentially, hepatocytes are dissociated from anesthetized adult rats by a non-recirculating collagenase perfusion through the portal vein. The isolated cells are then filtered through a 100 &mu;m pore size mesh nylon filter, and cultured onto plates. After 4-hour culture, the medium is replaced with serum-containing or serum-free medium, e.g. HepatoZYME-SFM, for additional time to culture. These procedures require surgical and sterile culture steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol, which allow consistently in the generation of viable hepatocytes in large numbers.

Primary hepatocytes provide a valuable tool to evaluate biochemical, molecular, and metabolic functions in a physiologically relevant experimental system. We describe a reliable protocol for rat in situ liver perfusion, which consistently generates viable hepatocytes up to 1.0 &times; 108 cells per preparation with cell viability between 88 ~ 96%.

العزلة والثقافة الأساسي في الخلايا الكبدية الجرذ

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

العزلة وثقافة فردية وMyofibers زنزاناتهم القمر الصناعي من العضلات الهيكلية الكبار

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106 acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.

In this publication, we describe a rapid and convenient procedure for isolating and culturing primary pancreatic acinar cells from the murine pancreas. This method constitutes a valuable approach to study the physiology of fresh primary normal/untransformed exocrine pancreatic cells.

العزلة والثقافة من الماوس الأساسي خلايا البنكرياس عنيبية

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

عزل الشريان الرئوي خلايا العضلات الملساء من الفئران حديثي الولادة

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

العزلة والثقافة الابتدائية من خلايا الفأر الأورطي غشائي

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Protocol for Isolation of Primary Human Hepatocytes and Corresponding Major Populations of Non-parenchymal Liver Cells

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic Stellate cells (HSC). Two-dimensional (2D) culture of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) is still considered as the &#34;gold standard&#34; for in vitro testing of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. It is well-known that the 2D monoculture of PHH suffers from dedifferentiation and loss of function. Recently it was shown that hepatic NPC play a central role in liver (patho-) physiology and the maintenance of PHH functions. Current research focuses on the reconstruction of in vivo tissue architecture by 3D- and co-culture models to overcome the limitations of 2D monocultures. Previously we published a method to isolate human liver cells and investigated the suitability of these cells for their use in cell cultures in Experimental Biology and Medicine1. Based on the broad interest in this technique the aim of this article was to provide a more detailed protocol for the liver cell isolation process including a video, which will allow an easy reproduction of this technique.
Human liver cells were isolated from human liver tissue samples of surgical interventions by a two-step EGTA/collagenase P perfusion technique. PHH were separated from the NPC by an initial centrifugation at 50 x g. Density gradient centrifugation steps were used for removal of dead cells. Individual liver cell populations were isolated from the enriched NPC fraction using specific cell properties and cell sorting procedures. Beside the PHH isolation we were able to separate KC, LEC and HSC for further cultivation.
Taken together, the presented protocol allows the isolation of PHH and NPC in high quality and quantity from one donor tissue sample. The access to purified liver cell populations could allow the creation of in vivo like human liver models.

A technique to isolate human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal liver cells from the same donor is described. The different liver cell types build the basis for functional liver models and tissue engineering. This new method aims to isolate liver cells in a high yield and viability.

بروتوكول لعزل خلايا الكبد الإنسان الابتدائية والموافق السكان الرئيسية للخلايا الكبد غير متني

Beside parenchymal hepatocytes, the liver consists of non-parenchymal cells (NPC) namely Kupffer cells (KC), liver endothelial cells (LEC) and hepatic ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

عزل الفئران التاجي الأوعية الدموية خلايا العضلات الملساء

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...