This study was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Project grant 1022839. AJH is an Australian Research Council (ARC) FT3 Future Fellow (FT100100835). The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health acknowledges support from the Victorian Government&#8217;s Operational Infrastructure Support Grant.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

التلاعب البيئية وكان الدافع وراء تصميم هذه التلاعبات البيئية (مزاوجة بين الجنسين والإثراء البيئي) لتحديد ما إذا كانت البيئة، و / أو السلوك بدافع البيئة، ويرتبط مع التغيرات في عدد الخلايا العصبية DA الدماغ المتوسط. كان التركي?...

ويعتقد DArgic إشارات من قبل الخلايا العصبية في المنطقة البطنية السقيفية (VTA) وsubstantia بارس السوداء المكتنزة (SNC) من المخ الأوسط إلى أن تكون مهمة لالسلوكيات المعرفية والانفعالية والحركية لديهم دوافع مكافأة. ومع ذلك، الكثير أو القليل جدا الدماغ المتوسط ​​مما يشير DA يسبب العديد من الأعراض تعطيل في مجموعة متنوعة من الاضطرابات العصبية (مثل مرض باركنسون، نقص الانتباه وفرط النشاط، والفصام، وإدمان المخدرات). الأدوية التي تزيد أو تنقص DA يشير تخفيف هذه الأعراض، إلا أنها تنتج أيضا من الآثار الجانبية التي تعزى إلى إشارات dysregulated وبعيدا عن الهدف الآثار. ينخفض ​​نجاعة الأدوية أيضا بمرور الوقت نتيجة للردود التعويضية من الدماغ. وبالتالي فإن التحدي يكمن في استعادة العادية الدماغ المتوسط ​​مما يشير DA بطريقة أكثر استهدافا والفسيولوجية، واتباع نهج المفضل هو عن طريق زيادة أو خفض عدد الخلايا العصبية DA الدماغ المتوسط. تم الأدلة تتراكم لبغازيعقود األطراف أن التعبير عن الجينات والبروتينات المشاركة في التأييض والاتجار DA والكاتيكولامينات أخرى في خلايا بالغة ناضجة للتعديل (مراجعة في 1). في المخ الأوسط، وعدد من التيروزين هيدروكسيلاز immunopositive (TH +، الانزيم معدل الحد في DA التوليف) الخلايا العصبية يقلل ثم الزيادات التالية إدارة عصبي 2،3، في حين أن عدد TH immunonegative (TH-) الخلايا العصبية يظهر نمط المعاكس (أي زيادات ثم يقلل 3). وهذا يتفق مع فقدان ثم كسب من &quot;النمط الظاهري DA&quot; من قبل بعض الخلايا. كما تم عرض عدد من TH + وTH- SNC الخلايا العصبية لتغيير في اتجاهات متساوية ولكن المعاكس التالية العلاجات المختلفة التي تغير النشاط الكهربائي لهذه الخلايا 4،5. على سبيل المثال، والتسريب للتصرف صغير والبوتاسيوم تنشيط الكالسيوم (SK) قناة خصم أبامين في المخ الأوسط لمدة 2 أسابيع يقلل من عدد من TH + وزيادات (بنفس المقدار) للنوmber من TH- SNC الخلايا العصبية 4،5. في المقابل، ضخ SK قناة ناهض 1-EBIO يزيد من عدد TH + والنقصان (بنفس المقدار) عدد الخلايا العصبية TH- SNC 4،5. وشوهدت تغييرات مماثلة التالية مجموعة متنوعة من العلاجات التي تستهدف SNC نشاط الخلايا العصبية، بما في ذلك بعض التي استهدفت المدخلات وارد 4. هذه اللائحة واضح من عدد من الخلايا العصبية SNC DArgic بواسطة نشاط الخلايا العصبية والمدخلات وارد يثير احتمال أن البيئة أو السلوك يمكن أن تؤثر على عدد الخلايا العصبية SNC. في الواقع الفئران البالغة تتعرض لبيئات مختلفة لديها أكثر أو أقل الدماغ المتوسط ​​(SNC وVTA) TH + الخلايا العصبية، وعلى الأقل بعض من هذه التغييرات الناجمة عن البيئة وألغيت من قبل الحصار المتزامن لمدخلات متشابك في المخ الأوسط 6. أهداف هذه الاتصالات هي: (1) تقديم مزيد من التفاصيل حول كيفية تنفيذ التلاعب البيئية لدينا وضخ المخدرات؛ و (2) تقديم المزيد من البيانات الداعمة خلاف في أن البريدnvironment ينظم عدد من الخلايا العصبية DA الدماغ المتوسط، عن طريق إدخال ارد.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd, Baxter Drive, NSW 2146, Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AHN3640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET Osmotic pump 1002</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0004317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET Brain infusion kit 1</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0004760</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">ALZET cannula holder 1</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">DURECT Corporation, PO Box 530 Cupertino, CA 95015-0530</td>
			<td>0008860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Vertex Monomer Self-curing (dental acrylic solvent)</td>
			<td>Vertex Dental, Postbus 10, 3700 AA ZEIST, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Vertex Self Curing (dental acrylic powder)</td>
			<td>Vertex Dental, Postbus 10, 3700 AA ZEIST, The Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">METACAM (Meloxicam)</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories, 98 long Street, smithfield NSW 2164 Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L10100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Sodium Pentobarbitone</td>
			<td>Lethabarb, Virbac, Milperra, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">571177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>chemicon-temecula, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S26-Litre</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Headquarters&#160;, 290 Concord road, Billerica, MA 01821</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.08603.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Polyclonal rabbit anti-tyrosine hydroxylase</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Headquarters&#160;, 290 Concord road, Billerica, MA 01821</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AB152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyclonal biotinylated goat anti-rabbit</td>
			<td>Dako Australia Pty. Ltd., Suite 4, Level 4, 56 Berry street, North Sydney, NSW, Australia 2060</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EO432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Avidin peroxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW 1765 AU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3151-1mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamino-benzidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW 1765 AU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D-5637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Investigator</td>
			<td>MicroBrightField Bioscience, 185 Allen Brook Lane, Suite 101, Williston, VT 05495</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

environmental modulations of the number of midbrain dopamine neurons in adult mice

تغييرات طويلة الأمد في الدماغ أو &quot;اللدونة الدماغ تكمن وراء السلوك التكيفي وإصلاح الدماغ بعد مرض أو إصابة. وعلاوة على ذلك، يمكن التفاعل مع بيئتنا لحث اللدونة الدماغ. على نحو متزايد، والبحث هو محاولة لتحديد أي بيئات تحفيز الدماغ اللدونة مفيدة لعلاج المخ والاضطرابات السلوكية. ووصف اثنان من التلاعب البيئية التي تزيد أو تنقص عدد التيروزين هيدروكسيلاز immunopositive (TH +، الانزيم-الحد من معدل الدوبامين في (DA) التوليف) الخلايا العصبية في الدماغ المتوسط ​​الماوس الكبار. تضم أول الاقتران الذكور وإناث الفئران معا بشكل مستمر ل1 أسبوع، مما يزيد TH الدماغ المتوسط ​​+ الخلايا العصبية قبل ما يقرب من 12٪ في الذكور، ولكن يقلل TH الدماغ المتوسط ​​+ الخلايا العصبية قبل ما يقرب من 12٪ في الإناث. وتضم الثانية الفئران الإسكان مستمر لمدة 2 أسابيع في &quot;بيئات المخصب&quot; (EE) التي تحتوي على عجلات الجري واللعب والحبال ومواد التعشيش، الخ، والتي طncreases TH الدماغ المتوسط ​​+ الخلايا العصبية قبل ما يقرب من 14٪ في الذكور. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم وصف بروتوكول للغرس في وقت واحد العقاقير مباشرة في الدماغ المتوسط ​​خلال هذه المناورات البيئية للمساعدة على تحديد الآليات الكامنة التي يسببها للبيئة اللدونة الدماغ. على سبيل المثال، ألغت EE-تحريض المزيد من TH الدماغ المتوسط ​​+ الخلايا العصبية التي كتبها الحصار المتزامن لمدخلات متشابك على الخلايا العصبية الدماغ المتوسط. معا، وهذه البيانات تشير إلى أن المعلومات عن البيئة وترحيل عن طريق إدخال متشابك إلى الخلايا العصبية الدماغ المتوسط ​​لتشغيل أو إيقاف التعبير عن الجينات &quot;DA&quot;. وهكذا، والتحفيز البيئي المناسب، أو استهداف الآليات الكامنة وراء المخدرات، قد يكون من المفيد لعلاج اضطرابات الدماغ والسلوكية المرتبطة الاختلالات في الدماغ المتوسط ​​DA (مثل مرض باركنسون، نقص الانتباه وفرط النشاط، والفصام، وإدمان المخدرات).

غيرت فئران بالغة تعرض لهذه التلاعبات البيئية أعداد الدماغ المتوسط ​​(SNC وVTA)، ولكن ليس LC، TH + الخلايا العصبية، وEE بالإضافة إلى ضخ الدماغ المتوسط ​​المتزامنة إما بيكروتوكسين أو bicuculline (GABA A مستقبلات) يلغي EE-تحريض أكثر SNC TH + الخلايا العصبية. تم نشر هذه البيانات من ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice at JoVE.com

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

التحويرات البيئية لعدد من الدماغ المتوسط ​​الدوبامين العصبية في الفئران الكبار

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

environmental-modulations-number-midbrain-dopamine-neurons-adult

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.7K Views.  The University of Melbourne. This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Video: Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Application of a NMDA Receptor Conductance in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the electrical activity of one or more neurons in response to an experimentally-controlled input. The electrical activity of neurons can be recorded in isolated brain slices using patch clamp techniques with glass micropipettes. Traditionally, experimenters can mimic neuronal input by direct injection of current through the pipette, electrical stimulation of the other cells or remaining axonal connections in the slice, or pharmacological manipulation by receptors located on the neuronal membrane of the recorded cell.
Direct current injection has the advantages of passing a predetermined current waveform with high temporal precision at the site of the recording (usually the soma). However, it does not change the resistance of the neuronal membrane as no ion channels are physically opened. Current injection usually employs rectangular pulses and thus does not model the kinetics of ion channels. Finally, current injection cannot mimic the chemical changes in the cell that occurs with the opening of ion channels.
Receptors can be physically activated by electrical or pharmacological stimulation. The experimenter has good temporal precision of receptor activation with electrical stimulation of the slice. However, there is limited spatial precision of receptor activation and the exact nature of what is activated upon stimulation is unknown. This latter problem can be partially alleviated by specific pharmacological agents. Unfortunately, the time course of activation of pharmacological agents is typically slow and the spatial precision of inputs onto the recorded cell is unknown.
The dynamic clamp technique allows an experimenter to change the current passed directly into the cell based on real-time feedback of the membrane potential of the cell (Robinson and Kawai 1993, Sharp et al., 1993a,b; for review, see Prinz et al. 2004). This allows an experimenter to mimic the electrical changes that occur at the site of the recording in response to activation of a receptor. Real-time changes in applied current are determined by a mathematical equation implemented in hardware.
We have recently used the dynamic clamp technique to investigate the generation of bursts of action potentials by phasic activation of NMDA receptors in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (Deister et al., 2009; Lobb et al., 2010). In this video, we demonstrate the procedures needed to apply a NMDA receptor conductance into a dopaminergic neuron.

In this video, we demonstrate how to apply a conductance into a dopaminergic neuron recorded in the whole cell configuration in rat brain slices. This technique is called the dynamic clamp.

تطبيق المواصلة NMDA مستقبلات الخلايا العصبية في الدماغ المتوسط ​​الجرذ الدوبامينية باستخدام تقنية المشبك الحيوي

Neuroscientists study the function of the brain by investigating how neurons in the brain communicate. Many investigators look at changes in the ...

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Previous reports have shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with diverse brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety (1). Deciphering the process of normal and aberrant adult-born neuron integration may shed light on the etiology of these diseases and inform the development of new therapies.
SGZ adult neurogenesis mirrors embryonic and post-natal neuronal development, including stages of fate specification, migration, synaptic integration, and maturation. However, full integration occurs over a prolonged, 6-week period. Initial synaptic input to adult-born SGZ dentate granule cells (DGCs) is GABAergic, followed by glutamatergic input at 14 days (2). The specific factors which regulate circuit formation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are currently unknown.
Our laboratory uses a replication-deficient retroviral vector based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus to deliver fluorescent proteins and hypothesized regulatory genes to these proliferating cells. This viral technique provides high specificity and resolution for analysis of cell birth date, lineage, morphology, and synaptogenesis.
A typical experiment often employs two or three viruses containing unique label, transgene, and promoter elements for single-cell analysis of a desired developmental process in vivo. The following protocol describes a method for analyzing functional newborn neuron integration using a single green (GFP) or red (dTomato) fluorescent protein retrovirus and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

A way to study the integration of newborn dentate granule cells in adult animals is described. This technique uses an engineered retrovirus to label newborn neurons, followed by electrophysiological recordings to determine in vivo functional integration.

دراسة دمج الكبار المولد الخلايا العصبية

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls gastrointestinal motility. A procedure for the isolation and culture of a mixed population of neurons and glia from the myenteric plexus is described. The primary cultures can be maintained for over 7 days, with connections developing among the neurons and glia. The longitudinal muscle strip with the attached myenteric plexus is stripped from the underlying circular muscle of the mouse ileum or colon and subjected to enzymatic digestion. In sterile conditions, the isolated neuronal and glia population are preserved within the pellet following centrifugation and plated on coverslips. Within 24-48 hr, neurite outgrowth occurs and neurons can be identified by pan-neuronal markers. After two days in culture, isolated neurons fire action potentials as observed by patch clamp studies. Furthermore, enteric glia can also be identified by GFAP staining. A network of neurons and glia in close apposition forms within 5 - 7 days. Enteric neurons can be individually and directly studied using methods such as immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and single-cell PCR. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in genetically modified animals. This methodology is simple to perform and inexpensive. Overall, this protocol exposes the components of the enteric nervous system in an easily manipulated manner so that we may better discover the functionality of the ENS in normal and disease states.

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

We demonstrate a cell culture protocol for the direct study of neuronal and glial components of the enteric nervous system. A neuron/glia mixed culture on coverslips is prepared from the myenteric plexus of adult mouse providing the ability to examine individual neuron and glia function by electrophysiology, immunohistochemical, etc.

على<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; إعداد الخلايا العصبية المعوية المعزولة والدبقية من الضفيرة العضلية المعوية من الماوس الكبار

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with increasing connective tissue and decreased neuronal viability that occur with age. Here, we describe a methodology for the dissociation of healthy hypothalamic neurons from adult-aged mice. The ability to study neurons from adult-aged mice allows the use of disease models that manifest at a later age and might be more developmentally accurate for certain studies. Fluorescence imaging of dissociated neurons can be used to study the activity of a population of neurons, as opposed to using electrophysiology to study a single neuron. This is particularly useful when studying a heterogeneous neuronal population in which the desired neuronal type is rare such as for hypothalamic glucose sensing neurons. We utilized membrane potential dye imaging of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to study their responses to changes in extracellular glucose. Glucose sensing neurons are believed to play a role in central regulation of energy balance. The ability to study glucose sensing in adult rodents is particularly useful since the predominance of diseases related to dysfunctional energy balance (e.g.&#160;obesity) increase with age.

The activity of single neurons from adult-aged mice can be studied by dissociating neurons from specific brain regions and using fluorescent membrane potential dye imaging. By testing responses to changes in glucose, this technique can be used to study the glucose sensitivity of adult ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.

غشاء المحتملة صبغ التصوير من بطني إنسي المهاد الخلايا العصبية من الفئران الكبار لدراسة الجلوكوز الاستشعار

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

Lineage-reprogramming of Pericyte-derived Cells of the Adult Human Brain into Induced Neurons

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis and enable new strategies for in vitro modeling or repairing the diseased brain. Identifying brain-resident non-neuronal cell types amenable to direct conversion into iNs might allow for launching such an approach in situ, i.e. within the damaged brain tissue. Here we describe a protocol developed in the attempt of identifying cells derived from the adult human brain that fulfill this premise. This protocol involves: (1) the culturing of human cells from the cerebral cortex obtained from adult human brain biopsies; (2) the in vitro expansion (approximately requiring 2-4 weeks) and characterization of the culture by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; (3) the enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using anti-PDGF receptor-&#946; and anti-CD146 antibodies; (4) the retrovirus-mediated transduction with the neurogenic transcription factors sox2 and ascl1; (5) and finally the characterization of the resultant pericyte-derived induced neurons (PdiNs) by immunocytochemistry (14 days to 8 weeks following retroviral transduction). At this stage, iNs can be probed for their electrical properties by patch-clamp recording. This protocol provides a highly reproducible procedure for the in vitro lineage conversion of brain-resident pericytes into functional human iNs.

Targeting brain-resident cells for direct lineage-reprogramming offers new perspectives for brain repair. Here we describe a protocol of how to prepare cultures enriched for brain-resident pericytes from the adult human cerebral cortex and convert these into induced neurons by retrovirus-mediated expression of the transcription factors Sox2 and Ascl1.

النسب-إعادة برمجة الخلايا المشتقة من خلية حوطية الدماغ البشري الكبار في الخلايا العصبية المستحثة

Direct lineage-reprogramming of non-neuronal cells into induced neurons (iNs) may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

الليزر التقاط تسليخ مجهري - تظاهرة لعزل الخلايا العصبية الدوبامين الفردية ومنطقة بطني السقيفية بكل

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Subcellular Patch-clamp Recordings from the Somatodendritic Domain of Nigral Dopamine Neurons

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding these fundamental functions will shed light on the information transfer in these neurons. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings provide the possibility to directly examine the electrical properties of dendrites and underlying voltage-gated ion channels. However, these fine structures are not easily accessible to patch pipettes because of their small diameter. This report describes a step-by-step procedure to collect stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopaminergic neurons in acute slices. Electrophysiological measurements are combined with post hoc recovery of cell morphology. Successful experiments rely on improved preparation of slices, solutions and pipettes, adequate adjustment of the optics and stability of the pipette in contact with the recorded structure. Standard principles of somatic patch-clamp recording are applied to dendrites but with a gentler approach of the pipette. These versatile techniques can be implemented to address various questions concerning the excitable properties of dendrites.

Subcellular patch-clamp recordings offer the possibility to investigate the functional properties of dendrites. However these fine structures are not easily accessible due to their small diameter. The protocol described here aims to facilitate the collection of stable and reliable recordings from the dendrites of dopamine neurons in slices in vitro.

التحت خلوية تسجيلات التصحيح، المشبك من المجال Somatodendritic من سودائي الدوبامين العصبية

Dendrites of dopaminergic neurons receive and convey synaptic input, support action potential back-propagation and neurotransmitter release. Understanding ...

Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, survival, and glial communications. To date, numerous studies have reported that defects in these systems cause various neuronal diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying vesicle dynamics may provide influential clues that could aid in the treatment of several neuronal disorders. Here, we describe a method for quantifying vesicle motilities, such as motility distance and rate of movement, using a software plug-in for the ImageJ platform. To obtain images for quantification, we labeled neuronal endosome-lysosome structures with EGFP-tagged vesicle marker proteins and observed the movement of vesicles using a time-lapse microscopy. This method is highly useful and simplify measuring vesicle motility in neurites, such as axons and dendrites, as well as in the soma of both neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, this method can be applied to other cell lines, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This approach could provide a valuable advancement of our understanding of membrane trafficking.

The investigation of membrane trafficking is crucial for understanding neuronal functions. Here, we introduce a method for quantifying vesicle motility in neurons. This is a convenient method that can be adapted to the quantification of membrane trafficking in the nervous system.

كمي من إندوسوم و ليسوسوم التحركات في الخلايا العصبية المستزرعة باستخدام تحقيقات الفلورسنت

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, ...

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission is strongly associated with several central nervous system-associated diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction1,2,3,4. Delineating disease mechanisms involving DA imbalance is critically dependent on animal models to mimic aspects of the diseases, and thus protocols that assess specific parts of the DA homeostasis are important to provide novel insights and possible therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Here, we present two useful experimental protocols that when combined provide a functional read-out of the DAergic system in mice. Biochemical and functional parameters on DA homeostasis are obtained through assessment of DA levels and dopamine transporter (DAT) functionality5. When investigating the DA system, the ability to reliably measure endogenous levels of DA from adult brain is essential. Therefore, we present how to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on brain tissue from mice to determine levels of DA. We perform the experiment on tissue from dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the method is also suitable for other DA-innervated brain areas.
DAT is essential for reuptake of DA into the presynaptic terminal, thereby controlling the temporal and spatial activity of released DA. Knowing the levels and functionality of DAT in the striatum is of major importance when assessing DA homeostasis. Here, we provide a protocol that allows to simultaneously deduce information on surface levels and function using a synaptosomal6 DA uptake assay.
Current methods combined with standard immunoblotting protocols provide the researcher with relevant tools to characterize the DAergic system.

Synaptosomal dopamine uptake and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis represent experimental tools to investigate dopamine homeostasis in mice by assessing the function of the dopamine transporter and levels of dopamine in striatal tissue, respectively. Here we present protocols to measure dopamine tissue content and assess the functionality of the dopamine transporter.

تقييم التوازن تتميز في الفئران باستخدام التحليل اللوني السائل عالي الأداء وامتصاص الدوبامين سينابتوسومال

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

استخدام هيستوتشيميستري الزنك متشابك للكشف عن مختلف المناطق وعن في الدماغ النامي والكبار

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

التحويرات البيئية لعدد من الدماغ المتوسط ​​الدوبامين العصبية في الفئران الكبار

التحويرات البيئية لعدد من الدماغ المتوسط الدوبامين العصبية في الفئران الكبار