Agradecemos al Dr. Shahragim Tajbakhsh para proporcionar ratones Myf5 + / nlacZ. También queremos agradecer a Alexander Hron y Michael Baumrucker para la lectura crítica de este manuscrito. Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas de la Asociación de la Distrofia Muscular (MDA) y Gregory Marzolf Jr. Premio MD Center.

Los animales fueron alojados en un entorno SPF y fueron supervisadas por los recursos animales de investigación (RAR) de la Universidad de Minnesota. . Los animales fueron sacrificados por los medios adecuados (CO 2 inhalación o inyección KCl tras ser anestesiados con inyección IP de Avertin (250 mg / kg) Todos los protocolos fueron aprobados por el Cuidado de Animales y el empleo Comisión Institucional (IACUC, Número de Código: 1.304-30.492 ) de la Universidad de Minnesota. 1. Aislamiento de células mononucleares de músculo esquelético del ratón <ol><li> Correctamente sacrificar 1 o 2 ratones adultos jóvenes (3-8 semanas). <ol><li> Pinch y cortar la piel del abdomen con unas tijeras afiladas. Pele apagado la piel para mostrar completamente tríceps y los músculos de las extremidades posteriores (tirar de la piel en direcciones opuestas). </li><li> Retire todos los músculos de las piernas esqueléticas (tibial anterior, gemelos y cuádriceps) y tríceps largo de los huesos con tijeras. A continuación, traslado músculos para helado, PBS estéril en una placa de 10 cm. </li></ol></li><li> Lave sangre de los músculos en PBS y los músculos de transferencia a una nueva placa de 6 cm estéril: 1 plato de 1-2 ratones. </li><li> Quitar el tejido conectivo, vasos sanguíneos, haces de nervios, y el tejido adipogénica bajo un microscopio de disección. </li><li> Con unas tijeras para oftalmología, cortar y picar el tejido en una pulpa suave (Figuras 1A y 1B). Trate de no dejar trozos grandes, ya que no se descomponen fácilmente por la solución de enzima. </li><li> Transferencia músculos picada en un tubo Falcon de 50 ml, y añadir 5 ml de solución de colagenasa (0,2% de colagenasa de tipo 2 en 10% de FBS en DMEM). Incubar a 37 ° C durante 60 min. </li><li> Triturar (arriba y abajo con una aguja de 18 G) para homogeneizar la mezcla (Figura 1C). Entonces se incuba adicionalmente la mezcla a 37 ° C durante 15 min. </li><li> Se tritura de nuevo para homogeneizar la mezcla a disociarse en suspensión de células individuales. Añadir 2% de FBS en DMEM hasta 50 ml en la suspensión de células individuales y mezclarasí. </li><li> Coloque un filtro celular (70 micras) en un tubo Falcon de 50 ml (Figura 1D). Transferir el sobrenadante que contiene las células disociadas en un filtro de células, y la pipeta la suspensión celular arriba y abajo en el filtro hasta que pasa a través. </li><li> Contar el número de células por hemocitómetro. Centrifugar los tubos a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 5 min; Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender con 10 ml de 2% de FBS en DMEM. Centrifugar los tubos a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 5 min; Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender con 200 l de 2% de FBS en DMEM y la transferencia de suspensión celular en 1,5 ml de tubos de microcentrífuga. Por lo general, alrededor de 2 x 10 6 células deben recolectarse de los músculos de 1 ratón. Las células se diluyeron a una concentración de 1 x 10 6 células en 100 l de 2% de FBS en DMEM. </li></ol> 2. Anticuerpo tinción y separación con MACS Durante los siguientes procedures, mantener las condiciones estériles mediante el uso de tampones estériles. Cada volumen de anticuerpos añadió y se calcula medio de suspensión de células para las células de los músculos enteros de 1 de ratón. Si las células se cosechan a partir de 2 o más ratones, la cantidad de reactivos debe ser optimizado. <ol><li> Añadir 1 l de cada uno de CD31-PE, CD45-PE, Sca-1-PE, y la integrina anticuerpo α7 en 200 l de la suspensión celular. Incubar en hielo durante 30 min. </li><li> Lavar las células: Después de la incubación, añadir 1 ml de 2% de FBS en DMEM en la suspensión de células en el tubo de 1,5 ml y centrifugar a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 3 min. Repita este paso dos veces. </li><li> Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender las células con 200 l de 2% de FBS en DMEM, y añadir 10 l de anti-PE perlas magnéticas. Incubar en hielo durante 30 min. </li><li> Lavar las células: Después de la incubación, añadir 1 ml de tampón MACS a la suspensión de células en el tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml, y luego centrifugar a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 3 min. Repita este paso twhielo. Tenga en cuenta que las células se deben lavar a tampón MACS antes de ser separados por la columna magnética. </li><li> Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. Resuspender las células con 1,0 ml de tampón de MACS. </li><li> Configure la columna LD en un tablero magnético, y enjuagar la columna con 2,0 ml de tampón MACS (Figura 1E). </li><li> Transferir la suspensión celular en la columna de la LD, y recoger la fracción de flujo a través en un tubo de 1,5 ml. Esta fracción contiene células-PE negativa. </li><li> Centrifugar a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 3 min, aspirado y descartar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender las células con 200 l de 2% de FBS en DMEM, y añadir 10 l de IgG anti-ratón perlas magnéticas. Incubar en hielo durante 30 min. </li><li> Lavar las células: Después de la incubación, añadir 1 ml de tampón de MACS en la suspensión de células en un tubo de 1,5 ml, y luego centrifugar a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 3 min. Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. Repita este paso dos veces. Resuspender las células con 500 l de tampón de MACS. </li><li> Configure la columna MS en un tablero magnético, y enjuagar la columna con 500 l de tampón MACS (Figura 1F). </li><li> Transferencia suspendido solución de células en la columna de la MS, y descartar la fracción de flujo a través (células-α7 negativo de integrina). </li><li> Enjuague con 1 ml de tampón de MACS, y repita este paso dos veces. </li><li> Después de enjuagar, quitar la columna del campo magnético de separador. Aplicar 1,0 ml de tampón MACS a la columna, y la elución de las células marcadas magnéticamente (células α7-positivo de integrina) en un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 ml empujando el émbolo de la jeringa desde la parte superior de la columna. Recoger el flujo a través en un tubo de 1,5 ml. Repetir la elución con 1,5 ml de tampón MACS y se recoge el flujo a través. </li><li> Centrifugar a 2000 rpm a 4 ° C durante 3 min, aspirado y descartar el sobrenadante. </li><li> Resuspender las células purificadas con 1 ml de medio de mioblastos (20% de FBS contenía Hams F-10 con el bFGF), y células de la placa sobre recubiertas con Matrigel 10 cmplaca con 8 ml de mioblastos Medium (5 ml en placa de 6 cm) (Figura 1G). Tenga en cuenta que 1-2 x 10 5 células potencialmente se pueden aislar de 1 músculo de ratón intacto. </li></ol> 3. Mantenimiento <ol><li> Alimentar células cada dos días con medio de mioblastos. La aparición de mioblastos en crecimiento es de una forma pequeña y redonda expresar MyoD (Figura 2) y Pax7 (datos no mostrados) en su núcleo. </li><li> Los mioblastos deben ser pasados ​​antes de 50% de confluencia o cuando se inicia la fusión celular. Después de enjuagar una vez con PBS, se incuban las células con solución de tripsina al 0,25% a 37 ° C durante 3 min en un incubador de CO2 y recoger las células disociadas con medio de mioblastos. Después de centrifugar las células (1000 rpm durante 5 min), suspender con medio de mioblastos y replate células sobre nuevas placas recubiertas con Matrigel. Placas recubiertas de colágeno se pueden utilizar después del paso 3. Una placa por lo general se puede dividir en cuatro y cincuenta y siete placas. </li></ol> 4. Differenciación <ol><li> Vuelva a introducir con medio de diferenciación cada dos días. </li><li> Por día 1 en medio de diferenciación, mioblastos salir del ciclo celular y se someten a diferenciación en cadena de la miosina pesada (MHC)-positivo miocitos. Estos myoctyes comienzan la fusión celular entre sí para generar miotubos multinucleados. Típicamente, la mayoría de los mioblastos se convierten en miocitos mononucleares de diferenciación de MHC-positivos o miotubos (Figura 2) por día 3-5 en medio de diferenciación. </li></ol> 5. Mioblastos Trasplante en ratón para la regeneración del músculo esquelético <ol><li> Anestesiar el ratón con Avertin (250 mg / kg) por inyección intraperitoneal (IP) de inyección. </li><li> Afeitar el pelo de la piel alrededor de anterior (TA) músculo tibial. Veinticuatro horas antes del trasplante de mioblastos, 10 mM CTX (50 l) se inyecta por vía intramuscular en el NOD / músculo de ratón SCID TA para inducir la regeneración del músculo a través de una jeringa de 31 G de insulina a través de la piel afeitada (figura60, 3). </li><li> Mioblastos proliferantes se disocian con solución de tripsina al 0,25%, y se centrifugaron a 1000 rpm durante 5 min. Aspirar y desechar el sobrenadante. Resuspender 1 x 10 6 células con 50 l de 2% de FBS en DMEM. Transferir las células suspendidas en una jeringa de insulina 31 G. </li><li> Los ratones receptores se anestesiaron con Avertin (250 mg / kg) por inyección IP, y las de 1 x 10 6 mioblastos (Figura 2) se inyecta en forma intramuscular regenerar músculo TA. </li><li> Cosecha músculo TA por 1-4 semanas después de la inyección de células para el análisis histológico (Figura 3). </li></ol>

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Ningún conflicto de interés declarado.

En este protocolo, las células satélite quiescentes se pueden purificar fácilmente a partir de músculo esquelético de los ratones adultos mediante digestión con colagenasa y la superficie mediada por anticuerpos separación MACS. Este método tarda aproximadamente 6 horas y no necesita ningún equipo costoso tal como una máquina de FACS. Además, este método es relativamente barato en comparación con la superficie mediada por anticuerpos FACS separación. Un mayor rendimiento de las células satélite de reposo...

Células satélite del músculo son una pequeña población de células madre miogénicas ubicados debajo de la lámina basal de las fibras musculares esqueléticas. Se caracterizan por la expresión de Pax7, Pax3, c-Met, M-cadherina, CD34, syndecan-3, y la calcitonina 1 - 3. Las células satélite han demostrado ser responsables de la regeneración muscular como células madre de músculo. En el músculo adulto, las células satélite son normalmente mitóticamente quiescentes 4-8. Después de la lesión, las células satélite se activan, iniciar la expresión de MyoD, y entrar en el ciclo celular para expandir su progenie, denominada células precursoras miogénicas o mioblastos 3. Después de varias rondas de división celular, mioblastos salir del ciclo celular y se fusionan entre sí con el fin de someterse a la diferenciación en miotubos multinucleadas, seguido por fibras musculares maduras. Los mioblastos aislados de músculo adulto fácilmente se pueden expandir ex vivo. La capacidad de los mioblastos para convertirse en fibras musculares en la regeneración muscular y paraforman fibras musculares ectópico en los tejidos no musculares es explotada por el trasplante de mioblastos, un enfoque terapéutico potencial para distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) 4, disfunción urológica 9, y la insuficiencia cardiaca 10. De hecho, los mioblastos se han trasplantado con éxito en el músculo de mdx ambos (modelo DMD) ratones y pacientes con DMD 11-14. Los mioblastos normales inyectados se fusionan con las fibras musculares de acogida para mejorar la histología y la función del músculo enfermo. Trabajos anteriores demostraron que las subpoblaciones de mioblastos son más células madre similares, y permanecen en un estado indiferenciado ya en el músculo durante la regeneración muscular 5. Trabajos recientes han demostrado que las células satélite recién aisladas de músculo adulto contienen una población de células madre similares a las que presenta el injerto más eficiente y la actividad de auto-renovación en la regeneración muscular 5-8. Por lo tanto, la purificación de una población pura de células satélite quiescentes de MU esquelético adultoSCLE es esencial para la comprensión de la biología de las células satélite, mioblastos y la regeneración muscular, y para el desarrollo de terapias basadas en células. Sin embargo, los métodos de purificación posibles actuales de las células satélite quiescentes requieren el uso de un activadas por fluorescencia caro clasificación de células (FACS) de la máquina 1,2,6-8. Además, la exposición al láser FACS tiende a inducir la muerte celular durante la separación, lo que provoca un menor rendimiento de las células satélite de reposo 15. A continuación, presentamos un nuevo método para la purificación rápida, económica y fiable de las células satélite en reposo desde el músculo esquelético de ratones adultos. Este método utiliza la disociación enzimática seguida por magnético de células activadas por la clasificación (MACS). Tras el aislamiento de las células satélite quiescentes puros, estas células pueden ser cultivadas para obtener un gran número de mioblastos después de varios pasajes. También ponen de manifiesto que la inyección intramuscular de estas células satélite quiescentes recién aisladas o ex vimioblastos vo expandidas pueden ser trasplantados en cardiotoxina (CTX) inducida por la regeneración del músculo esquelético del ratón para examinar la contribución de las células derivadas del donante de la regeneración de las fibras musculares, así como a los compartimentos celulares satelitales para el examen de las actividades de auto-renovación.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type 2</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>CLS-2</td>
			<td>100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10569010</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen (Rat Tail)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td>100 mg (3-4 mg/ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320099-500ML</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF, human, Recombinant</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0263</td>
			<td>1 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5611-1G</td>
			<td>1 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#8217;s F10 Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11550-043</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>3600511</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>26050088</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptmycin</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15640055</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco-Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G needle with 12cc Syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-256-563</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer (70 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50 ml tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 15 ml tube</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 cm tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 10 ml disposable pipet</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD31 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-0311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD45 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>30-F11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Sca1 antibody-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>Dec-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Integrin &#945;7 antibody</td>
			<td>MBL International</td>
			<td>ABIN487462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PE MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-048-801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IgG MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-048-402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini &#38; MidiMACS Starting Kit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LD Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardiotoxin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C9759-1MG</td>
			<td>Stock 10 &#956;M in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>31G Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>328438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Microcentrifuge (Microfuge 22R)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>368826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S241.5 Swinging Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>368882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Centrifuge (Allegra X-22R)</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>392187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nod/Scid immunodeficient mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td>Strain Code 394</td>
			<td>Use 2 months old mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% and 2% FBS DMEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMEM (Gibco-Invitrogen #10569010) with 10% or 2% FBS (Fisher Scientific #03600511) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% Collagenase solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Collagenase Type 2 (Worthington, #CLS-2), Stock: 50 ml: 100 mg Collagenase Type 2 in 10% FBS DMEM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Matrigel solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Matrigel (BD Biosciences: #356234) is placed on ice for thawing overnight. Five ml Matrigel is dilute by 45 ml DMEM and 5 ml aliquots are stored at -20&#176;C until use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel-coated plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Five ml of 10% Matrigel solution is placed on ice for thawing and is used for coating 10 cm plate at room temprature for 1 minutes. The plate is placed in 5% CO2 incubator at 37&#176;C for 30 minute after removing Matrigel solution, and let the plate dry in culture hood for another 30 minutes. Removed 10% Matrigel solution is stored at -20&#176;C for reusing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% Collagen solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mix to final: 0.01% Collagen (Collagen, Rat Tail: BD Biosciences #354236) in 0.2% acetic acid (320099-500ML) in ddH2O.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-coated plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Add 5 ml or 2 ml of Collagen solution to a 10 cm or 6 cm tissue culture plate and let sit at room temperature for three hours. Then, aspirate off liquid and allow to dry in culture hood for 30 min to overnight. Plates can be stored at room temperature for several months.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF stock solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bFGF, Human, Recombinant (Gibco-Invitrogen #PHG0263, 1 mg) is dissolved with 0.1% BSA solution consisting of 1 mg BSA (Sigma-Aldrich #A5611-1G) and 2 ml ddH2O (0.5 mg/ml bFGF). Aliquot 20 &#956;l in 500 &#956;l microcentrifuge tubes and kept in -80&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myoblast medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 mL HAM&#8217;S F10 Medium (Gibco-Invitrogen #11550-043) supplemented with 20% FBS (Fisher Scientific #03600511), Penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055), and 10 &#956;g of bFGF (20 &#956;l of bFGF stock).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Differentiation medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 mL DMEM (Gibco-Invitrogen #10569010) supplemented with 5% Horse serum (Gibco-Invitrogen #26050088) and 1% Penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco-Invitrogen #15640055).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;M Cardiotoxin stock</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 mg Cardiotoxin (EMD Millipore #217504-1MG) is dissolved with 13.9 ml PBS.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture, and transplantation of muscle satellite cells

Células satélite del músculo son una población de células madre necesaria para el desarrollo del músculo esquelético postnatal y la regeneración, que representan el 2-5% de núcleos sublaminal en las fibras musculares. En el músculo adulto, las células satélite son normalmente mitóticamente quiescentes. Después de una lesión, sin embargo, las células satélite inician la proliferación celular para producir mioblastos, sus progenies, para mediar en la regeneración del músculo. El trasplante de mioblastos derivados de células de satélite ha sido ampliamente estudiado como una posible terapia para varias enfermedades regenerativas, incluyendo la distrofia muscular, la insuficiencia cardíaca y la disfunción urológica. El trasplante de mioblastos en el músculo distrófico esquelético, corazón infartado, y el disfuncionamiento conductos urinarios ha demostrado que los mioblastos injertados pueden diferenciarse en las fibras musculares en los tejidos del huésped y mostrar mejoría funcional parcial en estas enfermedades. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de métodos de purificación eficientes de las células satélite quiescentes de muscl esqueléticoelectrónico, así como el establecimiento de cultivos de mioblastos satélite derivados de células y métodos de trasplante de mioblastos, son esenciales para la comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares detrás de la auto-renovación de células satélite, activación y diferenciación. Además, el desarrollo de terapias basadas en células para la distrofia muscular y otras enfermedades regenerativas también son dependientes de estos factores. Sin embargo, los métodos de purificación posibles actuales de las células satélite quiescentes requieren el uso de caros fluorescencia de clasificación de células activadas máquinas (FACS). A continuación, presentamos un nuevo método para la purificación rápida, económica y fiable de las células satélite en reposo de ratón músculo esquelético adulto por disociación enzimática seguida de células activadas por la clasificación magnética (MACS). Tras el aislamiento de las células satélite quiescentes puros, estas células pueden ser cultivadas para obtener un gran número de mioblastos después de varios pasajes. Estos recién aisladascélulas satélite quiescentes o ex vivo mioblastos expandidas pueden ser trasplantados en cardiotoxina (CTX) inducida por la regeneración de músculo esquelético de ratón para examinar la contribución de las células derivadas del donante a la regeneración de las fibras musculares, así como a los compartimentos de células satélite para el examen de auto-renovación actividades.

Recién aisladas células satélite quiescentes muestran un pequeño, forma redonda (Figura 1G), y Pax7 expresa como un marcador definitivo de las células satélite en reposo. Más del 90% de las células recién aisladas expresar Pax7 (Figura 1H y 1I). Mayoría de las células son contaminados a partir de células de la sangre que no crecen de manera eficiente in vitro después de condiciones de cultivo de mioblastos. Por lo tanto, los mioblastos der...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

El aislamiento y cultivo de una población pura de células satélite quiescentes, una población de células madre de músculo, es esencial para la comprensión de la biología de células madre del músculo y la regeneración, así como el trasplante de células madre para terapias en la distrofia muscular y otras enfermedades degenerativas.

Aislamiento, cultivo y trasplante de células musculares satélite

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal ...

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Fibroblast Transformation and Muscle Stem Cells

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41.2K vistas.  University of Minnesota Medical School.  El aislamiento y cultivo de una población pura de células satélite quiescentes, una población de células madre de músculo, es esencial para la comprensión de la biología de células madre del músculo y la regeneración, así como el trasplante de células madre para terapias en la distrofia muscular y otras enfermedades degenerativas. 

Video: Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

Isolation and Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells HSCs

I am Christina Ceso. I am a postdoc in David's Den lab and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells. Today we are going to purify long-term recuperating hematopoietic stem cells and we'll transplant them into a mouse.We start by spraying the mice with alcohol so that first of all, the mind starts sterilized and also the hair doesn't interfere with the dissection. We use PBS with 2%serum for the dissection. I cut the back skin and I pull the skin apart in order to expose the tissue.In order to isolate the tibia, I hold the tibia with tweezers. I cut the tendon on top of the knee and I cut the muscles below the knee and after that I cut through the knee so that the TBI is not connected to the rest of the limb anymore and I pull in order to isolate it. I then hold the TB upside down and with the scissors I separate the foot from the tibia In order to obtain the femur.I cut the muscles around the femur and then I dislocate the femur from the hip. In order to isolate the hip, I cut the muscle around the hip bone on the side of the tail of the mouse and then I pull the hip away from the body of the mouth In order to isolate the spine. I cut through the tail as close as I can to the beginning of the back and then I cut on the two sides of the spine and below the spine, trying to stay as close as possible to the spine so that the peritoneum is not cut and the intestine is left untouched.A first round of cleaning of the bones is done with a scalpel, which is used to scrape the bone, the muscles away from the bone. The scalpel is good to clean the femurs, the hip and the spine. In order to clean the tibia, I hold them with forceps and I use the forceps to remove as much tissue as possible.A second round of cleaning is done using clean wipe to completely clean the bones outta the muscle, and I use the F wipe to clean the tibia, the femurs and the hips. So this is how bones look. After cleaning, I prefer 50 amount tubes with filters on top and I transfer the bones into the mortar.I add the section media and I crush the bones ask of the first round of crashing of the bones. I piped the mixture in order to release as many styles as possible into solution and reduce clumps. I transferred the mixture on the tubes through the filters and this is what the bone fragments look like after the first round of crushing.So I add more dissection medium to the bone fragments and I flash them again. I transferred the seline mixture to the tubes through the filters and at this point the remaining bone fragments are white and there is no bone marrow left. The tubes are filled with PBS 2%serum and in order to have them all with the same weight so that they're balanced in the centrifuge, but also in order to wash the filters so that we obtain as many cells as possible, I then centrifuge the cell mixture and after centrifugation, the palt includes the bone marrow cells.I aspirate the medium and I move back and forward the tube on the rack so that the pelle is becomes loose and fewer clamps are formed. When I add medium, at this point I add one ml of medium per tube and I ics since I'm sorting hematopoietic stem cells. Later on, I'm going to store an ALI output of total bone marrow sizes at this point, which I will use later for the fact single color control.I add lineage antibody cocktail. I ordered the samples to mix them well and I invaded four degrees for 15 minutes. In the meantime, I start preparing the columns for the lineage division.I put the columns on the magnet and I prepare Ian tubes under the columns. I also prepared the gas PBS using aster flip filter and attaching it to the vacuum so that all the bubbles of air move in the top part of the filter. I then add three ml of the gas DBS to each column in order for the column to become wet.After the incubation with the antibodies, I add medium to the cell samples and I centrifuge them in order to remove the excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the stain cells are in the pallet. I aspirate the medium and I suspend the pallet in one mile of the gas PBSI Add the strip tab beans, I mix the cells and I incubate for 15 minutes at four degrees.After the incubation, I put new elucian tubes under the columns. I add two ml of PBS to each tube with the cells and I transferred the cell mixture to the column through a 40 micron filter. I wash the tubes with more medium in order to collect all the cells remaining and I apply the remaining medium through the filters to the columns.The progenitor cells lineage low are alluded into the collection views. I pulled the luted samples and I sent tofu them. So after the centrifugation, the depleted cells are in a white pate.I aspirate the medium and re suspend the cells. I store an adequate of the depleted cells and I add the antibodies to the cell mixture for the sorting and also to all the single color controls. The antibodies are incubated in that with the size for 15 minutes in the fridge.After the ation, I add medium to the cells and and centrifuge them to remove the ex excess of antibodies. After the centrifugation, the cells are in the pt, I aspirate the media that I suspend the cells and I transfer the cells into fox tubes with a blue filter. At this point, the cells are ready to be sorted.I place, I place the mouse under a heating lamp for a few minutes so that the veins dilate and they are more easily seen. When preparing the syringe, you have to be careful to eliminate all the bubbles from the, the mixture that is in the syringe and then you bend the needle at 90 degrees. I put the mouse under a glass cup with a weight on top so that it can run away.I sterilize the tail with the alcohol pad so that the site of injection is sterile, but also it's easier to identify the vein. If you look at the tail of the mouse from the top in the middle and top of the tail, there is an artery while on the two sides there are the two veins and we inject the cells in one of the two veins. I insert the needle into the vein and I inject following injection.It is to wait for a couple of seconds before removing the needle, the needle, and after that I clean the side of injection. This is a representation of the syringe with the ben needle bent at 90 degrees with the knee, the at this ankle compared to the tail, which makes the injection the easiest. When you injecting the tail of the mouse, you have to keep in mind that the tail vein is extremely superficial, so really this is the orientation of the needle compared to the tail.And it looks like you will just keep sliding on top of the tail, but actually you will get into the tail then. I am Christina Ceso. I am a post in David Kaden lab, and I work on the hematopoietic stem cells.I usually use for animals to start with, and I had more variability at the beginning, but once you become consistent with your methods, I consistently get about 50, 000 to 60, 000 stem cells out for mice. I did my PhD in London with Dr.Fiona Wat working on derma stem cells. After that, I just wanted to have a wider knowledge of adult stem cells in various tissues, and so I decided to move to David Kaden lab to work on hematopoietic stem cells, mainly because the things that are known about hematopoietic stem cells are the things that are not known for the epidermic stem cells and a number of assays that can be done with epi.Epidermal stem cells are not really done yet with the hematopoietic stem cells, and so at this point I'm trying to put together the, the knowledge from the two different fields and ultimately I'm interested in the study of the mechanism to regulate adult tissue sensors in general, so not just the epidermis or the stem cells, but also different tissues because there are, there are similar mechanism that is, it's always the same genes that are involved in the regulation that just interact with each other in different ways, and it's just interesting to understand what makes each stem cell be a stem, but then ultimately a stem cell in a different tissue. So giving rise to a different protein.

Aislamiento y trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (HSC)

Investigación

Biología

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded and their collection does not imply any added risk to the newborn or mother s health. Moreover no ethical concerns are raised. The UC is composed by one vein and two arteries from which both endothelial cells (ECs) 1 and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 2, two of the main cellular components of blood vessels, can be isolated. In this project the SMCs were obtained after enzymatic treatment of the UC arteries accordingly the experimental procedure previously described by Jaffe et al 3. After cell isolation they were kept in t-flash with DMEM-F12 supplemented with 5% of fetal bovine serum and were cultured for several passages. Cells maintained their morphological and other phenotypic characteristics in the different generations. The aim of this study was to isolate smooth muscle cells in order to use them as models for future assays with constrictor drugs, isolate and structurally characterize L-type calcium channels, to study cellular and molecular aspects of the vascular function 4 and to use them in tissue engineering.

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells HUASMC

The umbilical cords are used to isolate smooth muscle cells by different ways. In this work we used the enzymatic treatment to isolated smooth muscle cells.

El aislamiento de los Derechos Humanos de la arteria umbilical células musculares lisas (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded ...

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a robust and reliable method for isolating relatively large numbers of proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. The authors have used micro-dissected explant cultures to analyse the growth characteristics of skeletal muscle cells in wild-type and dystrophic muscles. Each of the components of tissue growth, namely cell survival, proliferation, senescence and differentiation can be analysed separately using the methods described here. The net effect of all components of growth can be established by means of measuring explant outgrowth rates. The micro-explant method can be used to establish primary cultures from a wide range of different muscle types and ages and, as described here, has been adapted by the authors to enable the isolation of embryonic skeletal muscle precursors.
Uniquely, micro-explant cultures have been used to derive clonal (single cell origin) skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSc) lines which can be expanded and used for in vivo transplantation. In vivo transplanted SMSc behave as functional, tissue-specific, satellite cells which contribute to skeletal muscle fibre regeneration but which are also retained (in the satellite cell niche) as a small pool of undifferentiated stem cells which can be re-isolated into culture using the micro-explant method.

The micro-dissected explants technique is a robust and reliable method for isolating proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. Uniquely, these cells have been clonally derived to produce skeletal muscle stem cell lines used for in vivo transplantation.

Adultas y embrionarias del músculo esquelético Cultura Microexplant y aislamiento de células madre de músculo esquelético

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

Isolation and Culture of Avian Embryonic Valvular Progenitor Cells

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of endocardium surrounded by myocardium. The myocardium secretes cardiac jelly, a hyaluronan-rich gelatinous matrix, into the atrioventricular (AV) junction and outflow tract (OFT) lumen. At stage HH14 valvulogenesis begins when a subset of endocardial cells receive signals from the myocardium, undergo endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and invade the cardiac jelly. At stage HH25 the valvular cushions are fully mesenchymalized, and it is this mesenchyme that eventually forms the valvular and septal apparatus of the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and modulate the process of EMT and cell differentiation are important because of their connection to serious congenital heart defects. In this study we present methods to isolate pre-EMT endocardial and post-EMT mesenchymal cells, which are the two different cell phenotypes of the prevalvular cushion. Pre-EMT endocardial cells can be cultured with or without the myocardium. Post-EMT AV cushion mesenchymal cells can be cultured inside mechanically constrained or stress-free collagen gels. These 3D in vitro models mimic key valvular morphogenic events and are useful for deconstructing the mechanisms of early and late stage valvulogenesis.

This article will provide a method for isolating and culturing quail or chicken HH14- valve endocardial cells and HH25 valve cushion mesenchymal cells.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células embrionarias progenitoras aviar valvular

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células endoteliales pulmonares de ratones recién nacidos

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Rat Hepatic Cells

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology and other related subjects. The method based on two-step collagenase perfusion for isolation of intact hepatocytes was first introduced by Berry and Friend in 1969 1 and, since then, has undergone many modifications. The most commonly used technique was described by Seglenin 1976 2. Essentially, hepatocytes are dissociated from anesthetized adult rats by a non-recirculating collagenase perfusion through the portal vein. The isolated cells are then filtered through a 100 &mu;m pore size mesh nylon filter, and cultured onto plates. After 4-hour culture, the medium is replaced with serum-containing or serum-free medium, e.g. HepatoZYME-SFM, for additional time to culture. These procedures require surgical and sterile culture steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol, which allow consistently in the generation of viable hepatocytes in large numbers.

Primary hepatocytes provide a valuable tool to evaluate biochemical, molecular, and metabolic functions in a physiologically relevant experimental system. We describe a reliable protocol for rat in situ liver perfusion, which consistently generates viable hepatocytes up to 1.0 &times; 108 cells per preparation with cell viability between 88 ~ 96%.

Aislamiento y cultivo primario de células hepáticas de ratas

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

Aislamiento y cultivo de fibras individuales y sus células satélite del músculo esquelético adulto

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Primary Pancreatic Acinar Cells

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one week. More than 20 x 106 acinar cells can be obtained from a single murine pancreas. This protocol offers the possibility to independently process as many as 10 pancreases in parallel. Because it preserves acinar architecture, this model is well suited for studying the physiology of the exocrine pancreas in vitro in contrast to cell lines established from pancreatic tumors, which display many genetic alterations resulting in partial or total loss of their acinar differentiation.

In this publication, we describe a rapid and convenient procedure for isolating and culturing primary pancreatic acinar cells from the murine pancreas. This method constitutes a valuable approach to study the physiology of fresh primary normal/untransformed exocrine pancreatic cells.

Aislamiento y cultivo de ratón primarias células acinares pancreáticas

This protocol permits rapid isolation (in less than 1 hr) of murine pancreatic acini, making it possible to maintain them in culture for more than one ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

El aislamiento de la arteria pulmonar células musculares lisas de los ratones recién nacidos

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

Aislamiento y cultivo primario de células endoteliales aórticas de ratón

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...