وأيد هذا العمل من قبل R01 DC013339، R03 DC011373، وروث L. كيرشتاين خدمة القومي للبحوث جائزة T32 DC000014. تم تنفيذ جزء من العمل باستخدام مونيل حسي كيميائي مستقبلات الإشارات الأساسية، الذي تدعمه، في جزء منه، من خلال تمويل من P30 DC011735 NIH-NIDCD الأساسية غرانت. المؤلفين أشكر C. Sezille للمساعدة في جمع البيانات.

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والكتاب ليس لديهم ما يكشف.

يتم ترميز هوية الرائحة بواسطة حاسة الشم أنماط تنشيط مستقبلات، ولكن من المعروف أنماط تنشيط مستقبلات، بما في ذلك المستقبلات التي يتم تنشيطها وإلى أي درجة، لأقل من 6٪ من المستقبلات الشمية الإنسان 1-11. تم بذل جهود لتوصيف المستقبلات الشمية محدودة بسبب الأساليب كثيف?...

نظام حاسة الشم لدى الثدييات لديه القدرة على الرد على عدد كبير من المحفزات معطر، مما يسمح للكشف والتمييز الآلاف من عطر. المستقبلات الشمية (نسب الأرجحية) هي أجهزة الاستشعار الجزيئية التي أعرب عنها الخلايا العصبية الحسية الشمية في الظهارة الشمية 12. يحدث الاعتراف رائحة الثدييات من خلال تفعيل الفرق من نسب الأرجحية التي كتبها عطر، والأسرة الجين أو واسعة النطاق، مع ما يقرب من 1،000 الفئران و 400 مستقبلات الإنسان 12-16. وقد أظهرت التحليلات الفنية السابقة من نسب الأرجحية في الخلايا العصبية الشمية في الخلايا والتي مغاير عطر مختلفة معترف بها من قبل فريدة من نوعها، ولكن تداخل الفرق من نسب الأرجحية 10،17-20. مطابقة لنسب الأرجحية بروابط أمر بالغ الأهمية لفهم رمز الشم وضرورية لبناء نماذج قابلة للتطبيق من الشم. بسبب صعوبات التعبير عن نسب الأرجحية في أنظمة مغايرة فضلا عن عدد كبير من كل من عطر ونسب الأرجحية، كانت غائبة إلى حد كبير هذه البيانات من ودرع؛ في الواقع، فإن أقل من 6٪ من نسب الأرجحية البشرية لديها يجند نشرت 1-11. يصف هذا البروتوكول استخدام مقايسة luciferase المراسل لوصف الرائحة / أو التفاعلات. هذا الاختبار يمكن توصيف الإنتاجية العالية من أملاح الإماهة الفموية، وهي مهمة ضرورية لفهم الرائحة / أو التفاعلات وكذلك تطوير نموذج للرائحة الترميز. تواجه الدراسات الإنتاجية العالية من نسب الأرجحية ثلاثة تحديات رئيسية. أولا، تم الإبقاء على نسب الأرجحية التي أعرب عنها في الخلايا مغاير في ER وتدهورت في وقت لاحق في proteasome و21،22، ومنع نسب الأرجحية من التفاعل مع عطر في نظام مقايسة 23-25. وقد وجهت هذه المشكلة عن طريق اكتشاف البروتينات التي تسهل التبعي مستقرة التعبير سطح الخلية من مجموعة واسعة من نسب الأرجحية 19،26،27. مستقبلات نقل البروتينات 1 و 2 (RTP1 و2) تعزيز أو التعبير سطح الخلية وتفعيل ردا على التحفيز الرائحة 19. على أساس هذا العمل، وكانت الخلايا HEK293Tتعديل للتعبير ثابت RTP1 طويلة (RTP1L) وRTP2، مستقبلات البروتين تعزيز التعبير 1، وG αolf، مما أدى إلى خط الخلية Hana3A 19،27. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، نوع 3 المسكارينية مستقبلات الأستيل كولين (M3-R) يتفاعل مع نسب الأرجحية على سطح الخلية ويعزز التنشيط استجابة لعطر 26. شارك في ترنسفكأيشن لأو مع RTP1S وM3-R في Hana3A خلايا النتائج في التعبير قوية ومتسقة وظيفية من مجموعة واسعة من نسب الأرجحية على سطح الخلية 27. الثانية، الثدييات أو ذخيرة كبيرة جدا. في البشر، على سبيل المثال، مرجع أو هو أمر من حجم أكثر عددا من مستقبلات ذخيرة الذوقية، و 2 أوامر من حجم أكثر عددا من مستقبلات بصرية ذخيرة. على الرغم من أن استنساخ واحد أو هو بروتوكول بسيط نسبيا، مطلوب جهد مقدما كبيرة لإنشاء مكتبة شاملة. الثالث، على الرغم من أننا نعرف أن في الرؤية، والطول الموجي يترجم إلى لون وفي وتيرة الاختبار يترجم إلى الملعب، ومن المفهوم تنظيم الروائح سيئة، مما يجعل من الصعب على الباحثين أن أقحم من عينة تمثيلية من عطر. على الرغم من إحراز بعض التقدم على هذه الجبهة 10،28، وخريطة المشهد حاسة الشم لا تزال غير مكتملة. فحص عشرات الآلاف من الجزيئات ضد المئات من نسب الأرجحية هي مهمة شاقة؛ تتطلب شاشات عالية الإنتاجية في هذا المجال حملات محددة بعناية. التحديات الرئيسية المتبقية هي تلك الخدمات اللوجستية والتكلفة بدلا من المشاكل الملازمة لهذه التقنية. على الرغم من أن الفحص مغاير لم يستخدم على نطاق واسع لتحديد بروابط من قبل الجماعات الأكاديمية، وقد استخدمت شركة خاصة نفس الأسلوب لتحديد بروابط نسب الأرجحية ل100 الإنسان 29. للأسف، لا تزال هذه البيانات الشخصية. مقايسة luciferase المراسل الإنتاجية العالية المذكورة هنا لديها العديد من المزايا أكثر من الطرق البديلة المستخدمة لتقييم أو التنشيط. على الرغم من أن المسؤولةوقد تم قياس سيس من الخلايا العصبية الحسية الشمية الأم باستخدام الكهربية والتصوير الكالسيوم، وهذه التقنيات يجدون صعوبة في إغاظة وبصرف النظر الذي يؤدي إلى استجابة أو الخلايا العصبية بسبب عدم التداخل في خصائص استجابة الخلايا العصبية لحاسة الشم. على الرغم من أن يطرق-في GFP المسمى نوع مستقبلات 30،31، وتقديم مستقبلات معينة عبر اتش لالفئران الخلايا العصبية الشمية 32،33، أو أداء RT-PCR بعد التسجيلات 17،24،33 يمكن ربط تسجيلات لأنواع مستقبلات واحدة، وهذه الأساليب هي منخفضة الإنتاجية وغير مناسبة للشاشات واسعة النطاق. أنظمة الفحص مغايرة هي أكثر استيعابا، وتوجد شكلين رئيسيين في الأدب: مسار للصحفيين المخيم واينوزيتول ثلاثي الفوسفات (IP3) للصحفيين المسار. على التحفيز رائحة، نسب الأرجحية تنشيط إشارة تتالي تنبيغ G αolf أن النتائج في إنتاج دوري امبير (المخيم) 12. من قبل المشترك transfecting على يراعة luciferase مراسل الجينات تحت سيطرة ميلانAMP عنصر الاستجابة (لجنة المساواة العرقية)، ويمكن قياس إنتاج luciferase المراسل بوصفها وظيفة من استجابة رائحة، مما يسمح لتقدير حجم أو التنشيط. أو التنشيط ويمكن أيضا أن تكون مرتبطة مسار IP3 قبل المشترك، معربا عن G-البروتينات مثل G α15/16 أو G-α15 جبهة تحرير أورومو الوهم 24،25،34. اخترناه مقايسة المقدمة هنا على أساس ثلاثة عوامل هي: (1) شارك في التعبير عن RTP1 مع المستقبلات الشمية رو الموسومة يحسن التعبير عن مستقبلات الشمية على سطح الخلية 19،27؛ (2) استخدام الجينات مراسل المخيم تستجيب يسمح لقياس أو التنشيط من خلال الكنسي الثاني مسار رسول؛ و (3) الفحص هو مناسبة تماما لشاشات عالية الإنتاجية. هذا luciferase الفحص الإنتاجية العالية هي التي تنطبق على مجموعة متنوعة من دراسات قيمة في مجال الشم. أولا، عدد كبير من نسب الأرجحية يمكن فحص ضد الرائحة واحد من أجل تحديد نمط تنشيط مستقبلات ليرة سوريةالرائحة ecific. هذا النوع من الدراسة تحديد OR7D4 كما OR ​​المسؤولة عن الاستجابة لandrostenone الرائحة الستيرويد 8. على العكس، واحدة أو يمكن فحص ضد فريق من عطر من أجل تحديد ملف استجابة مستقبلات 10. عندما يتم تحديد مرشح حاسة الشم الرائحة / أو أزواج عبر هذه الشاشات، ويمكن التأكد من التفاعل عن طريق إجراء تجربة الاستجابة للجرعة دراسة استجابة أو لتركيزات متزايدة من الرائحة. يمكن منحنيات الاستجابة للجرعة أيضا تقييم مدى الاختلاف الجيني في أو يؤثر في استجابة الرائحة المختبر 8،9،11،35، ويمكن تمديد هذه الدراسات إلى الاختلاف بين الأنواع أو، مما يسمح لفحص تطور مستقبلات عبر الأنواع والطفرات المسببة في تطور 36،37، وأخيرا، وهذا الفحص يمكن استخدامها للكشف عن مضادات الرائحة التي هي قادرة على استعداء أو ردا على الرائحة خاص لزوج الرائحة / مستقبلات المعروفة 38،39. باختصار، هذا عالية-الإنتاجية luciferase الفحص ينطبق على مجموعة من الدراسات التي تساعد تميز أو أنماط التنشيط وتوفير فهم أفضل للرائحة الترميز في نظام حاسة الشم.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:265px;">Hana3A cells</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Avaiable from the Matsunami Laboratory upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:265px;">RTP1S-pCI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Avaiable from the Matsunami Laboratory upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:265px;">M3-R-pCI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Avaiable from the Matsunami Laboratory upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">pCRE-luc</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">219076</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.chem.agilent.com/store/ProductDetail.aspx?productID=219076%28Agilent%29">LUC</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">pSV40-RL</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2231</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.promega.com/products/reporter-assays-and-transfection/reporter-vectors-and-cell-lines/prl-renilla-luciferase-control-reporter-vectors/">RL</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Minimum Essential Media, Eagle</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4655</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/m4655?lang=en&amp;region=US">MEM</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td><a href="https://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/16000044?ICID=search-16000044">FBS</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td><a href="http://cellgro.com/products/balanced-salt-solutions/phosphate-buffered-saline/phosphate-buffered-saline-1x-2.html">PBS</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin (0.05% Trypsin EDTA)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td><a href="https://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/25300054?ICID=search-product">Trypsin</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">CD293</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11913-019</td>
			<td><a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/11913019?ICID=search-11913019">CD293</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">96 well PDL white/clear plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BD BioCoat</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">356693</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.thomassci.com/Supplies/Tissue-Culture-Cellware/_/BD-Biocoat-Poly-D-Lysine-Culture-Dishes?q=356693">plates</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:265px;">Lipid transfection reagent: Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td><a href="https://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/11668019?ICID=search-11668019">Lipofectamine</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:265px;">Firefly luciferase substrate, firefly luciferase quencher/Renilla luciferase substrate: Dual-Glo Assay</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2980</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.promega.com/products/reporter-assays-and-transfection/reporter-assays/dual_glo-luciferase-assay-system/?__utma=1.1932750276.1376486173.1376486173.1376486173.1&amp;__utmb=1.1.10.1376486173&amp;__utmc=1&amp;__utmx=-&amp;__utmz=1.1376486173.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmc">dual glo</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Synergy S2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLAD</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/synergy2_multimode_microplate_reader.html">BioTek S2</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:265px;">Microplate reader software: Gen5 Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Gen5</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_software/gen5_data_analysis_software.html">Gen5</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">BIOSTACK</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIOSTACK2WR</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_software/biostack_microplate_stacker.html">BioStack</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Multiflo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BioTek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MFP</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.biotek.com/products/liquid_handling/multiflo_microplate_dispenser.html">MultiFlo</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">300ul GripTips</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4433</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/us/pipette_tips_griptips_4_e.html">GripTips</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">12.5ul GripTips</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4414</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/us/pipette_tips_griptips_4_e.html">GripTips</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">300ul GripTips ViaFlo96</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6433</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/us/pipette_tips_griptips_XYZ_4_e.html">XYZ tips</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">12.5ul GripTips 384 XYZ</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6403</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/us/pipette_tips_griptips_XYZ_4_e.html">XYZ tips</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">384ViaFlo</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Integra</td>
			<td>6030</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/us/96_384_channel_pipette.html">384ViaFlo</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TE buffer</td>
			<td>Macherey Nagel</td>
			<td>740797.1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650-100ML</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d2650?lang=en&amp;region=US">DMSO</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">forskolin</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>BML-CN100-0010</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.thomassci.com/007635F0-AA41-4B24-B46A-05723D685997/_/FORSKOLIN-10MG?q=c002e24">FOR</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput analysis of mammalian olfactory receptors: measurement of receptor activation via luciferase activity

عطر خلق أنماط فريدة من نوعها وتداخل تنشيط مستقبلات حاسة الشم، والسماح لأسرة مكونة من حوالي 1،000 الفئران و 400 مستقبلات الإنسان للاعتراف الآلاف من عطر. وقد نشرت بروابط الرائحة لأقل من 6٪ من مستقبلات الإنسان 1-11. ويرجع ذلك جزئيا إلى الصعوبات معربا عن ظيفيا هذه المستقبلات في أنظمة مغايرة هذا النقص في البيانات. هنا، نحن تصف طريقة للتعبير عن الأغلبية من عائلة مستقبلات الشمية في الخلايا Hana3A، تليها تقييم الإنتاجية العالية من تفعيل مستقبلات حاسة الشم باستخدام مقايسة luciferase المراسل الصحفي. هذا الاختبار يمكن استخدامها ل(1) لوحات شاشة عطر ضد مستقبلات الشمية لوحات؛ (2) تأكيد التفاعل الرائحة / مستقبلات عبر منحنيات الاستجابة للجرعة؛ و (3) مقارنة مستويات تنشيط مستقبلات بين المتغيرات مستقبلات. في نموذج البيانات لدينا، تم فحص 328 المستقبلات الشمية مقابل 26 عطر. كانت الرائحة أزواج / مستقبلات مع اختلاف درجات استجابة سلكتيد واختبارها في الاستجابة للجرعة. وتشير هذه البيانات إلى أن الشاشة هي وسيلة فعالة لإثراء للأزواج الرائحة / مستقبلات التي سيمر تجربة الاستجابة للجرعة، أي المستقبلات التي لديها استجابة حسنة النية إلى الرائحة. وبالتالي، فإن هذا الإنتاجية العالية luciferase الفحص هو وسيلة فعالة لتوصيف مستقبلات حاسة الشم وخطوة أساسية نحو نموذج من الترميز رائحة في نظام حاسة الشم لدى الثدييات.

شاشة الابتدائي اختبار 328 نسب الأرجحية ضد 26 الروائح عند تركيز 100 ميكرومتر. وقد تجلى هذا التركيز رائحة لتنشيط فعالية نسبة كبيرة من أملاح الإماهة الفموية مع بروابط معروف 10. أولا، تم حساب luciferase النشاط تطبيع بقسمة القراءة يراعة luciferase من القراءة luciferase المراسل Renilla.</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity at JoVE.com

High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

حاسة الشم أنماط تنشيط مستقبلات ترميز الهوية رائحة، ولكن عدم وجود بيانات نشرت تحديد بروابط الرائحة لمستقبلات الشمية الثدييات يعيق تطوير نموذج شامل للرائحة الترميز. يصف هذا البروتوكول وسيلة لتسهيل التعرف الإنتاجية العالية من مستقبلات الشمية بروابط النوعي والكمي لتنشيط مستقبلات.

تحليل الإنتاجية العالية من الثدييات شمي المستقبلات: قياس مستقبلات التنشيط عبر luciferase المراسل آخر

Odorants create unique and overlapping patterns of olfactory receptor activation, allowing a family of approximately 1,000 murine and 400 human receptors ...

high-throughput-analysis-mammalian-olfactory-receptors-measurement

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.3K Views.  Monell Chemical Senses Center.  حاسة الشم أنماط تنشيط مستقبلات ترميز الهوية رائحة، ولكن عدم وجود بيانات نشرت تحديد بروابط الرائحة لمستقبلات الشمية الثدييات يعيق تطوير نموذج شامل للرائحة الترميز. يصف هذا البروتوكول وسيلة لتسهيل التعرف الإنتاجية العالية من مستقبلات الش?...

Video: High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the anterior hypothalamus. The clock is directly synchronized by light via the retina and optic nerve. Circadian oscillations are generated by interacting negative feedback loops of a number of so called "clock genes" and their protein products, including the Period (Per) genes. The core clock is also dependent on membrane depolarization, calcium and cAMP 1. The SCN shows daily oscillations in clock gene expression, metabolic activity and spontaneous electrical activity. Remarkably, this endogenous cyclic activity persists in adult tissue slices of the SCN 2-4. In this way, the biological clock can easily be studied in vitro, allowing molecular, electrophysiological and metabolic investigations of the pacemaker function.
The SCN is a small, well-defined bilateral structure located right above the optic chiasm 5. In the rat it contains ~8.000 neurons in each nucleus and has dimensions of approximately 947 &mu;m (length, rostrocaudal axis) x 424 &mu;m (width) x 390 &mu;m (height) 6. To dissect out the SCN it is necessary to cut a brain slice at the specific level of the brain where the SCN can be identified. Here, we describe the dissecting and slicing procedure of the SCN, which is similar for mouse and rat brains. Further, we show how to culture the dissected tissue organotypically on a membrane 7, a technique developed for SCN tissue culture by Yamazaki et al. 8. Finally, we demonstrate how transgenic tissue can be used for measuring expression of clock genes/proteins using dynamic luciferase reporter technology, a method that originally was used for circadian measurements by Geusz et al. 9. We here use SCN tissues from the transgenic knock-in PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice produced by Yoo et al. 10. The mice contain a fusion protein of PERIOD (PER) 2 and the firefly enzyme LUCIFERASE. When PER2 is translated in the presence of the substrate for luciferase, i.e. luciferin, the PER2 expression can be monitored as bioluminescence when luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin. The number of emitted photons positively correlates to the amount of produced PER2 protein, and the bioluminescence rhythms match the PER2 protein rhythm in vivo 10. In this way the cyclic variation in PER2 expression can be continuously monitored real time during many days. The protocol we follow for tissue culturing and real-time bioluminescence recording has been thoroughly described by Yamazaki and Takahashi 11.

The procedure of preparing slices containing the adult mouse hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and a rapid way to culture the SCN tissue in organotypic culture condition, are reported. Further, the measurement of oscillatory clock gene protein expression using dynamic luciferase reporter technology is described.

إعداد شريحة ، التثقيف الأنسجة وتسجيل Luciferase عضوي النمط من النشاط الجيني في نواة ساعة التأقلم

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ...

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

Electroporation في الجسم الحي من الشبكية ماوس النامية

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

الرائحة التي يسببها الردود المسجلة من الخلايا العصبية مستقبلات الشم باستخدام تقنية شفط الماصة

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

الاستجواب وظيفية من الكبار طائية تكوين الخلايا العصبية مع البؤري الإشعاعية تثبيط

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

كله من جبل Immunolabeling الشم مستقبلات الخلايا العصبية في<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; الهوائي

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: Two New Tools Allowing High-throughput and Cost Effective Locomotion Analysis

The analysis of neuronal network function requires a reliable measurement of behavioral traits. Since the behavior of freely moving animals is variable to a certain degree, many animals have to be analyzed, to obtain statistically significant data. This in turn requires a computer assisted automated quantification of locomotion patterns. To obtain high contrast images of almost translucent and small moving objects, a novel imaging technique based on frustrated total internal reflection called FIM was developed. In this setup, animals are only illuminated with infrared light at the very specific position of contact with the underlying crawling surface. This methodology results in very high contrast images. Subsequently, these high contrast images are processed using established contour tracking algorithms. Based on this, we developed the FIMTrack software, which serves to extract a number of features needed to quantitatively describe a large variety of locomotion characteristics. During the development of this software package, we focused our efforts on an open source architecture allowing the easy addition of further modules. The program operates platform independent and is accompanied by an intuitive GUI guiding the user through data analysis. All locomotion parameter values are given in form of csv files allowing further data analyses. In addition, a Results Viewer integrated into the tracking software provides the opportunity to interactively review and adjust the output, as might be needed during stimulus integration. The power of FIM and FIMTrack is demonstrated by studying the locomotion of Drosophila larvae.

FIM is a novel, cost effective imaging system designed to track small moving objects such as C. elegans, planaria or Drosophila larvae. The accompanying FIMTrack program is designed to deliver fast and efficient data analysis. Together, these tools allow high-throughput analysis of behavioral traits.

FIM التصوير وFIMtrack: اثنان أدوات جديدة تسمح عالية الإنتاجية والتكلفة تحليل تحرك الفعال

The analysis of neuronal network function requires a reliable measurement of behavioral traits. Since the behavior of freely moving animals is variable to ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

مثقب تسجيل التصحيح، المشبك من الماوس العصبونات الحسية الشمية في الظهارة العصبية السليمة: التحليل الوظيفي من الخلايا العصبية التي تم تحديدها إبداء الرائحة مستقبلات

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Receptor Autoradiography Protocol for the Localized Visualization of Angiotensin II Receptors

This protocol describes receptor binding patterns for Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the rat brain using a radioligand specific for Ang II receptors to perform receptor autoradiographic mapping.
Tissue specimens are harvested and stored at -80 &#176;C. A cryostat is used to coronally section the tissue (brain) and thaw-mount the sections onto charged slides. The slide-mounted tissue sections are incubated in 125I-SI-Ang II to radiolabel Ang II receptors. Adjacent slides are separated into two sets: &#39;non-specific binding&#39; (NSP) in the presence of a receptor saturating concentration of non-radiolabeled Ang II, or an AT1 Ang II receptor subtype (AT1R) selective Ang II receptor antagonist, and &#39;total binding&#39; with no AT1R antagonist. A saturating concentration of AT2 Ang II receptor subtype (AT2R) antagonist (PD123319, 10 &#181;M) is also present in the incubation buffer to limit 125I-SI-Ang II binding to the AT1R subtype. During a 30 min pre-incubation at ~22 &#176;C, NSP slides are exposed to 10 &#181;M PD123319 and losartan, while &#39;total binding&#39; slides are exposed to 10 &#181;M PD123319. Slides are then incubated with 125I-SI-Ang II in the presence of PD123319 for &#39;total binding&#39;, and PD123319 and losartan for NSP in assay buffer, followed by several &#39;washes&#39; in buffer, and water to remove salt and non-specifically bound radioligand. The slides are dried using blow-dryers, then exposed to autoradiography film using a specialized film and cassette. The film is developed and the images are scanned into a computer for visual and quantitative densitometry using a proprietary imaging system and a spreadsheet. An additional set of slides are thionin-stained for histological comparisons.
The advantage of using receptor autoradiography is the ability to visualize Ang II receptors in situ, within a section of a tissue specimen, and anatomically identify the region of the tissue by comparing it to an adjacent histological reference section.

Here we present a protocol to describe the localization of angiotensin II Type 1 receptors in the rat brain by quantitative, densitometric, in vitro receptor autoradiography using an iodine-125 labeled analog of angiotensin II.

بروتوكول تصوير الإشعاع الذاتي مستقبلات للالتصور المترجمة من أنجيوتنسين الثاني المستقبلات

This protocol describes receptor binding patterns for Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the rat brain using a radioligand specific for Ang II receptors to ...

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. To efficiently and accurately deorphanize ORs, we combine the use of a heterologous cell line to express mammalian ORs and a genetically modified biosensor plasmid to measure cAMP production downstream of OR activation in real time. This assay can be used to screen odorants against ORs and vice versa. Positive odorant-receptor interactions from the screens can be subsequently confirmed by testing against various odor concentrations, generating concentration-response curves. Here we used this method to perform a high-throughput screening of an odorous compound against a human OR library expressed in Hana3A cells and confirmed that the positively-responding receptor is the cognate receptor for the compound of interest. We found this high-throughput detection method to be efficient and reliable in assessing OR activation and our data provide an example of its potential use in OR functional studies.

Characterizing the function of odorant receptors serves an indispensable part in the deorphanization process. We describe a method to measure the activation of odorant receptors in real time using a cAMP assay.

خلية يعيش "قياس الرائحة مستقبلات التنشيط باستخدام" مقايسة مخيم في الوقت الحقيقي

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.