プロトコルの開発の Helty Adisetiyo 博士と Shangxin 博士はヤンに感謝したいと思います。全体的なサポートのため、国際母性小児思春期エイズ臨床試験グループ (IMPAACT) は、国立研究所のアレルギーおよび感染症 (NIAID) の国立衛生の健康 (NIH) [受賞番号によって提供されました。UM1AI068632 (IMPAACT LOC)、UM1AI068616 (IMPAACT SDMC) と UM1AI106716 (IMPAACT LC)、児童保健および人間の開発 (NICHD) のユーニス · ケネディ · シュライバーの国立研究所、国立精神衛生研究所 (NIMH) からの共同資金とします。内容は著者の責任と NIH の公式見解を必ずしも表さない。

<ol>
	<li>Ahern, P. P., Faith, J. J., Gordon, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mining+the+human+gut+microbiota+for+effector+strains+that+shape+the+immune+system.">Mining the human gut microbiota for effector strains that shape the immune system.</a> Immunity. 40 (6), 815-823 (2014).</li><li>Postler, T. S., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Holobiont:+How+Microbial+Metabolites+Affect+Human+Health+and+Shape+the+Immune+System.">Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System.</a> Cell Metab. , (2017).</li><li>Hall, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inter-personal+diversity+and+temporal+dynamics+of+dental,+tongue,+and+salivary+microbiota+in+the+healthy+oral+cavity.">Inter-personal diversity and temporal dynamics of dental, tongue, and salivary microbiota in the healthy oral cavity.</a> NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 3, 2 (2017).</li><li>Perez Perez, G. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+Site+Is+a+More+Determinant+Factor+than+Human+Population+Diversity+in+the+Healthy+Skin+Microbiome.">Body Site Is a More Determinant Factor than Human Population Diversity in the Healthy Skin Microbiome.</a> PLoS One. 11 (4), e0151990 (2016).</li><li>Hamady, M., Knight, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+community+profiling+for+human+microbiome+projects:+Tools,+techniques,+and+challenges.">Microbial community profiling for human microbiome projects: Tools, techniques, and challenges.</a> Genome Res. 19 (7), 1141-1152 (2009).</li><li>Human Microbiome Project, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+human+microbiome+research.">A framework for human microbiome research.</a> Nature. 486 (7402), 215-221 (2012).</li><li>Kim, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+methods+and+dodging+pitfalls+in+microbiome+research.">Optimizing methods and dodging pitfalls in microbiome research.</a> Microbiome. 5 (1), 52 (2017).</li><li>Hugerth, L. W., Andersson, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+Microbial+Community+Composition+through+Amplicon+Sequencing:+From+Sampling+to+Hypothesis+Testing.">Analysing Microbial Community Composition through Amplicon Sequencing: From Sampling to Hypothesis Testing.</a> Front Microbiol. 8, 1561 (2017).</li><li>Caporaso, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high-throughput+microbial+community+analysis+on+the+Illumina+HiSeq+and+MiSeq+platforms.">Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms.</a> ISME J. 6 (8), 1621-1624 (2012).</li><li>Pannaraj, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+Between+Breast+Milk+Bacterial+Communities+and+Establishment+and+Development+of+the+Infant+Gut+Microbiome.">Association Between Breast Milk Bacterial Communities and Establishment and Development of the Infant Gut Microbiome.</a> JAMA Pediatr. , (2017).</li><li>Ho, F. C., Wong, R. L., Lawton, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+colostral+and+breast+milk+cells.+A+light+and+electron+microscopic+study.">Human colostral and breast milk cells. A light and electron microscopic study.</a> Acta Paediatr Scand. 68 (3), 389-396 (1979).</li><li>Parmely, M. J., Beer, A. E., Billingham, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+studies+on+the+T-lymphocyte+population+of+human+milk.">In vitro studies on the T-lymphocyte population of human milk.</a> J Exp Med. 144 (2), 358-370 (1976).</li><li>Sabbaj, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+immunodeficiency+virus-specific+CD8(+)+T+cells+in+human+breast+milk.">Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in human breast milk.</a> J Virol. 76 (15), 7365-7373 (2002).</li><li>Jimenez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenomic+Analysis+of+Milk+of+Healthy+and+Mastitis-Suffering+Women.">Metagenomic Analysis of Milk of Healthy and Mastitis-Suffering Women.</a> J Hum Lact. 31 (3), 406-415 (2015).</li><li>Ghosh, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+in+breast+milk.">Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in breast milk.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 41 (6), 2465-2470 (2003).</li><li>Lim, N. Y., Roco, C. A., Frostegard, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent+DNA/RNA+Co-extraction+Workflow+Protocol+Suitable+for+Inhibitor-Rich+Environmental+Samples+That+Focuses+on+Complete+DNA+Removal+for+Transcriptomic+Analyses.">Transparent DNA/RNA Co-extraction Workflow Protocol Suitable for Inhibitor-Rich Environmental Samples That Focuses on Complete DNA Removal for Transcriptomic Analyses.</a> Front Microbiol. 7, 1588 (2016).</li><li>Bender, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+HIV+infection+influences+the+microbiome+of+HIV-uninfected+infants.">Maternal HIV infection influences the microbiome of HIV-uninfected infants.</a> Sci Transl Med. 8 (349), 349ra100 (2016).</li><li>Cox, M. J., Cookson, W. O., Moffatt, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+the+human+microbiome+in+health+and+disease.">Sequencing the human microbiome in health and disease.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 22 (R1), R88-R94 (2013).</li><li>Lauder, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+placenta+samples+with+contamination+controls+does+not+provide+evidence+for+a+distinct+placenta+microbiota.">Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota.</a> Microbiome. 4 (1), 29 (2016).</li><li>Salter, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reagent+and+laboratory+contamination+can+critically+impact+sequence-based+microbiome+analyses.">Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses.</a> BMC Biol. 12, 87 (2014).</li><li>Walker, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=16S+rRNA+gene-based+profiling+of+the+human+infant+gut+microbiota+is+strongly+influenced+by+sample+processing+and+PCR+primer+choice.">16S rRNA gene-based profiling of the human infant gut microbiota is strongly influenced by sample processing and PCR primer choice.</a> Microbiome. 3, 26 (2015).</li><li>Glassing, A., Dowd, S. E., Galandiuk, S., Davis, B., Chiodini, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inherent+bacterial+DNA+contamination+of+extraction+and+sequencing+reagents+may+affect+interpretation+of+microbiota+in+low+bacterial+biomass+samples.">Inherent bacterial DNA contamination of extraction and sequencing reagents may affect interpretation of microbiota in low bacterial biomass samples.</a> Gut Pathog. 8, 24 (2016).</li><li>Kennedy, K., Hall, M. W., Lynch, M. D., Moreno-Hagelsieb, G., Neufeld, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+bias+of+illumina-based+bacterial+16S+rRNA+gene+profiles.">Evaluating bias of illumina-based bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 80 (18), 5717-5722 (2014).</li><li>Weiss, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+down+the+sources+of+experimental+contamination+in+microbiome+studies.">Tracking down the sources of experimental contamination in microbiome studies.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (12), 564 (2014).</li><li>Aho, V. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microbiome+of+the+human+lower+airways:+a+next+generation+sequencing+perspective.">The microbiome of the human lower airways: a next generation sequencing perspective.</a> World Allergy Organ J. 8 (1), 23 (2015).</li><li>Charlson, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topographical+continuity+of+bacterial+populations+in+the+healthy+human+respiratory+tract.">Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 184 (8), 957-963 (2011).</li><li>Bittinger, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+characterization+of+medically+relevant+fungi+in+the+human+respiratory+tract+using+next-generation+sequencing.">Improved characterization of medically relevant fungi in the human respiratory tract using next-generation sequencing.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (10), 487 (2014).</li><li>Jervis-Bardy, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deriving+accurate+microbiota+profiles+from+human+samples+with+low+bacterial+content+through+post-sequencing+processing+of+Illumina+MiSeq+data.">Deriving accurate microbiota profiles from human samples with low bacterial content through post-sequencing processing of Illumina MiSeq data.</a> Microbiome. 3, 19 (2015).</li><li>Knights, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bayesian+community-wide+culture-independent+microbial+source+tracking.">Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking.</a> Nat Methods. 8 (9), 761-763 (2011).</li><li>Lazarevic, V., Gaia, N., Girard, M., Schrenzel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decontamination+of+16S+rRNA+gene+amplicon+sequence+datasets+based+on+bacterial+load+assessment+by+qPCR.">Decontamination of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence datasets based on bacterial load assessment by qPCR.</a> BMC Microbiol. 16, 73 (2016).</li><li>Kurilshikov, A., Wijmenga, C., Fu, J., Zhernakova, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+Genetics+and+Gut+Microbiome:+Challenges+and+Perspectives.">Host Genetics and Gut Microbiome: Challenges and Perspectives.</a> Trends Immunol. 38 (9), 633-647 (2017).</li><li>. Mock microbial communities Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1">https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Microbiome_Standards.aspx?utm_id=t170601524l1</a> (2017)</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

16S rRNA の対象となる次世代シーケンスは、マイクロバイ評価18の広く使用されている、急速な手法です。バッチの効果、環境汚染、サンプルのクロスコンタミネーション、感度、再現性など、多くの要因が悪影響実験結果に影響を与えるし、その解釈7,19を混同,20. 良い実験的なデザイン、適切なコントロ?...

人間を植民地化する微生物は人間の健康、代謝、免疫の開発、疾患感受性と予防接種や薬物療法1,への応答に影響を及ぼす疾患はとても重要と考えられて2. 現在細菌叢の人間の健康に及ぼす影響を理解するための努力を強調内のローカライズされたサイトだけでなく、定義された解剖学的なコンパートメント(すなわち皮膚、腸、口腔など)に関連付けられている微生物の同定これらのコンパートメント3,では、4が。これらの調査の努力を支え、急速な出現と増加アクセシビリティ サンプルの微生物の遺伝の内容 (マイクロバイ) の解析の並列プラットフォームを提供する次世代シーケンサー (NGS) 技術です。多くの生理学的なサンプルに関連付けられたマイクロバイは複雑で豊富な (すなわちスツール), しかし、いくつかのサンプル、マイクロバイで表される (すなわち母乳、下気道) の低いバイオマス、感度、実験的工芸品および可能な汚染の主要な問題になります。マイクロバイ研究と適切な実験的なデザインの共通の課題複数レビュー記事5,6,7,8の対象とされています。
ここに記載した NGS の堅牢な実験的パイプラインは母乳のマイクロバイを特徴付ける rRNA の 16S V4 地域9のターゲット シーケンスに基づきます。人間のミルクのマイクロバイ分析は複雑なヒトの DNA レベル背景11,12,13,14の本質的に低いバイオマス10でだけ、また高と抽出した核酸の PCR 阻害剤15,16の潜在的な持ち越し。このプロトコルは、市販の抽出キットおよびサンプル調製バッチの間で変動を最小限に抑え、半自動化されたプラットフォームに依存します。プロトコルの各ステップを検証し、パイプラインの頑健性の独立したメトリックを提供する品質管理としてのサンプルと一緒に処理は、明確に定義された細菌モック コミュニティを組み込まれています。スツール、直腸、膣、皮膚、疎性結合、および経口綿棒10,17, を含む他のサンプル タイプに容易に適応可能であるそれとの開始点として使用できるプロトコルとしては説明母乳サンプルに固有ですが、マイクロバイ解析を実行したい研究者。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="956">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">AllPrep RNA/DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">80204</td>
			<td style="width:395px;">DNA/RNA extraction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Eliminase</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">435532</td>
			<td>RNase, DNase, DNA decontaminant&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Thermo Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>temperature-controlled vortexer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Buffer RLT plus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>1053393</td>
			<td>guanidinium thiocyanate lysis buffer/ Part of Allprep kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#223;-Mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>63689-25ML-F</td>
			<td>&#223;-ME is a reducing agent that will irreversibly denature RNases by reducing disulfide bonds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">LME Beads</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>116914050</td>
			<td>bead tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAgen TissueLyzer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>85300</td>
			<td>automated sample disruptor adapter set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAshredder column</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>&#160;79654</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAgen RB tube</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>manufacturer&#39;s microcentrifuge tube in kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAcube and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>9001292</td>
			<td>automated DNA/RNA purification instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">DNA exitus plus</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Applichem</td>
			<td>A7089</td>
			<td>non-enzymatic decontamination solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">EB Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">19086</td>
			<td>elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAgility and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>9001532</td>
			<td>robotic liquid handler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR water</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MO BIO</td>
			<td>17000-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5PRIME HotMasterMix</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Quantabio</td>
			<td>2200400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Barcoded reverse primers</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Eurofin</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">No Catalog #&#39;s</td>
			<td>designed and ordered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">&#160;96 well PCR plate</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">USA scientific</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">1402-9708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Tapestation 2200 and related plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>G2964AA</td>
			<td>automated DNA/RNA fragment analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D1000 reagents for Tapestation&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-5585</td>
			<td>Sample buffer and ladder are part of this kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Zymo Research</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">50444470</td>
			<td>PCR inhibitor removal is done per the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">28104</td>
			<td>DNA clean up kit: silica-membrane-based purification of PCR products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Q32854</td>
			<td>dimethylsulfoxide-based dilution buffer and dye are part of this kit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Qubit Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Q33216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">NanoDrop</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:153px;"></td>
			<td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">MiSeq 300 V2 kit</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Illumina</td>
			<td>15033624/15033626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">MiSeq&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">No Catalog #&#39;s</td>
			<td>next generation sequencer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for targeted 16s sequencing of human milk samples

微生物の研究が比較的安価、迅速、かつ高スループット シーケンスの開発と普及します。しかし、これらのすべてのテクノロジと同様再現性のある結果は適切な予防とコントロールを組み込んだ室のワークフローに依存します。これは、バクテリアの DNA を汚染すると誤解を招く結果を生成できます低バイオマス サンプルと特に重要です。この記事は、低半ば throughput スケールの 16S リボソーム RNA (rRNA) V4 領域のターゲット シーケンスを使用して人間の母乳サンプルから微生物を識別するために半自動化されたワークフローを詳しく説明します。プロトコル記述から全乳を含む試料: 換散、核酸抽出、増幅 16S rRNA 遺伝子と品質への取り組みと図書館準備の V4 領域のサンプルします。重要なは、プロトコルおよび議論は顕著な準備と適切な正と負のコントロール、PCR 阻害物質の除去、サンプルの汚染を含む環境、試薬による低バイオマス試料の分析には、問題を考慮または実験のソース、および再現性を確保するために設計されたベスト ・ プラクティスの実験。前述のプロトコルは母乳サンプルに固有ですが、綿棒、きちんとした、または保全バッファーで安定化を凍結で収集されたサンプルを含む多数の低と高バイオマス サンプル タイプに適応されます。

ここで提示されたプロトコルには、生成されたデータのミートがプロトコルの感度、特異性、および汚染制御のベンチマーク テストを確認する重要な品質管理 (QC) 手順が含まれています。プロトコルの最初の品質管理手順に従います PCR 増幅 16S V4 地域 (図 2)。各サンプルからの PCR の製品の 1 つの μ L は 315 450 bp (図 2の赤?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples at JoVE.com

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

人間のミルク、その他低バイオマス サンプル タイプから 16 s rrna ターゲット シーケンスの半自動化されたワークフローが表示されます。

人間のミルクのサンプルのターゲット 16S シーケンス法

Studies of microbial communities have become widespread with the development of relatively inexpensive, rapid, and high throughput sequencing. However, as ...

a-method-for-targeted-16s-sequencing-of-human-milk-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.7K ビュー.  University of California at Los Angeles. 人間のミルク、その他低バイオマス サンプル タイプから 16 s rrna ターゲット シーケンスの半自動化されたワークフローが表示されます。

ビデオ: A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

V3の人口ベースのシーケンシングを用いたHIV - 1トロピズムの遺伝子型推論

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

免疫・感染学

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay (Virochip) to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence of novel viral pathogens, such as SARS coronavirus and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, that are not detectable by traditional methods. To address these challenges, we have previously developed and validated a pan-viral microarray platform called the Virochip with the capacity to detect all known viruses as well as novel variants on the basis of conserved sequence homology1. Using the Virochip, we have identified the full spectrum of viruses associated with respiratory infections, including cases of unexplained critical illness in hospitalized patients, with a sensitivity equivalent to or superior to conventional clinical testing2-5. The Virochip has also been used to identify novel viruses, including the SARS coronavirus6,7, a novel rhinovirus clade5, XMRV (a retrovirus linked to prostate cancer)8, avian bornavirus (the cause of a wasting disease in parrots)9, and a novel cardiovirus in children with respiratory and diarrheal illness10. The current version of the Virochip has been ported to an Agilent microarray platform and consists of ~36,000 probes derived from over ~1,500 viruses in GenBank as of December of 2009. Here we demonstrate the steps involved in processing a Virochip assay from start to finish (~24 hour turnaround time), including sample nucleic acid extraction, PCR amplification using random primers, fluorescent dye incorporation, and microarray hybridization, scanning, and analysis.

Using a Pan-Viral Microarray Assay Virochip to Screen Clinical Samples for Viral Pathogens

The Virochip is a pan-viral microarray designed to simultaneously detect all known viruses as well as novel viruses on the basis of conserved sequence homology. Here we demonstrate how to run a Virochip assay to analyze clinical samples for the presence of both known and unknown viruses.

ウイルス性病原体のために臨床サンプルをスクリーニングするためにパンウイルスマイクロアレイアッセイ（Virochip）を使用して、

The diagnosis of viral causes of many infectious diseases is difficult due to the inherent sequence diversity of viruses as well as the ongoing emergence ...

Averaging of Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Spikes from Electron Cryotomography Reconstructions using Jsubtomo

Enveloped viruses utilize membrane glycoproteins on their surface to mediate entry into host cells. Three-dimensional structural analysis of these glycoprotein &#8216;spikes&#8217; is often technically challenging but important for understanding viral pathogenesis and in drug design. Here, a protocol is presented for viral spike structure determination through computational averaging of electron cryo-tomography data. Electron cryo-tomography is a technique in electron microscopy used to derive three-dimensional tomographic volume reconstructions, or tomograms, of pleomorphic biological specimens such as membrane viruses in a near-native, frozen-hydrated state. These tomograms reveal structures of interest in three dimensions, albeit at low resolution. Computational averaging of sub-volumes, or sub-tomograms, is necessary to obtain higher resolution detail of repeating structural motifs, such as viral glycoprotein spikes. A detailed computational approach for aligning and averaging sub-tomograms using the Jsubtomo software package is outlined. This approach enables visualization of the structure of viral glycoprotein spikes to a resolution in the range of 20-40 &#197; and study of the study of higher order spike-to-spike interactions on the virion membrane. Typical results are presented for Bunyamwera virus, an enveloped virus from the family Bunyaviridae. This family is a structurally diverse group of pathogens posing a threat to human and animal health.

An approach is presented for determining structures of viral membrane glycoprotein complexes using a combination of electron cryo-tomography and sub-tomogram averaging with the computational package Jsubtomo.

Jsubtomoを用いた電子Cryotomography再建からのウイルスのエンベロープ糖タンパク質スパイクの平均化

Enveloped viruses utilize membrane glycoproteins on their surface to mediate entry into host cells. Three-dimensional structural analysis of these ...

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled DNA probes has been introduced. The paraffin-embedded tissues are the most common form of biopsy tissues available from pathology banks. Bacteria can be detected either in a species-specific or universal manner. Bacterial signals are detected as either discrete forms (coccus, rod, fusiform, and hairy form) of bacteria or dispersed forms. The technique allows other histological information to be obtained: the epithelia, connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels are well distinguished. This method can be used to study the role of bacteria in various diseases, such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

16S rRNAのをターゲットジゴキシン標識DNAプローブを用いたパラフィン包埋組織内細菌のその場検出で

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been ...

Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases only few data, mostly published as case reports, are available which investigate the role of such pathogens as an infectious agent. Therefore, in order to clarify the pathogenic character of such microorganisms, it is necessary to conduct epidemiologic studies which include large numbers of these bacteria. The methods used in such a surveillance study have to meet the following criteria: the identification of the strains has to be accurate according to the valid nomenclature, they should be easy to handle (robustness), economical in routine diagnostics and they have to generate comparable results among different laboratories. Generally, there are three strategies for identifying bacterial strains in a routine setting: 1) phenotypic identification characterizing the biochemical and metabolic properties of the bacteria, 2) molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 3) mass spectrometry as a novel proteome based approach. Since mass spectrometry and molecular approaches are the most promising tools for identifying a large variety of bacterial species, these two methods are described. Advances, limitations and potential problems when using these techniques are discussed.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and molecular techniques (16S rRNA gene sequencing) permit the identification of rare bacterial pathogens in routine diagnostics. The goal of this protocol lies in the combination of both techniques which leads to more accurate and reliable data.

16S rRNAの遺伝子配列決定およびMALDI-TOF MSによるレア細菌性病原体の同定

There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the correct determination of a peptide&#39;s concentration, it should be stable during blood processing. However, this is not the case for several peptides which are quickly degraded by endogenous peptidases. Recently, we developed a blood processing method employing Reduced temperatures, Acidification, Protease inhibition, Isotopic exogenous controls and Dilution (RAPID) for the use in rats. Here, we have established this technique for the use in humans and investigated recovery, molecular form and circulating concentration of food intake regulatory hormones. The RAPID method significantly improved the recovery for 125I-labeled somatostatin-28 (+39%), glucagon-like peptide-1 (+35%), acyl ghrelin and glucagon (+32%), insulin and kisspeptin (+29%), nesfatin-1 (+28%), leptin (+21%) and peptide YY3-36 (+19%) compared to standard processing (EDTA blood on ice, p&#160;&#60;0.001). High performance liquid chromatography showed the elution of endogenous acyl ghrelin at the expected position after RAPID processing, while after standard processing 62% of acyl ghrelin were degraded resulting in an earlier peak likely representing desacyl ghrelin. After RAPID processing the acyl/desacyl ghrelin ratio in blood of normal weight subjects was 1:3 compared to 1:23 following standard processing (p&#160;= 0.03). Also endogenous kisspeptin levels were higher after RAPID compared to standard processing (+99%, p&#160;= 0.02). The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans, yields higher peptide levels and allows for assessment of the correct molecular form.

The RAPID blood processing method can be used in humans and yields higher peptide levels as well as allows for assessment of the correct molecular form. Therefore, this method will be a valuable tool in peptide research.

血液処理のための迅速な方法は、ヒト血液中の血漿ペプチドレベルの収量を増やすには

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the person-to-person route or indirectly through environmental surfaces or food, contaminated fomites and inanimate surfaces are important vehicles for the spread of the virus during norovirus outbreaks.
We developed and evaluated a protocol using macrofoam swabs for the detection and typing of human noroviruses from hard surfaces. Compared with fiber-tipped swabs or antistatic wipes, macrofoam swabs allow virus recovery (range 1.2-33.6%) from toilet seat surfaces of up to 700 cm2. The protocol includes steps for the extraction of the virus from the swabs and further concentration of the viral RNA using spin columns. In total, 127 (58.5%) of 217 swab samples that had been collected from surfaces in cruise ships and long-term care facilities where norovirus gastroenteritis had been reported tested positive for GII norovirus by RT-qPCR. Of these 29 (22.8%) could be successfully genotyped. In conclusion, detection of norovirus on environmental surfaces using the protocol we developed may assist in determining the level of environmental contamination during outbreaks as well as detection of virus when clinical samples are not available; it may also facilitate monitoring of effectiveness of remediation strategies.

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

表面上のヒトノロウイルスの検出のためのスワブサンプリング方法

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the ...

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode larvae of the genus Trichinella. The most important sources of human infections worldwide are game meat and pork or pork products. In many countries, the prevention of human trichinellosis is based on the identification of infected animals by means of the artificial digestion of muscle samples from susceptible animal carcasses.
There are several methods based on the digestion of meat but the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard. This method allows the detection of Trichinella larvae by microscopy after the enzymatic digestion of muscle samples and subsequent filtration and sedimentation steps. Although this method does not require special and expensive equipment, internal controls cannot be used. Therefore, stringent quality management should be applied throughout the test. The aim of the present work is to provide detailed handling instructions and critical control points of the method to analysts, based on the experience of the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites and the National Reference Laboratory of Germany for Trichinella.

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

The prevention of human trichinellosis in many countries worldwide is based on the laboratory examination of muscle samples from susceptible animals by methods of digestion, of which the magnetic stirrer method is considered the gold standard.

の検出のための磁気スターラー方法<em&gt;旋毛虫</em筋肉試料中&gt;幼虫

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode ...

Utilization of Capsules for Negative Staining of Viral Samples within Biocontainment

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. Most biological materials do not contain dense elements capable of scattering electrons to create an image; therefore, a negative stain, which places dense heavy metal salts around the sample, is required. In order to visualize viruses in suspension under the TEM they must be applied to small grids coated with a transparent surface only nanometers thick. Due to their small size and fragility, these grids are difficult to handle and easily moved by air currents. The thin surface is easily damaged, leaving the sample difficult or impossible to image. Infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and some require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL)-3 and -4 is especially challenging because these environments are more turbulent and technicians are required to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), which decreases dexterity. 
In this study, we evaluated a new device to assist in negative staining viruses in biocontainment. The device is a capsule that works as a specialized pipette tip. Once grids are loaded into the capsule, the user simply aspirates reagents into the capsule to deliver the virus and stains to the encapsulated grid, thus eliminating user handling of grids. Although this technique was designed specifically for use in BSL-3 or -4 biocontainment, it can ease sample preparation in any lab environment by enabling easy negative staining of virus. This same method can also be applied to prepare negative stained TEM specimens of nanoparticles, macromolecules and similar specimens.

This protocol provides instruction for negative staining virus samples which can easily be used in BSL-2, -3, or -4 laboratories. It includes the use of an innovative processing capsule, which protects the transmission electron microscopy grid and provides the user easier handling in the more turbulent environments within biocontainment.

Biocontainmentにおけるウイルスサンプルの陰性染色のためのカプセルの利用

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. Most ...

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of the vast repertoire of antibodies by the acquired immune systems, it has not yet been possible to arrive at a global view of a complete antibody repertoire. In particular, B cell repertoires have been regarded as a black box because of their astronomical number of antibody clones. However, next-generation sequencing technologies are enabling breakthroughs to increase our understanding of the B cell repertoire. In this report, we describe a simple and efficient method to visualize and analyze whole individual mouse and human antibody repertoires. From the immune organs, representatively from spleen in mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in humans, total RNA was prepared, reverse transcribed, and amplified using the 5&#39;-RACE method. Using a universal forward primer and antisense primers for the antibody class-specific constant domains, antibody mRNAs were uniformly amplified in proportions reflecting their frequencies in the antibody populations. The amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS), yielding more than 105 antibody sequences per immunological sample. We describe the protocols for antibody sequence analyses including V(D)J-gene-segment annotation, a bird&#39;s-eye view of the antibody repertoire, and our computational methods.

Here, we describe protocols for the analysis and visualization of the structure and constitution of whole antibody repertoires. This involves the acquisition of vast sequences of antibody RNA using next-generation sequencing.

マウスと次世代シーケンサーによるひと抗体のレパートリーの同定

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular ...