Nos gustaría agradecer a Helty Adisetiyo, PhD y Shangxin Yang, PhD para el desarrollo del protocolo. Apoyo total para el internacional materno pediátrico adolescentes SIDA clínico ensayos grupo (IMPAACT) fue proporcionada por el Instituto Nacional de alergias y enfermedades infecciosas (NIAID) de los institutos nacionales de salud (NIH) números de premio UM1AI068632 (IMPAACT LOC), UM1AI068616 (IMPAACT SDMC) y UM1AI106716 (IMPAACT LC), con cofinanciación de Eunice Kennedy Shriver Instituto Nacional de salud infantil y desarrollo humano (NICHD) y el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental (NIMH). El contenido es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no representan necesariamente la opinión oficial de los NIH.

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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+HIV+infection+influences+the+microbiome+of+HIV-uninfected+infants.">Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants.</a> Sci Transl Med. 8 (349), 349ra100 (2016).</li><li>Cox, M. J., Cookson, W. O., Moffatt, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+the+human+microbiome+in+health+and+disease.">Sequencing the human microbiome in health and disease.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 22 (R1), R88-R94 (2013).</li><li>Lauder, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+placenta+samples+with+contamination+controls+does+not+provide+evidence+for+a+distinct+placenta+microbiota.">Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota.</a> Microbiome. 4 (1), 29 (2016).</li><li>Salter, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reagent+and+laboratory+contamination+can+critically+impact+sequence-based+microbiome+analyses.">Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses.</a> BMC Biol. 12, 87 (2014).</li><li>Walker, A. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+bias+of+illumina-based+bacterial+16S+rRNA+gene+profiles.">Evaluating bias of illumina-based bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 80 (18), 5717-5722 (2014).</li><li>Weiss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+down+the+sources+of+experimental+contamination+in+microbiome+studies.">Tracking down the sources of experimental contamination in microbiome studies.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (12), 564 (2014).</li><li>Aho, V. 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Mock microbial communities Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1">https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1</a> (2017)</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Objetivo generación secuenciación de 16S rRNA es una técnica ampliamente utilizada, rápida para microbioma caracterización18. Sin embargo, muchos factores, incluyendo efectos de lote, contaminación ambiental, contaminación de la muestra, sensibilidad y reproducibilidad pueden adversamente afectar resultados experimentales y confundir su interpretación7,19 , 20. para mejor facilitar el análisis de...

Las comunidades microbianas que colonizan seres humanos se creen que son críticamente importantes para la salud y la enfermedad que influyen en el metabolismo, desarrollo inmune, susceptibilidad a la enfermedad y las respuestas a la vacunación y medicamentos terapia1, 2. esfuerzos para comprender la influencia de la microbiota en la salud humana en la actualidad destacan la identificación de los microbios asociados con compartimentos anatómicos definidos (es decir, piel, intestinal, oral, etc.), así como de sitios localizados dentro de Estos compartimentos3,4. Estos esfuerzos de investigación que se basa es la rápida aparición y mayor accesibilidad de tecnologías de secuenciación de próxima generación (NGS) que proporcionan una plataforma masiva y en paralelo para el análisis del contenido genético microbiano (microbioma) de una muestra. Para muchos las muestras fisiológicas, el microbioma asociado es complejo y abundante (es decir, heces), pero, para algunas muestras, el microbioma está representada por la baja biomasa microbiana (es decir, leche humana, tracto respiratorio inferior) donde sensibilidad, artefactos experimentales y posible contaminación se convierten en cuestiones importantes. Los desafíos comunes de microbioma estudios y el diseño experimental apropiado han sido objeto de varios artículos de revisión5,6,de7,8.
Presentados en este documento es una tubería experimental robusta de NGS en base específica secuenciación del rRNA 16S V4 región9 para caracterizar el microbioma de la leche humana. Análisis de microbioma de la leche humana son complicado no sólo por una de biomasa microbiana inherentemente baja10, pero además por altos niveles de ADN humano fondo11,12,13,14 y potencial remanente de PCR inhibidores15,16 en ácido nucleico extraído. Este protocolo se basa en kits de extracción disponibles en el mercado y plataformas semi-automatizadas que pueden ayudar a minimizar la variabilidad entre lotes de preparación de muestra. Incorpora una comunidad simulada bacteriana bien definida que es procesada junto a las muestras como un control de calidad para validar cada paso en el protocolo y proporcionar una métrica independiente de robustez de la tubería. Aunque el protocolo como se describe es específico para las muestras de leche humana, es fácilmente adaptable a otros tipos de muestras como heces, rectal, vaginal, piel, frotis oral y areolar10,17y puede servir como punto de partida para investigadores que deseen realizar análisis de microbioma.

<table><tbody><tr><td>AllPrep RNA/DNA Mini Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>80204</td><td>DNA/RNA extraction kit</td></tr><tr><td>Eliminase</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>435532</td><td>RNase, DNase, DNA decontaminant</td></tr><tr><td>Thermo Mixer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td>temperature-controlled vortexer</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer RLT plus</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>1053393</td><td>guanidinium thiocyanate lysis buffer/ Part of Allprep kit</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;szlig;-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>63689-25ML-F</td><td>&amp;szlig;-ME is a reducing agent that will irreversibly denature RNases by reducing disulfide bonds</td></tr><tr><td>LME Beads</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>116914050</td><td>bead tube</td></tr><tr><td>QIAgen TissueLyzer</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>85300</td><td>automated sample disruptor adapter set</td></tr><tr><td>QIAshredder column</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>79654</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAgen RB tube</td><td></td><td></td><td>manufacturer&#039;s microcentrifuge tube in kit</td></tr><tr><td>QIAcube and related plasticware</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>9001292</td><td>automated DNA/RNA purification instrument</td></tr><tr><td>DNA exitus plus</td><td>Applichem</td><td>A7089</td><td>non-enzymatic decontamination solution</td></tr><tr><td>EB Buffer</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>19086</td><td>elution buffer</td></tr><tr><td>QIAgility and related plasticware</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>9001532</td><td>robotic liquid handler</td></tr><tr><td>PCR water</td><td>MO BIO</td><td>17000-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5PRIME HotMasterMix</td><td>Quantabio</td><td>2200400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barcoded reverse primers</td><td>Eurofin</td><td>No Catalog #&#039;s</td><td>designed and ordered</td></tr><tr><td>96 well PCR plate</td><td>USA scientific</td><td>1402-9708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tapestation 2200 and related plasticware</td><td>Agilent</td><td>G2964AA</td><td>automated DNA/RNA fragment analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>D1000 reagents for Tapestation</td><td>Agilent</td><td>5067-5585</td><td>Sample buffer and ladder are part of this kit</td></tr><tr><td>OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>50444470</td><td>PCR inhibitor removal is done per the manufacturer&#039;s instructions.</td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>DNA clean up kit: silica-membrane-based purification of PCR products</td></tr><tr><td>Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>Q32854</td><td>dimethylsulfoxide-based dilution buffer and dye are part of this kit.</td></tr><tr><td>Qubit Fluorometer</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>Q33216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NanoDrop</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td></td><td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td></tr><tr><td>MiSeq 300 V2 kit</td><td>Illumina</td><td>15033624/15033626</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MiSeq</td><td>Illumina</td><td>No Catalog #&#039;s</td><td>next generation sequencer</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for targeted 16s sequencing of human milk samples

Estudios de comunidades microbianas se han generalizado con el desarrollo de la secuencia relativamente barato, rápido y alto rendimiento. Sin embargo, al igual que con todas estas tecnologías, la reproducibilidad depende de un flujo de trabajo de laboratorio que incorpora controles y precauciones apropiadas. Esto es particularmente importante con las muestras de baja biomasa donde contaminantes ADN bacteriano pueden generar resultados engañosos. Este artículo detalla un flujo de trabajo semi automatizado para identificar microbios de las muestras de leche materna humana utilizando secuenciación específica de la región de V4 de ARN ribosómico (ARNr) 16S en una escala de bajo a medio throughput. El protocolo describe la preparación de las muestras de leche entera, incluyendo: lisis, extracción de ácidos nucleicos, la amplificación de la región V4 del gene del rRNA 16S y preparación de la biblioteca con las medidas de control de calidad de la muestra. Lo importante, el protocolo y la discusión consideran cuestiones que son salientes a la preparación y análisis de muestras de baja biomasa incluyendo controles positivos y negativos adecuados, eliminación de inhibidor de la polimerización en cadena, contaminación de las muestras ambiental, reactivo, o fuentes experimentales y experimentales mejores prácticas destinadas a garantizar la reproducibilidad. Mientras que el protocolo como se describe es específico para las muestras de leche humana, es adaptable a numerosos tipos de muestras de biomasa de baja y alta, incluyendo las muestras recogidas en torundas, congelados aseado o estabilizado en un buffer de conservación.

El protocolo que presentamos incluye pasos importante control de calidad (QC) para asegurar que la reunión de datos generados puntos de referencia para el control de sensibilidad, especificidad y la contaminación de protocolo. Primer paso de control de calidad del protocolo sigue la amplificación por PCR de la región 16S de V4 (figura 2). Un μl del producto de PCR de cada muestra se analizó por electroforesis para confirmar que estaba dentro del rango d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples at JoVE.com

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Se presenta un flujo de trabajo semi-automático para específica secuenciación de 16S rRNA de la leche humana y otros tipos de biomasa, bajo muestra.

Un método de secuenciación de 16S específica de las muestras de leche humana

Studies of microbial communities have become widespread with the development of relatively inexpensive, rapid, and high throughput sequencing. However, as ...

a-method-for-targeted-16s-sequencing-of-human-milk-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.8K vistas.  University of California at Los Angeles. Se presenta un flujo de trabajo semi-automático para específica secuenciación de 16S rRNA de la leche humana y otros tipos de biomasa, bajo muestra.

Video: A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Analysis of Fucosylated Human Milk Trisaccharides in Biotechnological Context Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrate components of human breast milk that exhibit plentiful benefits on infant health. However, optimization of their biotechnological synthesis is limited by the relatively low throughput of detection and quantification of monosaccharide and linkages. Conventional techniques of glycan analysis include chromatographic/mass-spectrometric methods with throughput on the order of hundreds of samples per day without automation. We demonstrate here, a genetically encoded bacterial biosensor for the high-throughput, linkage-specific detection and quantification of the fucosylated HMO structures, 2&#8217;-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose, which we achieved via heterologous expression of fucosidases. As the presence of lactose in milk or in biotechnological processes could lead to false positives, we also demonstrate the reduction of signal from lactose using different strategies. Due to the high throughput of this technique, many reaction conditions or bioreactor parameters could be assayed in parallel in a matter of hours, allowing for the optimization of HMO manufacturing.

We describe here the high-throughput detection and quantification of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) using a whole-cell biosensor. We also demonstrate here, the adaptation of this platform towards analysis of HMO production strains, focusing on improving the signal to noise ratio.

Análisis de los trisacáridos de leche Fucosylated humanos en contexto biotecnológico mediante genéticamente codifican en biosensores

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrate components of human breast milk that exhibit plentiful benefits on infant health. However, ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases only few data, mostly published as case reports, are available which investigate the role of such pathogens as an infectious agent. Therefore, in order to clarify the pathogenic character of such microorganisms, it is necessary to conduct epidemiologic studies which include large numbers of these bacteria. The methods used in such a surveillance study have to meet the following criteria: the identification of the strains has to be accurate according to the valid nomenclature, they should be easy to handle (robustness), economical in routine diagnostics and they have to generate comparable results among different laboratories. Generally, there are three strategies for identifying bacterial strains in a routine setting: 1) phenotypic identification characterizing the biochemical and metabolic properties of the bacteria, 2) molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 3) mass spectrometry as a novel proteome based approach. Since mass spectrometry and molecular approaches are the most promising tools for identifying a large variety of bacterial species, these two methods are described. Advances, limitations and potential problems when using these techniques are discussed.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and molecular techniques (16S rRNA gene sequencing) permit the identification of rare bacterial pathogens in routine diagnostics. The goal of this protocol lies in the combination of both techniques which leads to more accurate and reliable data.

La identificación de patógenos bacterianos raras por 16S rRNA gen secuenciación y MALDI-TOF MS

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in ...

Inmunología e Infección

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the long-lasting gold standards is to sequence 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons generated by domain-level PCR reactions amplifying from genomic DNA. Traditionally, this was performed by cloning and Sanger (capillary electrophoresis) sequencing of PCR amplicons. The advent of next-generation sequencing has tremendously simplified and increased the sequencing depth for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The introduction of benchtop sequencers now allows small labs to perform their 16S rRNA sequencing in-house in a matter of days. Here, an approach for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using a benchtop next-generation sequencer is detailed. The environmental DNA is first amplified by PCR using primers that contain sequencing adapters and barcodes. They are then coupled to spherical particles via emulsion PCR. The particles are loaded on a disposable chip and the chip is inserted in the sequencing machine after which the sequencing is performed. The sequences are retrieved in fastq format, filtered and the barcodes are used to establish the sample membership of the reads. The filtered and binned reads are then further analyzed using publically available tools. An example analysis where the reads were classified with a taxonomy-finding algorithm within the software package Mothur is given. The method outlined here is simple, inexpensive and straightforward and should help smaller labs to take advantage from the ongoing genomic revolution.

Characterizing microbial community has been a longstanding goal in environmental microbiology. Next-generation sequencing methods now allow for the characterization of microbial communities at an unprecedented depth with minimal cost and labor. We detail here our approach to sequence bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes using a benchtop sequencer.

La secuenciación de próxima generación de 16S ARN ribosomal genes Amplicones

One of the major questions in microbial ecology is &#8220;who is there?&#8221; This question can be answered using various tools, but one of the ...

Biología

Purifying the Impure: Sequencing Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes from Complex Animal-associated Samples

The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized many fields of biology. In order to better understand host-associated viral and microbial communities, a comprehensive workflow for DNA and RNA extraction was developed. The workflow concurrently generates viral and microbial metagenomes, as well as metatranscriptomes, from a single sample for next-generation sequencing. The coupling of these approaches provides an overview of both the taxonomical characteristics and the community encoded functions. The presented methods use Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sputum, a problematic sample type, because it is exceptionally viscous and contains high amount of mucins, free neutrophil DNA, and other unknown contaminants. The protocols described here target these problems and successfully recover viral and microbial DNA with minimal human DNA contamination. To complement the metagenomics studies, a metatranscriptomics protocol was optimized to recover both microbial and host mRNA that contains relatively few ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. An overview of the data characteristics is presented to serve as a reference for assessing the success of the methods. Additional CF sputum samples were also collected to (i) evaluate the consistency of the microbiome profiles across seven consecutive days within a single patient, and (ii) compare the consistency of metagenomic approach to a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based sequencing. The results showed that daily fluctuation of microbial profiles without antibiotic perturbation was minimal and the taxonomy profiles of the common CF-associated bacteria were highly similar between the 16S rDNA libraries and metagenomes generated from the hypotonic lysis (HL)-derived DNA. However, the differences between 16S rDNA taxonomical profiles generated from total DNA and HL-derived DNA suggest that hypotonic lysis and the washing steps benefit in not only removing the human-derived DNA, but also microbial-derived extracellular DNA that may misrepresent the actual microbial profiles.

Using the cystic fibrosis airway as an example, the manuscript presents a comprehensive workflow comprising a combination of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to characterize the microbial and viral communities in animal-associated samples.

Purificar el Impuro: Secuenciación metagenomes y Metatranscriptomes de complejos animales asociados a las muestras

The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized many fields of biology. In order to better understand host-associated viral and ...

Efficient Nucleic Acid Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Community Characterization

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing technologies have allowed for the rapid and efficient characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from a variety of sources. Although readily available tools for 16S rRNA sequence analysis have standardized computational workflows, sample processing for DNA extraction remains a continued source of variability across studies. Here we describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs. We also delineate downstream methods for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including generation of sequencing libraries, data quality control, and sequence analysis. The workflow can accommodate multiple samples types, including stool and swabs collected from a variety of anatomical locations and host species. Additionally, recovered DNA and RNA can be separated and used for other applications, including whole genome sequencing or RNA-seq. The method described allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates downstream analysis of genomic, metagenomic and transcriptional information.

We describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs for characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The method allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates a number of downstream analytic processes.

Efficient Nucleic Acid Extracción y 16S rRNA genes de secuenciación para bacteriana Comunidad Caracterización

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing ...

A Method to Assess Bacteriocin Effects on the Gut Microbiota of Mice

Very intriguing questions arise with our advancing knowledge on gut microbiota composition and the relationship with health, particularly relating to the factors that contribute to maintaining the population balance. However, there are limited available methodologies to evaluate these factors. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by many bacteria that may confer a competitive advantage for food acquisition and/or niche establishment. Many probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have great potential to promote human and animal health by preventing the growth of pathogens. They can also be used for immuno-modulation, as they produce bacteriocins. However, the antagonistic activity of bacteriocins is normally determined by laboratory bioassays under well-defined but over-simplified conditions compared to the complex gut environment in humans and animals, where bacteria face multifactorial influences from the host and hundreds of microbial species sharing the same niche. This work describes a complete and efficient procedure to assess the effect of a variety of bacteriocins with different target specificities in a murine system. Changes in the microbiota composition during the bacteriocin treatment are monitored using compositional 16S rDNA sequencing. Our approach uses both the bacteriocin producers and their isogenic non-bacteriocin-producing mutants, the latter giving the ability to distinguish bacteriocin-related from non-bacteriocin-related modifications of the microbiota. The fecal DNA extraction and 16S rDNA sequencing methods are consistent and, together with the bioinformatics, constitute a powerful procedure to find faint changes in the bacterial profiles and to establish correlations, in terms of cholesterol and triglyceride concentration, between bacterial populations and health markers. Our protocol is generic and can thus be used to study other compounds or nutrients with the potential to alter the host microbiota composition, either when studying toxicity or beneficial effects.

Bacteriocins are believed to play a key role in defining microbial diversity in different ecological niches. Here, we describe an efficient procedure to assess how bacteriocins affect gut microbiota composition in an animal model.

Un método para evaluar los efectos de bacteriocinas en la microbiota intestinal de ratones

Very intriguing questions arise with our advancing knowledge on gut microbiota composition and the relationship with health, particularly relating to the ...

Guided Protocol for Fecal Microbial Characterization by 16S rRNA-Amplicon Sequencing

The human intestinal microbiome plays a central role in protecting cells from injury, in processing energy and nutrients, and in promoting immunity. Deviations from what is considered a healthy microbiota composition (dysbiosis) may impair vital functions leading to pathologic conditions. Recent and ongoing research efforts have been directed toward the characterization of associations between microbial composition and human health and disease.
Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies enable characterization of the gut microbial composition. These methods include 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing and shotgun sequencing. 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing is used to profile taxonomical composition, while shotgun sequencing provides additional information about gene predictions and functional annotation. An advantage in using a targeted sequencing method of the 16S rRNA gene variable region is its substantially lower cost compared to shotgun sequencing. Sequence differences in the 16S rRNA gene are used as a microbial fingerprint to identify and quantify different taxa within an individual sample.
Major international efforts have enlisted standards for 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing. However, several studies report a common source of variation caused by batch effect. To minimize this effect, uniformed protocols for sample collection, processing, and sequencing must be implemented. This protocol proposes the integration of broadly used protocols starting from fecal sample collection to data analyses. This protocol includes a column-free, direct-PCR approach that enables simultaneous handling and DNA extraction of large numbers of fecal samples, along with PCR amplification of the V4 region. In addition, the protocol describes the analysis pipeline and provides a script using the latest version of QIIME (QIIME 2 version 2017.7.0 and DADA2). This step-by-step protocol is aimed to guide those interested in initiating the use of 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing in a robust, reproductive, easy to use, detailed way.

This manuscript describes a detailed standardized protocol of high-throughput 16S rRNA-amplicon sequencing. The protocol introduces an integrated, uniformed, feasible, and inexpensive protocol starting from fecal sample collection through data analyses. This protocol enables analysis of large numbers of samples with rigorous standards and several controls.

Protocolo guía para caracterización microbiana Fecal por secuencia de 16S rRNA-productos

The human intestinal microbiome plays a central role in protecting cells from injury, in processing energy and nutrients, and in promoting immunity. ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

Análisis de metagenómica cuasi de Salmonella de muestras alimentarias y ambientales

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the immune system. Perturbation of the healthy gut microbiome has been suggested to play a role in the development of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Environmental and genetic factors can influence the composition of the microbiome; therefore, identification of microbial communities linked with a disease phenotype has become the first step towards defining the microbiome&#8217;s role in health and disease. Use of 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing for profiling bacterial community has helped in advancing microbiome research. Despite its wide use, there is no uniform protocol for 16S rRNA-based taxonomic profiling analysis. Another limitation is the low resolution of taxonomic assignment due to technical difficulties such as smaller sequencing reads, as well as use of only forward (R1) reads in the final analysis due to low quality of reverse (R2) reads. There is need for a simplified method with high resolution to characterize bacterial diversity in a given biospecimen. Advancements in sequencing technology with the ability to sequence longer reads at high resolution have helped to overcome some of these challenges. Present sequencing technology combined with a publicly available metagenomic analysis pipeline such as R-based Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm-2 (DADA2) has helped advance microbial profiling at high resolution, as DADA2 can assign sequence at the genus and species levels. Described here is a guide for performing bacterial profiling using two-step amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by analysis using freely available analysis tools (i.e., DADA2, Phyloseq, and METAGENassist). It is believed that this simple and complete workflow will serve as an excellent tool for researchers interested in performing microbiome profiling studies.

Described here is a simplified standard operating procedure for microbiome profiling using 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing and analysis using freely available tools. This protocol will help researchers who are new to the microbiome field as well as those requiring updates on methods to achieve bacterial profiling at a higher resolution.

Análisis de microbiota utilizando PCR de dos pasos y secuenciación genética de rRNA 16S de próxima generación

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria that support physiologic functions such as food metabolism, energy harvesting, and regulation of the ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Restauración de la microbiota pasteurizada de leche de donante a partir de la propia leche materna

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Mother&#39;s own milk (MOM) is the most complete nutritional resource for newborns. In cases where mothers are unable to produce sufficient milk or cannot breastfeed, the preferred alternative is pasteurized donor human milk (PDM), which is routinely provided by human milk banks. PDM offers a superior range of nutritional and immunological elements compared to any commercially available formula. However, to ensure biosafety, PDM undergoes pasteurization, a process that inactivates commensal microbiota and reduces certain bioactive compounds. This study presents a protocol designed to restore the microbiota of PDM using MOM as a microbial source, adapting the approach to a real-world clinical setting.
The protocol was implemented in a clinical trial conducted at a maternity hospital and its associated human milk bank, with the aim of providing personalized donor milk to preterm infants whose mothers cannot produce sufficient milk. The methodology involves inoculating PDM with 10% of MOM, followed by incubation at 37 &#176;C for 4 h. Microbiological analysis demonstrated successful bacterial growth in the inoculated milk (IM) post incubation, with the microbiota profile of the reconstituted milk (RM) closely resembling that of MOM, indicating effective microbiota restoration. These results suggest that the reconstitution protocol is feasible for implementation in neonatal care, with the potential to enhance the nutritional and immunological quality of PDM, thereby supporting the health and development of non-breastfed newborns.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Reconstitución individualizada de la microbiota de la leche materna: un enfoque factible en entornos reales

The article describes a protocol for reconstituting pasteurized donor milk microbiota using the mother's own milk microbiota in practical, real-world settings. It demonstrates effective bacterial growth and microbiome modulation, supporting the feasible application of this procedure within the routine care of a maternity hospital and its associated human milk bank.

Reconstitución individualizada de la microbiota de la leche materna: un enfoque factible en entornos reales

Mother&#39;s own milk (MOM) is the most complete nutritional resource for newborns. In cases where mothers are unable to produce sufficient milk or cannot ...