We would like to acknowledge David Kiel, Aarhus University, for filming and editing. VirtualDub software was used for processing of microscope video sequences. We thank the Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, for access to equipment and the Aarhus University Research Foundation, EU 7FP project PAINCAGE, Det Frie Forskningsrad (DFF) and The Lundbeck Foundation for funding.

<ol>
	<li>Malin, S. A., Davis, B. M., Molliver, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+dissociated+sensory+neuron+cultures+and+considerations+for+their+use+in+studying+neuronal+function+and+plasticity.">Production of dissociated sensory neuron cultures and considerations for their use in studying neuronal function and plasticity.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (1), 152-160 (2007).</li><li>Sleigh, J. N., Weir, G. A., Schiavo, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple,+step-by-step+dissection+protocol+for+the+rapid+isolation+of+mouse+dorsal+root+ganglia.">A simple, step-by-step dissection protocol for the rapid isolation of mouse dorsal root ganglia.</a> BMC Res Notes. 9, 82 (2016).</li><li>Kennedy, H. S., Jones, C., Caplazi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+standard+laminectomy+with+an+optimized+ejection+method+for+the+removal+of+spinal+cords+from+rats+and+mice.">Comparison of standard laminectomy with an optimized ejection method for the removal of spinal cords from rats and mice.</a> J Histotechnol. 36 (3), 86-91 (2013).</li><li>Meikle, A. D., Martin, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+for+removal+of+the+spinal+cord.">A rapid method for removal of the spinal cord.</a> Stain Technol. 56 (4), 235-237 (1981).</li><li>Gallagher, S., Chakavarti, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblot+analysis.">Immunoblot analysis.</a> J Vis Exp. (16), (2008).</li><li>Ogrean, C., Jackson, B., Covino, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+real-time+PCR+using+the+thermo+scientific+Solaris+qPCR+assay.">Quantitative real-time PCR using the thermo scientific Solaris qPCR assay.</a> J Vis Exp. (40), (2010).</li><li>. Immunohistochemistry Protocol for Parraffin-embedded Tissue Sections - ADVERTISEMENT Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.jove.com/video/5064/immunohistochemistry-protocol-for-paraffin-embedded-tissue-sections">https://www.jove.com/video/5064/immunohistochemistry-protocol-for-paraffin-embedded-tissue-sections</a> (2014)</li><li>Watson, C., Paxinos, G., Puelles, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Nervous System. , 424-426 (2012).</li><li>Rigaud, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Species+and+strain+differences+in+rodent+sciatic+nerve+anatomy:+implications+for+studies+of+neuropathic+pain.">Species and strain differences in rodent sciatic nerve anatomy: implications for studies of neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 136 (1-2), 188-201 (2008).</li><li>Green, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+non-genetic+factors+which+influence+the+type+of+the+skeleton+in+an+inbred+strain+of+mice.">Genetic and non-genetic factors which influence the type of the skeleton in an inbred strain of mice.</a> Genetics. 26 (2), 192-222 (1941).</li><li>Meyer, A., Gallarda, B. W., Pfaff, S., Alaynick, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+electrophysiology.">Spinal cord electrophysiology.</a> J Vis Exp. (35), (2010).</li><li>Ciglieri, E., Ferrini, F., Boggio, E., Salio, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+in+vitro+morphofunctional+analysis+of+mouse+dorsal+root+ganglia.">An improved method for in vitro morphofunctional analysis of mouse dorsal root ganglia.</a> Ann Anat. , 62-67 (2016).</li><li>Peeraer, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+evaluation+of+rat+dorsal+root+ganglion+neurons+as+an+in+vitro+model+for+diabetic+neuropathy.">Pharmacological evaluation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons as an in vitro model for diabetic neuropathy.</a> J Pain Res. 4, 55-65 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

إذا حدث اضطراب في العمود الفقري، مثلا عن طريق خلع عنق الرحم، والحبل الشوكي تقسيم أثناء قذف. إذا لا يمكن مقذوف الحبل الشوكي، قد تكون قلصت العمود الفقري قليلا عند كلا الطرفين، ويمكن تكرار محاولة قذف. في حال هناك حاجة إلى الحبل الشوكي بأكمله لمزيد من التحليل، أي التي تتكون من توسيع عنق الرحم وكذلك توسيع قطني، وينبغي تقليص العمود الفقري إلا قليلا. إذا كانت هناك حاجة فقط توسيع قطني لمزيد من التحليل، ينبغي أن يقص الحبل الشوكي وفقا لهذا البروتوكول. يجب تقويمها العمود الفقري باستخدام أطراف الأصابع لتخفيف قذف. بروتوكول ينطبق على القوارض من جميع الأعمار، وهنا يتضح من الماوس الكبار (8 أسابيع)، الجرو الفأر (5 أيام)، والفئران الكبار (10 أسبوعا). اعتمادا على نوع الحيوان والتوتر، وعدد الفقرات الصدرية والقطنية الأقسام قد تختلف 9، </sup&gt; 10 و 11. اعتمادا على البروتينات ليتم تحليلها، يمكن perfused القوارض الكبار مع حلول تثبيط انزيم قبل القتل الرحيم. إذا كان أداء تجربة تنطوي إصابة العصب من جانب واحد، والحبل الشوكي ويمكن تقسيمها إلى الجانبين المماثل و المقابل باستخدام الملقط غاية في الدقة على الفور بعد قذف. وعلاوة على ذلك، كل جانب ويمكن تقسيمها إلى ظهري وبطني الجانبين. الأنسجة ثم يمكن معالجتها لإجراء المزيد من التحليلات، على سبيل المثال النشاف الغربي. Transcardial نضح-تثبيت مع PFA قبل قذف الحبل الشوكي وينبغي تجنبها، لأن هذا يجعل الحبل الشوكي غير مرنة ويمنع الحبل الشوكي البثق الهيدروليكي. سوف هيدروليكي قذف الحبل الشوكي المسيل للدموع قبالة الجذور الظهرية. للتجارب حيث ضرورية الجذور الظهرية المرفقة، ويوصى الثقب. وعلاوة على ذلك، يتم فقدان السحايا في العمود الفقري بواسطة البثق الهيدروليكي، والتي يمكن تجنبها عن طريق الثقب القياسية <suص الطبقة = &quot;XREF&quot;&gt; 3. ويمكن أيضا أن يؤديها قذف هيدروليكي من الحبل الشوكي والعزلة DRG باستخدام الاوكسيجين السائل النخاعي الاصطناعي (ACSF) بدلا من الجليد الباردة برنامج تلفزيوني. استخدام ACSF يسمح الحفاظ على الأنسجة المعزولة في بيئة أفضل الفسيولوجية، وهو أمر مهم لا سيما في حالة التسجيلات الكهربية اللاحقة 12 و 13. بديلا لACSF يمكن أن يكون برنامج تلفزيوني يحتوي على 1 جرام / لتر جلوكوز لتوليد الثقافات DRG الأساسي 14. قذف هيدروليكي من الحبل الشوكي هي طريقة أسرع بكثير من الطريقة التقليدية من العزلة الحبل الشوكي عن طريق الثقب، وتقليل الوقت اللازم التعامل مع الأنسجة، وبالتالي يقلل من خطر تلف البروتين. نضح مع تثبيتي قبل عزل الحبل الشوكي عن طريق الثقب قد يقلل من خطر تلف الأنسجة أثناء تشريح وخلال إزالة النهائية للالحبل الشوكي من العمود الفقري. ومع ذلك، تثبيت الأنسجة يحول دون تطبيقها على التحليلات مثل الغرب النشاف. عائدات البثق الهيدروليكية هيكليا الأنسجة التالفة 3 مناسبة لمجموعة واسعة من التحليلات. تحديد ثابت من DRGs قد يكون صعبا. ومع ذلك، وهذا أمر ضروري لتحليل الأنسجة، وعلى سبيل المثال بعد إصابة العصب الوركي. بواسطة ترقيم DRGs وفقا لتوطين قريبهم إلى الأضلاع، DRGs يمكن التعرف على الدوام. قد يكون الأمثل تلطيخ من نسيج الحبل الشوكي وكذلك DRGs عن طريق إجراء تغيرات معالجة الأنسجة يتضح الواردة في بروتوكول الخطوة 7.

ويتمثل الهدف العام من هذه الطريقة هو عزل النخاع الشوكي وكذلك لتحديد وعزل DRGs 1 و 2. قذف هيدروليكي من الحبل الشوكي هي طريقة أسرع بكثير من الطريقة التقليدية من العزلة الحبل الشوكي عن طريق الثقب، أي عن طريق كسر فقرات العمود الفقري في وقت واحد، وهذا الأسلوب يقلل من خطر تلف الأنسجة الناجمة عن عملية تشريح 3 و 4 . DRGs قد يكون من الصعب التعرف عليها. التحديد الصحيح مهم للغاية لتحليل الأنسجة، وعلى سبيل المثال بعد إصابة العصب الوركي. بواسطة ترقيم DRGs وفقا لتوطين قريبهم إلى الأضلاع، DRGs يمكن التعرف على الدوام. الأنسجة المعزولة بفعل تقنيات تظاهر هنا يمكن تطبيقها على مجموعة واسعة من التحليلات بما في ذلك الغرب النشاف 5،6، 7 QPCR وتلطيخ المناعى 8. عند تحديد DRGs، فمن المهم أن نأخذ في الاعتبار أن يعرف عدد القطع في النخاع الشوكي تختلف مع نوع الحيوان وسلالة 9 و 10 و 11. مزايا في أداء هذا الأسلوب في الفئران هي العدد الكبير من المتغيرات المعدلة وراثيا المتاحة ونفقات السكن منخفضة نسبيا. مزايا في استخدام الفئران هي العائد الأنسجة عالية نسبيا، وإذا تنطوي على إصابات الأعصاب، سيتم تخفيف الإجراءات مع حجم.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn scissors, extra fine, straight, 8.5 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.C. (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td># 14084-08</td>
			<td>For cutting open the spinal cord prior to isolation of DRGs (adult mouse, adult rat); Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td># 5427 R</td>
			<td>For centrifugation of homogenized tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td># CM 3050 S</td>
			<td>For cutting the embedded tissue prior to staining; Other model and manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, Dumont, # 3</td>
			<td>F.S.C. (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td># 11231-30</td>
			<td>For handling of spinal cord after extrusion; Other manufacturer/type may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, Dumont, # 5</td>
			<td>F.S.C. (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td># 11252-20</td>
			<td>For isolation of DRGs (adult mouse, adult rat, pup); Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane (furane) IsoFlo Vet 100 %</td>
			<td>Abbott</td>
			<td># 002185</td>
			<td>For euthanization; Other manufacturer may be used; CAUTION: toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iso-pentane GPR rectapur</td>
			<td>VWR chemicals</td>
			<td># 24872.298</td>
			<td>For snap-freezing of tissue; Other manufacturer may be used; CAUTION: toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td># RM 2155</td>
			<td>For sectioning of paraffin embedded tissue; Other model and manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax pellets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># 76243</td>
			<td>For paraffin embedding; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin tissue embedding station</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td># EG1160</td>
			<td>For paraffin embedding of tissue for later sectionning; Other model and manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet pestel, motor cordless</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># Z359971-1EA</td>
			<td>For mechanical homogenization of isolated tissue prior to Western blotting; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish, 35 mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td># 121V</td>
			<td>For storage of isolated DRGs; Other manufacturer and size may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish, 100 mm</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># P7741</td>
			<td>For spinal cord extrusion; Other manufacturer and size may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase inhibitor, Phosstop</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># 04906845001</td>
			<td>Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail for addition to TNE-lysis buffer if needed; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip, 1-200 &#956;l, no filter</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td># 70.1189.105</td>
			<td>For hydraulic extrusion; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor, Complete</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># 05892791001</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail for addition to TNE-lysis buffer if needed; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAlater solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td># R0901</td>
			<td>For RNA stabilization for storage; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rneasy Protect Mini KiT</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td># 74124</td>
			<td>For RNA isolation; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel; Swann-Morton surgical blade no. 11</td>
			<td>Swann-Morton</td>
			<td># REF0203</td>
			<td>For isolation of spinal cord lumbar area; Other manufacturer/type may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, straight, type 3, 25 mm cutting edge</td>
			<td>Bochem</td>
			<td># 4070</td>
			<td>For isolation of spine; Other manufacturer/type may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, 130 mm cutting edge</td>
			<td>Hounisen</td>
			<td># 1902.0130</td>
			<td>For isolation of spinal cord (adult rat)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors, straight, 8 mm cutting edge</td>
			<td>F.S.C. (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td># 15009-08</td>
			<td>For cutting open the spinal column prior to isolation of DRGs (pup) and for isolation of DRGs (adult mouse, adult rat, pup); Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard syringes, 2.5 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td># SS02SE1; # SS05SE1; # SS10SE1</td>
			<td>For hydraulic extrusion; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope MZ12.5 with objective 1x and eyepiece 10x</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td># 10446370</td>
			<td>Other manufacturer/type may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile PBS</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td># 10010-015</td>
			<td>For hydraulic extrusion; Can also be made according to standard protocols</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needle 23 G x 1&#34;, 0.6 x 25 mm</td>
			<td>Terumo Neolus</td>
			<td># NN-2325R</td>
			<td>For hydraulic extrusion in pups; Other manufacturer/type may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needle 18 G x 1 1/2, 1.2 x 40 mm</td>
			<td>Terumo Neolus</td>
			<td># NN-1838S</td>
			<td>Alternative to pipette tip for hydraulic extrusion in adult mice; Other manufacturer may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td># 4583</td>
			<td>Tssue embedding material for later cryosectionning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TNE-lysis buffer</td>
			<td>VWR chemicals</td>
			<td># 10128-582</td>
			<td>For tissue lysis prior to Western blotting; Other manufacturer may be used; Can also be made according to standard protocols</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cord and isolation of dorsal root ganglia in rodents

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may result in damage to the spinal cord caused by the dissection process. Here, we show how the spinal cord can be extruded using hydraulic pressure. Handling time is significantly reduced to only a few minutes, likely decreasing protein damage. The low risk of damage to the spinal cord tissue improves subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. By performing hydraulic spinal cord extrusion instead of traditional laminectomy, the rodents can further be used for DRG isolation, thereby lowering the number of animals and allowing analysis across tissues from the same rodent. We demonstrate a consistent method to identify and isolate the DRGs according to their localization relative to the costae. It is, however, important to adjust this method to the particular animal used, as the number of spinal cord segments, both thoracic and lumbar, may vary according to animal type and strain. In addition, we illustrate further processing examples of the isolated tissues.

النخاع الشوكي مقذوف هيدروليكيا عرض سطح التالفة السلس هو مبين في الشكل 1. يمكن بسهولة التعرف على توسيع قطني باعتبارها منطقة سميكة من الحبل الشوكي، ومحاصر في الشكل 1. ظهري وبطني الجانبين من الحبل الشوكي يمكن تحديدها عن طريق العين وفقا لشكلها. في الشكل 1، والجانب البطني يواجه المشاهد، التعرف عليها عن طريق خط الوسط واحد واضح على طول الحبل الشوكي بأكمله. خطين أوسع على طول الحبل الشوكي تسمح التعرف على الجانب الظهري. وفي البعيدة في أقصى النهاية، ذيل الفرس قد أحيانا لا تزال تعلق في الفئران الكبار والفئران الكبار. ويمكن تحديد DRGs الفردية فقط، بينما تقع في العمود الفقري، الشكل 2. بعد العزلة، الشكل (3)، وDRGs الفرد لا يمكن تحديدها من خلال المظهر. إذا لزم الأمر، ولذا فمنمهم للحفاظ على فصل واضح على العزلة. بعد العزلة، والحبل الشوكي وDRGs يمكن معالجتها والملون كما هو موضح في الخطوة 7.3 و الممثلة في الشكل (4). ويبين الشكل 4A على تلطيخ المناعى من قسم DRG حيث الخلايا العصبية والخلايا الدبقية الفضائية المحيط بهم هي واضحة للعيان. قبل التحديد الصحيح للDRG أنه من الممكن تحليل أثر إصابات الأعصاب الوركي على سوما من الخلايا العصبية المصابة وكذلك على الخلايا الدبقية الأقمار الصناعية المحيطة بها. ويبين الشكل 4B تلطيخ نيسل من الحبل الشوكي مقذوف هيدروليكيا حيث الأنسجة سليمة كما يتضح من حواف السلس للقسم. <img alt="الشكل (4)" src="/files/ftp_upload/55226/55226fig4.jpg" /> الشكل 4: أقسام الأنسجة التمثيلية. A. تلطيخ المناعى من قسم DRG. ب. نيسل الملون التقطيعةن من الحبل الشوكي مقذوف هيدروليكيا. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55226/55226fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">الرجاء انقر هنا لعرض نسخة أكبر من هذا الرقم.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents at JoVE.com

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Here, we present a protocol for hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cord as well as identification and isolation of specific dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in the same rodent. Compared to standard spinal cord isolation methods, this method is significantly faster and reduces the risk of tissue damage.

البثق الهيدروليكي من الحبل الشوكي وعزل الظهرية جذر العقد في القوارض

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may ...

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47.7K Views.  Aarhus University. Here, we present a protocol for hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cord as well as identification and isolation of specific dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in the same rodent. Compared to standard spinal cord isolation methods, this method is significantly faster and reduces the risk of tissue damage. 

Video: Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

تشريح والثقافة من الخلايا العصبية من النخاع الشوكي صواري الجنينية

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Dorsal Root Ganglia Tissue following Axonal Injury

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate while those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do regenerate 
to a limited extent after injury (Teng et al., 2006). It is recognized that transcriptional programs essential for neurite and axonal outgrowth are 
reactivated upon injury in the PNS (Makwana et al., 2005). However the tools available to analyze neuronal gene regulation in vivo are limited and 
often challenging.
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) offer an excellent injury model system because both the CNS and PNS are innervated by a 
bifurcated axon originating from the same soma. The ganglia represent a discrete collection of cell bodies where all transcriptional events occur, 
and thus provide a clearly defined region of transcriptional activity that can be easily and reproducibly removed from the animal. Injury of nerve 
fibers in the PNS (e.g. sciatic nerve), where axonal regeneration does occur, should reveal a set of transcriptional programs that are distinct from 
those responding to a similar injury in the CNS, where regeneration does not take place (e.g. spinal cord). Sites for transcription factor binding, 
histone and DNA modification resulting from injury to either PNS or CNS can be characterized using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). 
Here, we describe a ChIP protocol using fixed mouse DRG tissue following axonal injury. This powerful combination provides a means for characterizing the pro-regeneration chromatin environment necessary for promoting axonal regeneration.

We present a method for chromatin immunoprecipitation from dorsal root ganglia tissue following axonal injury. The approach can be used to identify specific transcription factor binding sites and epigenetic modification of histone and DNA important for the regeneration of injured axons in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

مناعي لونين من الظهرية جذر الأنسجة العقد التالي من الإصابات محواري

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate while those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do regenerate 
to a limited extent after ...

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of primary afferent fibers mediated by GABAergic axo-axonal synapses (primary afferent depolarization). The strength of primary afferent depolarization can be measured by recording of volume-conducted potentials at the dorsal root (dorsal root potentials, DRP). Pathological changes of presynaptic inhibition are crucial in the abnormal central processing of certain pain conditions and in some disorders of motor hyperexcitability. Here, we describe a method of recording DRP in vivo in mice. The preparation of spinal cord dorsal roots in the anesthetized animal and the recording procedure using suction electrodes are explained. This method allows measuring GABAergic DRP and thereby estimating spinal presynaptic inhibition in the living mouse. In combination with transgenic mouse models, DRP recording may serve as a powerful tool to investigate disease-associated spinal pathophysiology. In vivo recording has several advantages compared to ex vivo isolated spinal cord preparations, e.g. the possibility of simultaneous recording or manipulation of supraspinal networks and induction of DRP by stimulation of peripheral nerves.

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

GABAergic presynaptic inhibition is a powerful inhibitory mechanism in the spinal cord important for motor and sensory signal integration in spinal cord networks. Underlying primary afferent depolarization can be measured by recording of dorsal root potentials (DRP). Here we demonstrate a method of in vivo recording of DRP in mice.

قياس العمود الفقري قبل المشبكي في الفئران عن طريق تثبيط الظهرية جذر تسجيل المحتملة<em&gt; في فيفو</em

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the study of nerve regeneration and myelination. The glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SC), are key facilitators of these processes; it is therefore crucial that the interactions of these cellular components are studied together. Direct contact between DRG neurons and glial cells provides additional stimuli sensed by specific membrane receptors, further improving the neuronal response. SC release growth factors and proteins in the culture medium, which enhance neuron survival and stimulate neurite sprouting and extension. However, SC require long proliferation time to be used for tissue engineering applications and the sacrifice of an healthy nerve for their sourcing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) differentiated into SC phenotype are a valid alternative to SC for the set-up of a co-culture model with DRG neurons to study nerve regeneration. The present work presents a detailed and reproducible step-by-step protocol to harvest both DRG neurons and ASC from adult rats; to differentiate ASC towards a SC phenotype; and combines the two cell types in a direct co-culture system to investigate the interplay between neurons and SC in the peripheral nervous system. This tool has great potential in the optimization of tissue-engineered constructs for peripheral nerve repair.

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are structures containing the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. When dissociated, they can be co-cultured with SC-like adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), providing a valuable model to study in vitro nerve regeneration and myelination, mimicking the in vivo environment at the injury site.

الظهرية جذر العقد الخلايا العصبية والخلايا الجذعية المتباينة الدهنية المشتقة: ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; المشارك الثقافة نموذج لدراسة الأعصاب الطرفية التجديد

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These neurotropic cancer cells have a unique ability to migrate unidirectionally along nerves towards the central nervous system (CNS). The dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model is a three dimensional (3D) in vitro model frequently used for studying the interaction between neural stroma and cancer cells. In this model, mouse or human cancer cell lines are grown in ECM adjacent to preparations of freshly dissociated cultured DRG. In this article, the DRG isolation protocol from mice, and implantation in petri dishes for co-culturing with pancreatic cancer cells are demonstrated. Five days after implantation, the cancer cells made contact with the DRG neurites. Later, these cells formed bridgeheads to facilitate more extensive polarized, neurotropic migration of cancer cells.

In Vitro Modeling of Cancerous Neural Invasion: The Dorsal Root Ganglion Model

This video article shows the use of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/cancer cell model in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

في المختبر نمذجة السرطانية العصبية الغزو: وظهري الجذر العقدة نموذج

One way that solid tumors disseminate is through neural invasion. This route is well-known in cancers of the head and neck, prostate, and pancreas. These ...

The Preparation of Oblique Spinal Cord Slices for Ventral Root Stimulation

Electrophysiological recordings from spinal cord slices have proven to be a valuable technique to investigate a wide range of questions, from cellular to network properties. We show how to prepare viable oblique slices of the spinal cord of young mice (P2 - P11). In this preparation, the motoneurons retain&#160;their axons coming out from the ventral roots of the&#160;spinal cord. Stimulation of these axons elicits back-propagating action potentials invading the motoneuron&#160;somas and exciting the motoneuron&#160;collaterals within the spinal cord. Recording of antidromic action potentials is an immediate, definitive and elegant way to characterize motoneuron identity, which surpasses&#160;other identification methods. Furthermore, stimulating the motoneuron collaterals is a simple and reliable way to excite the collateral targets of the motoneurons within the spinal cord, such as other motoneurons or Renshaw cells. In this protocol, we present antidromic recordings from the motoneuron somas as well as Renshaw cell excitation, resulting from ventral root stimulation.

We show how to prepare oblique slices of the spinal cord in young mice. This preparation allows for the stimulation of the ventral roots.

لإعداد المائل الحبل الشوكي شرائح لبطني الجذر تحفيز

Electrophysiological recordings from spinal cord slices have proven to be a valuable technique to investigate a wide range of questions, from cellular to ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

الحبل الشوكي العصبونات العزلة والثقافة من الفئران حديثي الولادة

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

التصوير النشاط العصبي في القشرة الأولية Somatosensory باستخدام Thy1-GCaMP6s الفئران المحورة وراثيا

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. This type of neuron is pseudo-unipolar, with two axons that innervate peripheral tissues, such as skin, muscle and visceral organs, as well as the spinal dorsal horn of the central nervous system. Sensory neurons transmit somatic sensation, including touch, pain, thermal, and proprioceptive sensations. Therefore, DRG primary cultures are widely used to study the cellular mechanisms of nociception, physiological functions of sensory neurons, and neural development. The cultured neurons can be applied in studies involving electrophysiology, signal transduction, neurotransmitter release, or calcium imaging. With DRG primary cultures, scientists may culture dissociated DRG neurons to monitor biochemical changes in single or multiple cells, overcoming many of the limitations associated with in vivo experiments. Compared to commercially available DRG-hybridoma cell lines or immortalized DRG neuronal cell lines, the composition and properties of the primary cells are much more similar to sensory neurons in tissue. However, due to the limited number of cultured DRG primary cells that can be isolated from a single animal, it is difficult to perform high-throughput screens for drug targeting studies. In the current article, procedures for DRG collection and culture are described. In addition, we demonstrate the treatment of cultured DRG cells with an agonist of neuropeptide FF receptor type 2 (NPFFR2) to induce the release of peptide neurotransmitters (calcitonin gene-related peptide (CRGP) and substance P (SP)).

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) primary cultures are frequently used to study physiological functions or pathology-related events in sensory neurons. Here, we demonstrate the use of lumbar DRG cultures to detect the release of neurotransmitters after neuropeptide FF receptor type 2 stimulation with a selective agonist.

عزل العقد الجذرية الظهرية والثقافة الأولية لدراسة الإفراج عن ناقل عصبي

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. This type of neuron is pseudo-unipolar, with two axons that innervate peripheral ...

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Peripheral monocytic cells, including macrophages, are known to respond to a tissue injury through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine release. Emerging evidence has implicated the contribution of dorsal root ganglia macrophages to neuropathic pain development and axonal repair in the context of nerve injury. Rapidly phenotyping (or &#8220;rapid isolation of&#8221;) the response of dorsal root ganglia macrophages in the context of nerve injury is desired to identify the unknown neuroimmune factors. Here we demonstrate how our lab rapidly and effectively isolates macrophages from the dorsal root ganglia using an enzyme-free mechanical dissociation protocol. The samples are kept on ice throughout to limit cellular stress. This protocol is far less time consuming compared to the standard enzymatic protocol and has been routinely used for our Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting analysis.

Here we present a mechanical dissociation protocol to rapidly isolate macrophages from the dorsal root ganglion for phenotyping and functional analysis.

العزلة السريعة للضامة الجذرية الدجورة

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after ...

البثق الهيدروليكي من الحبل الشوكي وعزل الظهرية جذر العقد في القوارض

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