نود أن نشكر هيلتي أديسيتييو، دكتوراه، وشانجكسين يانغ، دكتوراه لتطوير البروتوكول. وقدمت الدعم الشامل للدولي الأمهات طب الأطفال المراهقين الإيدز السريرية المحاكمات المجموعة (إيمباكت) "المعهد الوطني للحساسية" والأمراض المعدية (نييد) من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة (NIH) ضمن "أرقام جائزة" UM1AI068632 (خط إيمباكت)، UM1AI068616 (إيمباكت سدمك) و UM1AI106716 (LC إيمباكت)، بتمويل مشترك من يونيس كينيدي شرايفر المعهد الوطني لصحة الطفل والتنمية البشرية (NICHD) والمعهد الوطني للصحة العقلية (NIMH). المحتوى هي المسؤولة الوحيدة عن المؤلفين ولا تمثل بالضرورة وجهات النظر الرسمية للمعاهد الوطنية للصحة.

<ol>
	<li>Ahern, P. P., Faith, J. J., Gordon, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mining+the+human+gut+microbiota+for+effector+strains+that+shape+the+immune+system.">Mining the human gut microbiota for effector strains that shape the immune system.</a> Immunity. 40 (6), 815-823 (2014).</li><li>Postler, T. S., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Holobiont:+How+Microbial+Metabolites+Affect+Human+Health+and+Shape+the+Immune+System.">Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System.</a> Cell Metab. , (2017).</li><li>Hall, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inter-personal+diversity+and+temporal+dynamics+of+dental,+tongue,+and+salivary+microbiota+in+the+healthy+oral+cavity.">Inter-personal diversity and temporal dynamics of dental, tongue, and salivary microbiota in the healthy oral cavity.</a> NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 3, 2 (2017).</li><li>Perez Perez, G. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+Site+Is+a+More+Determinant+Factor+than+Human+Population+Diversity+in+the+Healthy+Skin+Microbiome.">Body Site Is a More Determinant Factor than Human Population Diversity in the Healthy Skin Microbiome.</a> PLoS One. 11 (4), e0151990 (2016).</li><li>Hamady, M., Knight, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+community+profiling+for+human+microbiome+projects:+Tools,+techniques,+and+challenges.">Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: Tools, techniques, and challenges.</a> Genome Res. 19 (7), 1141-1152 (2009).</li><li>Human Microbiome Project, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+human+microbiome+research.">A framework for human microbiome research.</a> Nature. 486 (7402), 215-221 (2012).</li><li>Kim, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+methods+and+dodging+pitfalls+in+microbiome+research.">Optimizing methods and dodging pitfalls in microbiome research.</a> Microbiome. 5 (1), 52 (2017).</li><li>Hugerth, L. W., Andersson, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+Microbial+Community+Composition+through+Amplicon+Sequencing:+From+Sampling+to+Hypothesis+Testing.">Analysing Microbial Community Composition through Amplicon Sequencing: From Sampling to Hypothesis Testing.</a> Front Microbiol. 8, 1561 (2017).</li><li>Caporaso, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high-throughput+microbial+community+analysis+on+the+Illumina+HiSeq+and+MiSeq+platforms.">Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms.</a> ISME J. 6 (8), 1621-1624 (2012).</li><li>Pannaraj, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+Between+Breast+Milk+Bacterial+Communities+and+Establishment+and+Development+of+the+Infant+Gut+Microbiome.">Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome.</a> JAMA Pediatr. , (2017).</li><li>Ho, F. C., Wong, R. L., Lawton, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+colostral+and+breast+milk+cells.+A+light+and+electron+microscopic+study.">Human colostral and breast milk cells. A light and electron microscopic study.</a> Acta Paediatr Scand. 68 (3), 389-396 (1979).</li><li>Parmely, M. J., Beer, A. E., Billingham, R. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+in+breast+milk.">Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in breast milk.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 41 (6), 2465-2470 (2003).</li><li>Lim, N. Y., Roco, C. A., Frostegard, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent+DNA/RNA+Co-extraction+Workflow+Protocol+Suitable+for+Inhibitor-Rich+Environmental+Samples+That+Focuses+on+Complete+DNA+Removal+for+Transcriptomic+Analyses.">Transparent DNA/RNA Co-extraction Workflow Protocol Suitable for Inhibitor-Rich Environmental Samples That Focuses on Complete DNA Removal for Transcriptomic Analyses.</a> Front Microbiol. 7, 1588 (2016).</li><li>Bender, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+HIV+infection+influences+the+microbiome+of+HIV-uninfected+infants.">Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants.</a> Sci Transl Med. 8 (349), 349ra100 (2016).</li><li>Cox, M. J., Cookson, W. O., Moffatt, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+the+human+microbiome+in+health+and+disease.">Sequencing the human microbiome in health and disease.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 22 (R1), R88-R94 (2013).</li><li>Lauder, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+placenta+samples+with+contamination+controls+does+not+provide+evidence+for+a+distinct+placenta+microbiota.">Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota.</a> Microbiome. 4 (1), 29 (2016).</li><li>Salter, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reagent+and+laboratory+contamination+can+critically+impact+sequence-based+microbiome+analyses.">Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses.</a> BMC Biol. 12, 87 (2014).</li><li>Walker, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=16S+rRNA+gene-based+profiling+of+the+human+infant+gut+microbiota+is+strongly+influenced+by+sample+processing+and+PCR+primer+choice.">16S rRNA gene-based profiling of the human infant gut microbiota is strongly influenced by sample processing and PCR primer choice.</a> Microbiome. 3, 26 (2015).</li><li>Glassing, A., Dowd, S. E., Galandiuk, S., Davis, B., Chiodini, R. 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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microbiome+of+the+human+lower+airways:+a+next+generation+sequencing+perspective.">The microbiome of the human lower airways: a next generation sequencing perspective.</a> World Allergy Organ J. 8 (1), 23 (2015).</li><li>Charlson, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topographical+continuity+of+bacterial+populations+in+the+healthy+human+respiratory+tract.">Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 184 (8), 957-963 (2011).</li><li>Bittinger, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+characterization+of+medically+relevant+fungi+in+the+human+respiratory+tract+using+next-generation+sequencing.">Improved characterization of medically relevant fungi in the human respiratory tract using next-generation sequencing.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (10), 487 (2014).</li><li>Jervis-Bardy, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deriving+accurate+microbiota+profiles+from+human+samples+with+low+bacterial+content+through+post-sequencing+processing+of+Illumina+MiSeq+data.">Deriving accurate microbiota profiles from human samples with low bacterial content through post-sequencing processing of Illumina MiSeq data.</a> Microbiome. 3, 19 (2015).</li><li>Knights, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bayesian+community-wide+culture-independent+microbial+source+tracking.">Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking.</a> Nat Methods. 8 (9), 761-763 (2011).</li><li>Lazarevic, V., Gaia, N., Girard, M., Schrenzel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decontamination+of+16S+rRNA+gene+amplicon+sequence+datasets+based+on+bacterial+load+assessment+by+qPCR.">Decontamination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence datasets based on bacterial load assessment by qPCR.</a> BMC Microbiol. 16, 73 (2016).</li><li>Kurilshikov, A., Wijmenga, C., Fu, J., Zhernakova, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+Genetics+and+Gut+Microbiome:+Challenges+and+Perspectives.">Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Challenges and Perspectives.</a> Trends Immunol. 38 (9), 633-647 (2017).</li><li>. Mock microbial communities Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1">https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1</a> (2017)</li></ol>

الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

تستهدف الجيل التالي تسلسل الرنا الريباسي 16S تقنية تستخدم على نطاق واسع وسريع ل توصيف ميكروبيومي18. ومع ذلك، العديد من العوامل، بما في ذلك الآثار دفعة والتلوث البيئي، والتلوث عبر العينة، حساسية وإمكانية تكرار نتائج يمكن أن تضر بالنتائج التجريبية وارباك على تفسير7<...

يعتقد أن المجتمعات الميكروبية التي استعمار البشر أن تكون الأهمية لصحة الإنسان، والأمراض التي تؤثر على الأيض والتنمية محصنة والتعرض للمرض، والردود على التطعيم والمخدرات العلاج1، 2-التأكيد على الجهود المبذولة لفهم تأثير الحجمية على صحة الإنسان حاليا تحديد الميكروبات المرتبطة بالمكونات التشريحية المحددة (أي، الجلد، الأمعاء، عن طريق الفم، إلخ)، فضلا عن مواقع محلية داخل هذه المقصورات3،4. التي تدعم هذه الجهود التحقيق هو الظهور السريع، وزيادة إمكانية الحصول على تكنولوجيات الجيل التالي التسلسل (خ ع) التي توفر منصة موازية على نطاق واسع لتحليل محتوى الجينية الميكروبية (ميكروبيومي) من عينة. للعديد من عينات الفسيولوجية، ميكروبيومي المرتبطة بها على حد سواء معقدة ووفرة (أيالبراز)، ولكن لبعض العينات، ممثلة في ميكروبيومي بانخفاض الكتلة الحيوية الميكروبية (أي، واللبن البشري، والجهاز التنفسي السفلي) حيث حساسية والتحف الفنية التجريبية، والتلوث المحتمل تصبح القضايا الرئيسية. التحديات المشتركة في الدراسات ميكروبيومي والتصميم التجريبي المناسب قد خضعت متعددة استعراض المواد5،6،،من78.
المقدمة في هذه الوثيقة هو خط أنابيب تجريبية قوية خ ع استناداً إلى المستهدفة تسلسل الرنا الريباسي 16S V4 المنطقة9 تميز ميكروبيومي اللبن البشري. التحليل ميكروبيومي اللبن البشري معقدة ليس فقط طبيعتها منخفضة الكتلة الحيوية الميكروبية10، بل بالإضافة إلى ذلك بارتفاع مستويات الحمض النووي البشري الخلفية11،12،،من1314 و احتمال ترحيل PCR مثبطات15،16 في الحمض النووي المستخرج. يعتمد هذا البروتوكول على مجموعات استخراج المتاحة تجارياً ومنصات شبه الآلية التي يمكن أن تساعد في تقليل التغير عبر نموذج إعداد دفعات. ويضم مجتمع صورية بكتيرية المعالم التي يتم معالجتها جنبا إلى جنب مع عينات كعنصر تحكم الجودة للتحقق من صحة كل خطوة في البروتوكول، وتوفير مقياس مستقل من متانة الأنابيب. ورغم أن البروتوكول كوصف محدد لعينات اللبن البشري، وهو القابلة للتكييف وفقا لأنواع العينة الأخرى بما في ذلك البراز، المستقيم، المهبل، والجلد، ومسحات أريولار، وعن طريق الفم10،17، ويمكن أن تكون بمثابة نقطة انطلاق الباحثين الذين يرغبون في إجراء تحليلات ميكروبيومي.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="956">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">AllPrep RNA/DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">80204</td>
			<td style="width:395px;">DNA/RNA extraction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Eliminase</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">435532</td>
			<td>RNase, DNase, DNA decontaminant&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Thermo Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>temperature-controlled vortexer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Buffer RLT plus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>1053393</td>
			<td>guanidinium thiocyanate lysis buffer/ Part of Allprep kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#223;-Mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>63689-25ML-F</td>
			<td>&#223;-ME is a reducing agent that will irreversibly denature RNases by reducing disulfide bonds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">LME Beads</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914050</td>
			<td>bead tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAgen TissueLyzer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>85300</td>
			<td>automated sample disruptor adapter set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAshredder column</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>&#160;79654</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAgen RB tube</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>manufacturer&#39;s microcentrifuge tube in kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAcube and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>9001292</td>
			<td>automated DNA/RNA purification instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">DNA exitus plus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Applichem</td>
			<td>A7089</td>
			<td>non-enzymatic decontamination solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">EB Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">19086</td>
			<td>elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAgility and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>9001532</td>
			<td>robotic liquid handler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR water</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MO BIO</td>
			<td>17000-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5PRIME HotMasterMix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Quantabio</td>
			<td>2200400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Barcoded reverse primers</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Eurofin</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">No Catalog #&#39;s</td>
			<td>designed and ordered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">&#160;96 well PCR plate</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">USA scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">1402-9708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Tapestation 2200 and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>G2964AA</td>
			<td>automated DNA/RNA fragment analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D1000 reagents for Tapestation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-5585</td>
			<td>Sample buffer and ladder are part of this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Zymo Research</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">50444470</td>
			<td>PCR inhibitor removal is done per the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">28104</td>
			<td>DNA clean up kit: silica-membrane-based purification of PCR products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Q32854</td>
			<td>dimethylsulfoxide-based dilution buffer and dye are part of this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Q33216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">NanoDrop</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">MiSeq 300 V2 kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>15033624/15033626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">MiSeq&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">No Catalog #&#39;s</td>
			<td>next generation sequencer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for targeted 16s sequencing of human milk samples

وقد أصبحت دراسات المجتمعات الميكروبية على نطاق واسع مع وضع تسلسل غير مكلفة نسبيا والسريع، وارتفاع الإنتاجية. ومع ذلك، كما هو الحال مع جميع هذه التكنولوجيات، تعتمد النتائج استنساخه على سير عمل مختبر الذي يشتمل على الاحتياطات اللازمة والضوابط. وهذا أهمية خاصة مع العينات منخفضة-الكتلة الحيوية حيث تلويث الحمض النووي البكتيري يمكن أن تولد نتائج مضللة. هذه المادة تفاصيل سير شبه الآلي التعرف على الميكروبات من عينات حليب الثدي البشري استخدام تسلسل المستهدفة من منطقة V4 الريباسي الحمض النووي الريبي (الرنا الريباسي) 16S على نطاق throughput منخفضة إلى متوسطة. وصف البروتوكول إعداد عينة من الحليب الكامل الدسم بما في ذلك: عينة تحلل، واستخراج الحمض النووي، والتضخيم من منطقة V4 16S الرنا الريباسي الجينات، وإعداد مكتبة بتدابير مراقبة الجودة. الأهم من ذلك، البروتوكول والمناقشة النظر في القضايا التي البارزة في إعداد وتحليل العينات منخفضة-الكتلة الحيوية بما في ذلك الضوابط المناسبة الإيجابية والسلبية، وإزالة المانع بكر، تلوث العينة بالبيئية، الكاشف، أو مصادر تجريبية، وأفضل الممارسات التجريبية الرامية إلى ضمان إمكانية تكرار نتائج. حين البروتوكول كما هو موضح محددة لعينات اللبن البشري، أنها قابلة للتكيف للعديد من أنواع عينة الكتلة الأحيائية المنخفضة والعالية، بما في ذلك عينات جمعت في مسحات، مجمدة نظيفة، أو استقر في المخزن مؤقت الحفاظ على.

ويشمل البروتوكول المعروضة هنا خطوات مهمة مراقبة الجودة (مراقبة الجودة) لضمان أن تجتمع البيانات التي تم إنشاؤها بالنقاط المرجعية لبروتوكول التحكم حساسية وخصوصية، والتلوث. يتبع الأول QC خطوة البروتوكول [بكر] تضخيم المنطقة V4 16S (الشكل 2). ميليلتر واحد من المنت...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples at JoVE.com

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

ويرد سير شبه الآلي لتسلسل الرنا الريباسي 16S من اللبن البشري وأنواع العينة منخفض-الكتلة الأحيائية الأخرى المستهدفة.

أسلوب لتسلسل 16S المستهدفة من عينات اللبن البشري

Studies of microbial communities have become widespread with the development of relatively inexpensive, rapid, and high throughput sequencing. However, as ...

a-method-for-targeted-16s-sequencing-of-human-milk-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.7K Views.  University of California at Los Angeles. ويرد سير شبه الآلي لتسلسل الرنا الريباسي 16S من اللبن البشري وأنواع العينة منخفض-الكتلة الأحيائية الأخرى المستهدفة.

Video: A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

الاستدلال الوراثي من HIV - 1 Tropism باستخدام السكان على أساس تسلسل V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence of novel viral pathogens, such as SARS coronavirus and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, that are not detectable by traditional methods. To address these challenges, we have previously developed and validated a pan-viral microarray platform called the Virochip with the capacity to detect all known viruses as well as novel variants on the basis of conserved sequence homology1. Using the Virochip, we have identified the full spectrum of viruses associated with respiratory infections, including cases of unexplained critical illness in hospitalized patients, with a sensitivity equivalent to or superior to conventional clinical testing2-5. The Virochip has also been used to identify novel viruses, including the SARS coronavirus6,7, a novel rhinovirus clade5, XMRV (a retrovirus linked to prostate cancer)8, avian bornavirus (the cause of a wasting disease in parrots)9, and a novel cardiovirus in children with respiratory and diarrheal illness10. The current version of the Virochip has been ported to an Agilent microarray platform and consists of ~36,000 probes derived from over ~1,500 viruses in GenBank as of December of 2009. Here we demonstrate the steps involved in processing a Virochip assay from start to finish (~24 hour turnaround time), including sample nucleic acid extraction, PCR amplification using random primers, fluorescent dye incorporation, and microarray hybridization, scanning, and analysis.

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The Virochip is a pan-viral microarray designed to simultaneously detect all known viruses as well as novel viruses on the basis of conserved sequence homology. Here we demonstrate how to run a Virochip assay to analyze clinical samples for the presence of both known and unknown viruses.

باستخدام الفحص ميكروأري عموم الفيروسي (Virochip) إلى الشاشة العينات السريرية لمسببات الأمراض الفيروسية

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo

Enveloped viruses utilize membrane glycoproteins on their surface to mediate entry into host cells. Three-dimensional structural analysis of these glycoprotein &#8216;spikes&#8217; is often technically challenging but important for understanding viral pathogenesis and in drug design. Here, a protocol is presented for viral spike structure determination through computational averaging of electron cryo-tomography data. Electron cryo-tomography is a technique in electron microscopy used to derive three-dimensional tomographic volume reconstructions, or tomograms, of pleomorphic biological specimens such as membrane viruses in a near-native, frozen-hydrated state. These tomograms reveal structures of interest in three dimensions, albeit at low resolution. Computational averaging of sub-volumes, or sub-tomograms, is necessary to obtain higher resolution detail of repeating structural motifs, such as viral glycoprotein spikes. A detailed computational approach for aligning and averaging sub-tomograms using the Jsubtomo software package is outlined. This approach enables visualization of the structure of viral glycoprotein spikes to a resolution in the range of 20-40 &#197; and study of the study of higher order spike-to-spike interactions on the virion membrane. Typical results are presented for Bunyamwera virus, an enveloped virus from the family Bunyaviridae. This family is a structurally diverse group of pathogens posing a threat to human and animal health.

An approach is presented for determining structures of viral membrane glycoprotein complexes using a combination of electron cryo-tomography and sub-tomogram averaging with the computational package Jsubtomo.

متوسط ​​الفيروسية مغلف جلايكوبروتين المسامير من الكترون Cryotomography إعادة بناء باستخدام Jsubtomo

Enveloped viruses utilize membrane glycoproteins on their surface to mediate entry into host cells. Three-dimensional structural analysis of these ...

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled DNA probes has been introduced. The paraffin-embedded tissues are the most common form of biopsy tissues available from pathology banks. Bacteria can be detected either in a species-specific or universal manner. Bacterial signals are detected as either discrete forms (coccus, rod, fusiform, and hairy form) of bacteria or dispersed forms. The technique allows other histological information to be obtained: the epithelia, connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels are well distinguished. This method can be used to study the role of bacteria in various diseases, such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

الكشف الموضعي من البكتيريا داخل أنسجة البارافين جزءا لا يتجزأ من استخدام المسمى الديجوكسين DNA التحقيق استهداف 16S الريباسي

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been ...

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases only few data, mostly published as case reports, are available which investigate the role of such pathogens as an infectious agent. Therefore, in order to clarify the pathogenic character of such microorganisms, it is necessary to conduct epidemiologic studies which include large numbers of these bacteria. The methods used in such a surveillance study have to meet the following criteria: the identification of the strains has to be accurate according to the valid nomenclature, they should be easy to handle (robustness), economical in routine diagnostics and they have to generate comparable results among different laboratories. Generally, there are three strategies for identifying bacterial strains in a routine setting: 1) phenotypic identification characterizing the biochemical and metabolic properties of the bacteria, 2) molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 3) mass spectrometry as a novel proteome based approach. Since mass spectrometry and molecular approaches are the most promising tools for identifying a large variety of bacterial species, these two methods are described. Advances, limitations and potential problems when using these techniques are discussed.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and molecular techniques (16S rRNA gene sequencing) permit the identification of rare bacterial pathogens in routine diagnostics. The goal of this protocol lies in the combination of both techniques which leads to more accurate and reliable data.

تحديد مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية النادرة التي 16S الريباسي جين تسلسل وMALDI-TOF MS

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide&#39;s concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for 125I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p&#160;&#60;0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p&#160;= 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p&#160;= 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.

The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans and yields higher peptide levels as well as allows for assessment of the correct molecular form. Therefore, this method will be a valuable tool in peptide research.

طريقة سريعة لمعالجة الدم إلى زيادة الغلة من مستويات البلازما الببتيد في الدم البشري

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the person-to-person route or indirectly through environmental surfaces or food, contaminated fomites and inanimate surfaces are important vehicles for the spread of the virus during norovirus outbreaks.
We developed and evaluated a protocol using macrofoam swabs for the detection and typing of human noroviruses from hard surfaces. Compared with fiber-tipped swabs or antistatic wipes, macrofoam swabs allow virus recovery (range 1.2-33.6%) from toilet seat surfaces of up to 700 cm2. The protocol includes steps for the extraction of the virus from the swabs and further concentration of the viral RNA using spin columns. In total, 127 (58.5%) of 217 swab samples that had been collected from surfaces in cruise ships and long-term care facilities where norovirus gastroenteritis had been reported tested positive for GII norovirus by RT-qPCR. Of these 29 (22.8%) could be successfully genotyped. In conclusion, detection of norovirus on environmental surfaces using the protocol we developed may assist in determining the level of environmental contamination during outbreaks as well as detection of virus when clinical samples are not available; it may also facilitate monitoring of effectiveness of remediation strategies.

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

مسحة طريقة أخذ العينات للكشف عن نوروفيروس الإنسان على السطوح

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the ...

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. The most important sources of human infections worldwide are game meat and pork or pork products. In many countries, the prevention of human trichinellosis is based on the identification of infected animals by means of the artificial digestion of muscle samples from susceptible animal carcasses.
There are several methods based on the digestion of meat but the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard. This method allows the detection of Trichinella larvae by microscopy after the enzymatic digestion of muscle samples and subsequent filtration and sedimentation steps. Although this method does not require special and expensive equipment, internal controls cannot be used. Therefore, stringent quality management should be applied throughout the test. The aim of the present work is to provide detailed handling instructions and critical control points of the method to analysts, based on the experience of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites and the National Reference Laboratory of Germany for Trichinella.

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

The prevention of human trichinellosis in many countries worldwide is based on the laboratory examination of muscle samples from susceptible animals by methods of digestion, of which the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard.

الطريقة النمام المغناطيسي للكشف عن<em&gt; الخيطيات</em&gt; يرقات في عينات العضلات

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode ...

Utilization of Capsules for Negative Staining of Viral Samples within Biocontainment

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. Most biological materials do not contain dense elements capable of scattering electrons to create an image; therefore, a negative stain, which places dense heavy metal salts around the sample, is required. In order to visualize viruses in suspension under the TEM they must be applied to small grids coated with a transparent surface only nanometers thick. Due to their small size and fragility, these grids are difficult to handle and easily moved by air currents. The thin surface is easily damaged, leaving the sample difficult or impossible to image. Infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and some require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL)-3 and -4 is especially challenging because these environments are more turbulent and technicians are required to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), which decreases dexterity. 
In this study, we evaluated a new device to assist in negative staining viruses in biocontainment. The device is a capsule that works as a specialized pipette tip. Once grids are loaded into the capsule, the user simply aspirates reagents into the capsule to deliver the virus and stains to the encapsulated grid, thus eliminating user handling of grids. Although this technique was designed specifically for use in BSL-3 or -4 biocontainment, it can ease sample preparation in any lab environment by enabling easy negative staining of virus. This same method can also be applied to prepare negative stained TEM specimens of nanoparticles, macromolecules and similar specimens.

This protocol provides instruction for negative staining virus samples which can easily be used in BSL-2, -3, or -4 laboratories. It includes the use of an innovative processing capsule, which protects the transmission electron microscopy grid and provides the user easier handling in the more turbulent environments within biocontainment.

استخدام كبسولات لالتلطيخ السلبي من العينات الفيروسية ضمن بيوكنتينمنت

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. Most ...

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of the vast repertoire of antibodies by the acquired immune systems, it has not yet been possible to arrive at a global view of a complete antibody repertoire. In particular, B cell repertoires have been regarded as a black box because of their astronomical number of antibody clones. However, next-generation sequencing technologies are enabling breakthroughs to increase our understanding of the B cell repertoire. In this report, we describe a simple and efficient method to visualize and analyze whole individual mouse and human antibody repertoires. From the immune organs, representatively from spleen in mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in humans, total RNA was prepared, reverse transcribed, and amplified using the 5&#39;-RACE method. Using a universal forward primer and antisense primers for the antibody class-specific constant domains, antibody mRNAs were uniformly amplified in proportions reflecting their frequencies in the antibody populations. The amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS), yielding more than 105 antibody sequences per immunological sample. We describe the protocols for antibody sequence analyses including V(D)J-gene-segment annotation, a bird&#39;s-eye view of the antibody repertoire, and our computational methods.

Here, we describe protocols for the analysis and visualization of the structure and constitution of whole antibody repertoires. This involves the acquisition of vast sequences of antibody RNA using next-generation sequencing.

تحديد الماوس وجسم الإنسان مبدع بتسلسل الجيل المقبل

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular ...

أسلوب لتسلسل 16S المستهدفة من عينات اللبن البشري

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Chapters in this video

الاستدلال الوراثي من HIV - 1 Tropism باستخدام السكان على أساس تسلسل V3

باستخدام الفحص ميكروأري عموم الفيروسي (Virochip) إلى الشاشة العينات السريرية لمسببات الأمراض الفيروسية

متوسط الفيروسية مغلف جلايكوبروتين المسامير من الكترون Cryotomography إعادة بناء باستخدام Jsubtomo

الكشف الموضعي من البكتيريا داخل أنسجة البارافين جزءا لا يتجزأ من استخدام المسمى الديجوكسين DNA التحقيق استهداف 16S الريباسي

تحديد مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية النادرة التي 16S الريباسي جين تسلسل وMALDI-TOF MS

طريقة سريعة لمعالجة الدم إلى زيادة الغلة من مستويات البلازما الببتيد في الدم البشري

مسحة طريقة أخذ العينات للكشف عن نوروفيروس الإنسان على السطوح

الطريقة النمام المغناطيسي للكشف عن

استخدام كبسولات لالتلطيخ السلبي من العينات الفيروسية ضمن بيوكنتينمنت

تحديد الماوس وجسم الإنسان مبدع بتسلسل الجيل المقبل

أسلوب لتسلسل 16S المستهدفة من عينات اللبن البشري

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

الاستدلال الوراثي من HIV - 1 Tropism باستخدام السكان على أساس تسلسل V3

باستخدام الفحص ميكروأري عموم الفيروسي (Virochip) إلى الشاشة العينات السريرية لمسببات الأمراض الفيروسية

متوسط ​​الفيروسية مغلف جلايكوبروتين المسامير من الكترون Cryotomography إعادة بناء باستخدام Jsubtomo

الكشف الموضعي من البكتيريا داخل أنسجة البارافين جزءا لا يتجزأ من استخدام المسمى الديجوكسين DNA التحقيق استهداف 16S الريباسي

تحديد مسببات الأمراض البكتيرية النادرة التي 16S الريباسي جين تسلسل وMALDI-TOF MS

طريقة سريعة لمعالجة الدم إلى زيادة الغلة من مستويات البلازما الببتيد في الدم البشري

مسحة طريقة أخذ العينات للكشف عن نوروفيروس الإنسان على السطوح

الطريقة النمام المغناطيسي للكشف عن

استخدام كبسولات لالتلطيخ السلبي من العينات الفيروسية ضمن بيوكنتينمنت

تحديد الماوس وجسم الإنسان مبدع بتسلسل الجيل المقبل

متوسط الفيروسية مغلف جلايكوبروتين المسامير من الكترون Cryotomography إعادة بناء باستخدام Jsubtomo