This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

الأخلاق البيان: جميع الإجراءات الحيوانية المذكورة في هذا الفيديو المقالات التي تم مراجعتها والموافقة عليها من قبل لجنة رعاية واستخدام الحيوان (IACUC) في جامعة مركز العلوم الصحية ولاية تينيسي. ملاحظة: استخدام أدوات معقمة المجهرية طوال العملية الجراحية. يمكن تعقيم الأدوات الجراحية باستخدام معقم الأشعة تحت الحمراء في درجة حرارة تعقيم المثلى من 1500 درجة فهرنهايت (815.6 درجة مئوية). Telemeters يمكن إعادة استخدامها، ولكن، قبل إدراجه في الحيوان للتأكد من تعقيم الارسال بأكمله وفقا لتعليمات الشركة الصانعة والتي تم تعبئتها من طرف القسطرة مع هلام خاص المقدمة من قبل الشركة المصنعة. 1. حيوانات التجارب <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحصول على موافقة IACUC لجميع التجارب التي سوف يتم تنفيذها. بالتشاور مع IACUC المؤسسي ينصح بشدة بشأن متطلبات لاستخدام مسكن بعد العملية بعد هذا الإجراء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحفاظ على الحيوانات في جالغرف التي تسيطر عليها limate وجود درجة حرارة الغرفة من 21 درجة مئوية والرطوبة النسبية 60٪، وعلى بعد 12 ساعة ضوء الظلام دورة مع حرية الوصول إلى الغذاء والماء. ملاحظة: نظرا لأن جسم الفأر أن تستوعب التحقيق القياس عن بعد (بشكل تقريبي 1 سم قطر × 2 سم طويلة)، فمن الأفضل استخدام الفئران التي تزن 20 غراما أو أكثر. </li></ol> 2. التخدير وتحضير المنطوق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وزن الماوس باستخدام مقياس الدقة وتسجيل وزنه. تأكد من التعامل مع الحيوان برفق وهدوء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع الحيوانات في غرفة تحريض وإغلاقه. تعيين معدل تدفق الأوكسجين عند 0.5 لتر / دقيقة ووضع تركيز الأيزوفلورين في 4-5٪. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> عندما يفقد وعيه الماوس، وضعه على لوحة ظاهرة الاحتباس هيئة الحفاظ على 36-37 درجة مئوية. الحفاظ على التخدير عن طريق الرؤوس مع مجموعة الأيزوفلورين في 2٪ (الحفاظ على معدل التدفق عند 0.5 لتر / دقيقة). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد مناطق العملية عن طريق إزالة الشعر من الجزء الخلفي من الرقبة وركان الجانب البطني من الرقبة عن طريق تطبيق كريم إزالة الشعر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> علاج موقع شق مع 3 تطبيقات فرك الجراحية (حل betadine) بالتناوب مع 70٪ ايزوبروبيل. </li></ol> 3. جراحة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ضع الماوس في موقف ضعيف. تحقق من ردود الفعل من قبل معسر القدم، وضبط التخدير حتى لا يكون هناك أي رد. تقديم حوالي 1 سم شق خط الوسط تحت رقبة الفأر مع مشرط. في الجانب الأيسر من قطع خلق مساحة تحت الجلد عن طريق فصل بعناية البشرة من النسيج الضام الكامنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الوجه الماوس، واستخدام مشرط لجعل شق الجلد من حوالي 1.5 سم في الجانب الظهري خلفها لوح الكتف. إنشاء جيب تحت الجلد على طول الجناح الحيوان كبيرة بما يكفي لاستيعاب الجهاز. إدراج الارسال في الجيب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إدراج المشبك مرقئ صغير في شق الظهر والمناورة هو تحت الجلد نحو الجزء الأماميافتتاح الرقبة. باستخدام المشبك إدراجها-مرقئ، فهم بلطف أنبوب البولي ايثيلين غير سامة (4 سم طول × 1 مم ID). <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> سحب مرقئ مرة أخرى من خلال نفق من شق الجانبي في الخلف حتى يبرز أنابيب من كل من البطن وظهري شق، والإفراج عن أنبوب من مرقئ. من الخلف، إدراج استشعار قسطرة في أنبوب إلى نفق غيض من القسطرة الاستشعار عن الضغط من خلال الرقبة. من الأمامي الرقبة، وسحب وإزالة أنبوب البولي اثيلين وإغلاق شق ظهري باستخدام مقاطع معدنية. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعناية فصل الغدد الفك السفلي باستخدام أدوات تطبيقها طرف القطن المعقم وسحب الغدة الفك السفلي الأيسر باستخدام ربط البقاء مرنة. باستخدام ملقط المنحنية غرامة الرؤوس، حدد موقع الشريان السباتي على طول الجانب الأيسر من القصبة الهوائية. الحفاظ على موقع الجراحية المعقمة عن طريق وضع وتأمين ثنى العقيمة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعناية عزل السفينة من الأنسجة المحيطة بها وبلطف فصلالعصب المبهم (بيضاء اللون) التي هي على طول الشريان السباتي بعيدا عن الشرايين. يجب الحرص على عدم قطع أو تلف العصب أو الشريان. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تمرير ثلاث قطع من غير قابل للامتصاص 7-0 خياطة تحت قسم الشريان السباتي معزولة. ربطة عنق خياطة الجمجمة لإغلاق تدفق الدم. سحب الخيط الذي هو أقرب إلى القص لانسداد مؤقت في تدفق الدم من الشريان الأورطي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> جعل عقدة فضفاضة باستخدام خياطة الوسطى. وسوف تستخدم هذه لتأمين القسطرة في وعاء. قطع شق صغير في الشريان بين الجمجمة والغرز القصية باستخدام مقص الصغرى. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انتزاع القسطرة مع ملقط إقناء؛ إدخال القنية السفينة الخاصة، والحرص على عدم الضغط على القسطرة لمنع فقدان جل من لجنة التحقيق. بلطف، والاستيلاء على الشريان مع طرف على ما يرام منحني الملقط الملقط، استرداد القسطرة، وأدخله في السفينة من خلال شق صغير. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تشديد عقدة خياطة الوسطى حول الشريان ودفع بلطف القطheter. إطلاق سراح بلطف خياطة الجروح التي هي الأقرب إلى القص ومواصلة التقدم القسطرة نحو الشريان الأورطي عرضية. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لاحظ علامة على القسطرة التي تعطي مؤشر تقريبي لمدى حاجة القسطرة لإدراجها. مرة واحدة يتم الوصول إلى نقطة، وتشديد بلطف كلا من الدنيا وخياطة العليا حول القسطرة. يتم تأمين القسطرة إلى الشريان السباتي عن طريق عقدة الخيط. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إغلاق شق الجلد مع غير قابل للامتصاص 5-0 خياطة. مرة واحدة مغلقة، وختم الجرح بمادة لاصقة الأنسجة. </li></ol> 4. الجراحية الإنعاش وBP القياسات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مراقبة الحيوانات عن كثب لعودة المواقف العادية والسلوكيات. خلال 24 ساعة بعد الجراحة تسكين فترة إدارة وفقا لتوجيهات من قبل طبيب بيطري الموظفين. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وبمجرد أن الحيوانات قد تعافى (5-7 أيام بعد الجراحة)، إيوائهم بشكل فردي في قفص الفأر العادي وضعها على الجزء العلوي من لوحة القياس الاستقبال. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحويل آر مزروعansmitters &quot;على&quot; و &quot;إيقاف&quot; باستخدام جهاز مغناطيسي وضع لفترة وجيزة على مقربة من الحيوانات من خارج القفص. </li></ol>

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+the+study+of+arterial+hypertension.">Animal models for the study of arterial hypertension.</a> J Biosci. 36 (4), 731-737 (2011).</li><li>Henze, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+alterations+in+heart+rate+variability,+baroreflex+sensitivity,+and+anxiety-like+behaviors+during+development+of+heart+failure+in+the+rat.">Persistent alterations in heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and anxiety-like behaviors during development of heart failure in the rat.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 295 (1), H29-H38 (2008).</li><li>Hoffmann, D. 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E., Salomao, A., Gavras, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+experimental+hypertension+in+mice.">Models of experimental hypertension in mice.</a> Hypertension. 28 (6), 1064-1069 (1996).</li><li>Vatner, S. F., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+control+mechanisms+in+the+conscious+state.">Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.</a> N Engl J Med. 293 (19), 970-976 (1975).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+Pressure+Monitoring+in+Mice.">Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice.</a> Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 1, 105-122 (2011).</li><li>Whitesall, S. E., Hoff, J. B., Vollmer, A. P., D'Alecy, L. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

وقد تحسنت زرع راديو القياس بشكل كبير خلال العقد الماضي. أصغر حجم المسبار يجعل عملية الزرع أقل من صدمة للحيوان، وعمر البطارية لفترات طويلة يساعد على خفض التكاليف، والترددات مقياس البعد مستقلة قضاء الحديث المتبادل بين أجهزة الاستقبال. يعتبر القياس طريقة للدولة من بين...

ارتفاع ضغط الدم هو واحد من عوامل الخطر الرئيسية لأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية، ويمكن القول أنها مشكلة صحية عامة رئيسية في كل من البلدان المتقدمة والنامية 1. وقد وضعت عدة نماذج حيوانية من ارتفاع ضغط الدم تجريبي لتقليد ردود ارتفاع ضغط الدم مثل تلك التي لوحظت في البشر 2. من بين أمور أخرى، يمثل الماوس المتنقلة نموذجا ممتازا لدراسة نشأة وتطور ارتفاع ضغط الدم مما يسمح في التحليل المجراة من مغبة التعرض المزمن إلى ارتفاع ضغط الدم. ضغط الدم قد ساعد (BP) للرصد في الفئران الباحثين لكشف العديد من الآليات التي تشارك في علم وظائف الأعضاء والفيزيولوجيا المرضية لأمراض مثل ارتفاع ضغط الدم وفشل القلب 3 و 4. في الواقع، التلاعب في جينوم الفأر يسمح جيل المعدلة وراثيا أو النماذج التي تستهدف الجينات مناسبة لدراسة ارتفاع ضغط الدم 5، 6. ومع ذلك، وحتى التلاعب لطيفمن الفئران واعية يدفع الإثارة التي يمكن أن تساهم في دس القطع الأثرية خلال الحصول على البيانات، في حين ان استخدام التخدير أو المهدئات تؤثر تأثيرا عميقا ضغط الدم 7. هذه الجوانب مهمة للغاية ويجب أن تؤخذ في الاعتبار عند محاولة مراقبة BP على المدى الطويل. هناك عدة طرق لتسجيل BP في الفئران، وتمت مناقشة المقارنة بين التقنيات الأكثر شيوعا المتاحة حاليا في أي مكان آخر 8 و 9. ومع ذلك، وخلصت التوصيات AHA لقياس BP أن قياس داخل الشرايين لشركة بريتيش بتروليوم ويفضل عموما بسبب قدرتها على قياس مباشرة BP على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن 10. راديو القياس عن بعد إلى جانب القياس المباشر ضغط الدم هو طريقة للدولة من بين الفن لرصد الوظائف الفسيولوجية في مستيقظا ويتحرك بحرية حيوانات المختبر مع التقليل من التوتر والتحف المصاحب للبيئة 9 و 11.راديو القياس عن بعد يوفر القدرة على جمع ضغط الدم ومعدل ضربات القلب، درجة حرارة الجسم والنشاط حيوان من الحيوانات واعية متعددة تلقائيا. على الرغم من أن هذه المنهجية أصبحت شعبية جدا في العديد من المختبرات، زرع راديو القياس عن بعد في الفئران يمكن أن يكون تحديا تقنيا. هنا نعرض بروتوكول خطوة بخطوة يوضح كيفية زرع محول الضغط في الفئران. والأسلوب الذي ينطوي على الإدراج تحت الجلد لجنة التحقيق في جسم الفأر، توجيه القسطرة في الرقبة وإلى الأمام بالقرب من قوس الأبهر عن طريق الشريان السباتي الأيسر. وأظهرت البيانات التي تم التقاطها عن بعد مباشرة على شاشة الحاسوب. يتم تخزين البيانات أيضا لتحليل &quot;خارج الخط&quot;.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal anesthesia system</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>low-Flow small animal anesthesia system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>allows monitoring body temperature,&#160; and homeothermic control in small animals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular Microscope</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>KSCXTS-1121</td>
			<td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostat Forceps</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>INS750451</td>
			<td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small metal Clips, 7mm, Stainless Steel</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td>INS750344</td>
			<td>used for skin closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td>
			<td>NDC-67618-150-01</td>
			<td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal saline solution</td>
			<td>Abott Laboratories</td>
			<td>04930-04-10</td>
			<td>Needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braide silk suture</td>
			<td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>15000-10</td>
			<td>for minor dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors (angled to side)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>14063-011</td>
			<td>No. 3 handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2976-0</td>
			<td>No. 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (curved)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>11150-10</td>
			<td>for holding tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (straight)</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>11151-10</td>
			<td>for holding tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder&#160;</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>12002-12</td>
			<td>for suturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein&#160;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>B1000</td>
			<td>sterilize surgical tools&#160;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Pads</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>JJ8513</td>
			<td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbin or dressing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry Device</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td>DSI-PA-C10</td>
			<td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry receiver system&#160; coumpled with a PC</td>
			<td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small Tubing</td>
			<td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td>
			<td>BTPE-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13cm, 0.5mm OD</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>503374</td>
			<td>special vessel cannulation forceps.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td>
			<td>NAC No.:&#160;11380041</td>
			<td>&#160;use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weighing scale&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BB300</td>
			<td>&#160;Precision Analytical Laboratory Balance</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

خلال تطوير عوامل فعال في الأوعية الجديد، مراقبة ضغط الدم الشرياني هو أمر حاسم لتقييم فعالية الأدوية الجديدة المقترحة. في الواقع، والبحوث التي تركز على اكتشاف الأهداف العلاجية الجديدة المحتملة باستخدام الفئران المعدلة وراثيا يتطلب موثوق بها، تقييم طويل الأجل من الضغط الشرياني الجهازي الاختلاف. حاليا، عن معيار الذهب للحصول على القياسات طويلة الأجل لضغط الدم في الفئران المتنقلة يستخدم زرع راديو الإرسال، والتي تتطلب إقناء؛ إدخال القنية الشريان. هذا الأسلوب يلغي الحاجة إلى الربط، تقييد، أو التخدير الحيوانات الذي يعرض التوتر والقطع الأثرية أثناء أخذ العينات البيانات. ومع ذلك، الشرياني مراقبة ضغط الدم في الفئران عن طريق القسطرة يمكن أن يكون تحديا بدلا نظرا لصغر حجم الشرايين. هنا نقدم دليل خطوة بخطوة لتوضيح الممرات الرئيسية حاسمة لزرع تحت الجلد الناجح لراديو الإرسال والشريان السباتي جannulation في الفئران. نحن تشمل أيضا أمثلة من النشاط ضغط الدم على المدى الطويل المأخوذة من الفئران تتحرك بحرية بعد فترة من التعافي بعد الجراحة. وبعد هذا الإجراء يسمح التسجيلات ضغط الدم مباشرة موثوقة من الحيوانات متعددة في وقت واحد.

يمكن الحصول على البيانات عن بعد بواسطة جهاز استقبال. وتصور آثار على شاشة الكمبيوتر لمراقبة الجودة (الشكل 1A). وترد تفاصيل مثل هوية الحيوان، ضغط الدم الانبساطي والانقباضي ضغط الدم أيضا (الشكل 1B). الشرايين BP يمكن تسجيلها بشكل مستمر (24/7...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

على المدى الطويل قياس ضغط الدم في الانتقال بحرية الفئران عن طريق القياس

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

long-term-blood-pressure-measurement-freely-moving-mice-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.4K Views.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

Video: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

التهوية الضغط الشواهد للحث على إصابة الرئة الحادة في الفئران

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Epidural Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Rats Using a Fiber-optic Pressure Transducer

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest. This elevation may result in further neurological injury, in the form of transtentorial herniation1,2,3,4, midbrain compression, neurological deficit or increased cerebral infarct2,4. Current therapies are often inadequate to control elevated ICP in the clinical setting5,6,7 . Thus there is a need for accurate methods of ICP measurement in animal models to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms and to develop new treatments for elevated ICP.
In both the clinical and experimental setting ICP cannot be estimated without direct measurement. Several methods of ICP catheter insertion currently exist. Of these the intraventricular catheter has become the clinical 'gold standard' of ICP measurement in humans8. This method involves the partial removal of skull and the instrumentation of the catheter through brain tissue. Consequently, intraventricular catheters have an infection rate of 6-11%9. For this reason, subdural and epidural cannulations have become the preferred methods in animal models of ischemic injury. 
Various ICP measurement techniques have been adapted for animal models, and of these, fluid-filled telemetry catheters10 and solid state catheters are the most frequently used11,12,13,14,15. The fluid-filled systems are prone to developing air bubbles in the line, resulting in false ICP readings. Solid state probes avoid this problem (Figure 1). An additional problem is fitting catheters under the skull or into the ventricles without causing any brain injury that might alter the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we have developed a method that places an ICP catheter contiguous with the epidural space, but avoids the need to insert it between skull and brain. 
An optic fibre pressure catheter (420LP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was used to measure ICP at the epidural location because the location of the pressure sensor (at the very tip of the catheter) was found to produce a high fidelity ICP signal in this model. There are other manufacturers of similar optic fibre technologies13 that may be used with our methodology. Alternative solid state catheters, which have the pressure sensor located at the side of the catheter tip, would not be appropriate for this model as the signal would be dampened by the presence of the monitoring screw. 
Here, we present a relatively simple and accurate method to measure ICP. This method can be used across a wide range of ICP related animal models.

A novel technique to record the pressures within the skull is described. The minimally invasive method uses a fibre-optic pressure sensing system to accurately measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats without causing significant brain trauma. The technique may be used in a wide range of experimental models.

فوق الجافية قياس الضغط داخل الجمجمة في الفئران باستخدام محول ضغط الألياف الضوئية

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and ...

Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential phenotypic changes are best assessed by measurement of the changes in lung elasticity. To best understand specific mechanisms underlying such pathologies in mice, it is essential to make functional measurements that can reflect the developing pathology. Although there are many ways to measure elasticity, the classical method is that of the total lung pressure-volume (PV) curve done over the whole range of lung volumes. This measurement has been made on adult lungs from nearly all mammalian species dating back almost 100 years, and such PV curves also played a major role in the discovery and understanding of the function of pulmonary surfactant in fetal lung development. Unfortunately, such total PV curves have not been widely reported in the mouse, despite the fact that they can provide useful information on the macroscopic effects of structural changes in the lung. Although partial PV curves measuring just the changes in lung volume are sometimes reported, without a measure of absolute volume, the nonlinear nature of the total PV curve makes these partial ones very difficult to interpret. In the present study, we describe a standardized way to measure the total PV curve. We have then tested the ability of these curves to detect changes in mouse lung structure in two common lung pathologies, emphysema and fibrosis. Results showed significant changes in several variables consistent with expected structural changes with these pathologies. This measurement of the lung PV curve in mice thus provides a straightforward means to monitor the progression of the pathophysiologic changes over time and the potential effect of therapeutic procedures.

Here we present a protocol to simply and reliably measure the lung pressure-volume curve in mice, showing that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect phenotypic parenchymal changes in two common lung pathologies, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This metric provides a means to quantify the lung&#8217;s structural changes with developing pathology.

قياس منحنى الضغط الحجم في الرئتين ماوس

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

القياس عن بعد داخل الرحم لقياس ماوس مقلص الضغط<em&gt; في فيفو</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early cardiopulmonary dysfunction is difficult to diagnose, particularly in animal models, as cardiopulmonary function is often measured invasively, requiring anesthesia. As many anesthetic agents are cardiodepressive, subtle changes in cardiovascular function may be masked. In contrast, chronic instrumentation allows for measurement of cardiopulmonary function in the awake state, so that measurements can be obtained under quiet resting conditions, without the effects of anesthesia and acute surgical trauma. Furthermore, when animals are properly trained, measurements can also be obtained during graded treadmill exercise.
Flow probes are placed around the aorta or pulmonary artery for measurement of cardiac output and around the left anterior descending coronary artery for measurement of coronary blood flow. Fluid-filled catheters are implanted in the aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle for pressure measurement and blood sampling. In addition, a 20 G&#160;catheter is positioned in the anterior interventricular vein to allow coronary venous blood sampling.
After a week of recovery, swine are placed on a motor-driven treadmill, the catheters are connected to pressure and flow meters, and swine are subjected to a five-stage progressive exercise protocol, with each stage lasting 3 min. Hemodynamic signals are continuously recorded and blood samples are taken during the last 30 sec of each exercise stage.
The major advantage of studying chronically instrumented animals is that it allows serial assessment of cardiopulmonary function, not only at rest but also during physical stress such as exercise. Moreover, cardiopulmonary function can be assessed repeatedly during disease development and during chronic treatment, thereby increasing statistical power and hence limiting the number of animals required for a study.

Here we present a protocol to assess cardiopulmonary function in awake swine, at rest and during graded treadmill exercise. Chronic instrumentation allows for repeated hemodynamic measurements uninfluenced by cardiodepressive anesthetic agents.

الموضع الجراحي القسطرة على المدى الطويل القلب والأوعية الدموية ممارسة اختبار في الخنازير

This protocol describes the surgical procedure to chronically instrument swine and the procedure to exercise swine on a motor-driven treadmill. Early ...

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The measurement system consists of a miniaturized fluorescence detector that is directly attached to the skin on the back of conscious, freely moving animals, and measures the excretion kinetics of the exogenous GFR tracer, fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin (an inulin analog). This system has been described in detail in rats. However, because of their smaller size, measurement of transcutaneous GFR in mice presents additional technical challenges. In this paper we therefore provide the first detailed practical guide to the use of transdermal GFR monitors in mice based on the combined experience of three different investigators who have been performing this assay in mice over a number of years.

Here we describe a protocol to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious, freely moving mice using a transdermal GFR monitor.

قياس معدل الترشيح الكبيبي في الفئران عبر الجلد

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

تسجيل كهربية متزامنة والدم الغازية الضغط القياس في الفئران

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

جمع الدم من خلال ثقب الوريد تحت الترقوة في الفئران

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

زرع جهاز إرسال تخطيط القلب عن بعد وضغط الدم لتحديد حساسية منعكس الضغط التلقائي في الفئران الواعية

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

تحليل تسجيلات تخطيط كهربية القلب على المدى الطويل للكشف عن عدم انتظام ضربات القلب في الفئران

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...