<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>SFEMG في القوارض: تقييم وظيفة NMJ في الصحة والمرض

<ol>
	<li>Stalberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation+velocity+in+human+muscle+fibers+in+situ.">Propagation velocity in human muscle fibers in situ.</a> Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 287, 1-112 (1966).</li><li>St&#229;lberg, E., Trontelj, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+study+of+normal+and+abnormal+neuromuscular+transmission+with+single+fibre+electromyography.">The study of normal and abnormal neuromuscular transmission with single fibre electromyography.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 74 (2), 145-154 (1997).</li><li>Sanders, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+single+fiber+EMG.">Guidelines for single fiber EMG.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 130 (8), 1417-1439 (2019).</li><li>Chugh, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+junction+transmission+failure+is+a+late+phenotype+in+aging+mice.">Neuromuscular junction transmission failure is a late phenotype in aging mice.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 86, 182-190 (2020).</li><li>Padilla, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+age-related+muscle+weakness+and+wasting:+Neuromuscular+junction+transmission+as+a+driver+of+age-related+physical+decline.">Profiling age-related muscle weakness and wasting: Neuromuscular junction transmission as a driver of age-related physical decline.</a> GeroScience. 43 (3), 1265-1281 (2021).</li><li>Selvan, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-fiber+EMG:+A+review.">Single-fiber EMG: A review.</a> Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 14 (1), 64-67 (2011).</li><li>Sanders, D. B., Kouyoumdjian, J. A., St&#229;lberg, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+fiber+electromyography+and+measuring+jitter+with+concentric+needle+electrodes.">Single fiber electromyography and measuring jitter with concentric needle electrodes.</a> Muscle Nerve. 66 (2), 118-130 (2022).</li><li>Juel, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+fiber+electromyography.">Single fiber electromyography.</a> Handb Clin Neurol. 160, 303-310 (2019).</li><li>Chung, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+dying-back+axonal+degeneration+in+age-associated+skeletal+muscle+decline.">Evidence for dying-back axonal degeneration in age-associated skeletal muscle decline.</a> Muscle Nerve. 55 (6), 894-901 (2017).</li><li>Iyer, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follistatin-induced+muscle+hypertrophy+in+aged+mice+improves+neuromuscular+junction+innervation+and+function.">Follistatin-induced muscle hypertrophy in aged mice improves neuromuscular junction innervation and function.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 104, 32-41 (2021).</li><li>Meekins, G. D., Carter, G. T., Emery, M. J., Weiss, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+degeneration+in+the+trembler-j+mouse+demonstrated+by+stimulated+single-fiber+electromyography.">Axonal degeneration in the trembler-j mouse demonstrated by stimulated single-fiber electromyography.</a> Muscle Nerve. 36 (1), 81-86 (2007).</li><li>Gooch, C. L., Mosier, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+single+fiber+electromyography+in+the+mouse:+Techniques+and+normative+data.">Stimulated single fiber electromyography in the mouse: Techniques and normative data.</a> Muscle Nerve. 24 (7), 941-945 (2001).</li><li>Chung, T., Tian, Y., Walston, J., Hoke, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+single-fiber+jitter+level+is+associated+with+reduction+in+motor+function+with+aging.">Increased single-fiber jitter level is associated with reduction in motor function with aging.</a> Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 97 (8), 551-556 (2018).</li><li>Sokolow, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+neuromuscular+transmission+and+skeletal+muscle+fiber+necrosis+in+mice+lacking+na/ca+exchanger+3.">Impaired neuromuscular transmission and skeletal muscle fiber necrosis in mice lacking na/ca exchanger 3.</a> J Clin Investig. 113 (2), 265-273 (2004).</li><li>A&#241;or, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+jitter+by+stimulated+single-fiber+electromyography+in+normal+dogs.">Evaluation of jitter by stimulated single-fiber electromyography in normal dogs.</a> J Vet Intern Med. 17 (4), 545-550 (2003).</li><li>Mizrachi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMO-IgG+and+AQP4+peptide+can+induce+aggravation+of+eamg+and+immune-mediated+muscle+weakness.">NMO-IgG and AQP4 peptide can induce aggravation of eamg and immune-mediated muscle weakness.</a> J Immunol Res. 2018, 5389282 (2018).</li><li>Lin, T. S., Cheng, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+single-fiber+electromyography+in+the+rat.">Stimulated single-fiber electromyography in the rat.</a> Muscle Nerve. 21 (4), 482-489 (1998).</li><li>Finley, D. B., Wang, X., Graff, J. E., Herr, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+fiber+electromyographic+jitter+and+detection+of+acute+changes+in+neuromuscular+function+in+young+and+adult+rats.">Single fiber electromyographic jitter and detection of acute changes in neuromuscular function in young and adult rats.</a> J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 59 (2), 108-119 (2009).</li><li>Khan, Z. H., Hajipour, A., Zebardast, J., Alomairi, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+relaxants+in+anesthesia+practice:+A+narrative+review.">Muscle relaxants in anesthesia practice: A narrative review.</a> Arch Anesthesiol Crit Care. 4 (4), 547-552 (2018).</li><li>Padua, L., Caliandro, P., St&#229;lberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+approach+to+the+measurement+of+motor+conduction+velocity+using+a+single+fibre+emg+electrode.">A novel approach to the measurement of motor conduction velocity using a single fibre emg electrode.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 118 (9), 1985-1990 (2007).</li><li>Khoo, A., Hay Mar, H., Borghi, M. V., Catania, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiologic+evaluation+of+myasthenia+gravis+and+its+mimics:+Real-world+experience+with+single-fiber+electromyography.">Electrophysiologic evaluation of myasthenia gravis and its mimics: Real-world experience with single-fiber electromyography.</a> Hosp Pract. 50 (5), 373-378 (2022).</li><li>Nannan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+of+lamin+a/c+in+preventing+neuromuscular+junction+decline+in+mice.">A role of lamin a/c in preventing neuromuscular junction decline in mice.</a> J Neurosci. 40 (38), 7203 (2020).</li><li>Alley, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grip+strength+cutpoints+for+the+identification+of+clinically+relevant+weakness.">Grip strength cutpoints for the identification of clinically relevant weakness.</a> J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 69 (5), 559-566 (2014).</li><li>Juel, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Neurophysiology+of+Neuromuscular+Junction+Disease.">Clinical Neurophysiology of Neuromuscular Junction Disease.</a> Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 161, 291-303 (2019).</li><li>Rich, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+neuromuscular+transmission+in+health+and+disease.">The control of neuromuscular transmission in health and disease.</a> Neuroscientist. 12 (2), 134-142 (2006).</li><li>Juel, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+neuromuscular+junction+disorders+in+the+electromyography+laboratory.">Evaluation of neuromuscular junction disorders in the electromyography laboratory.</a> Neurol Clin. 30 (2), 621-639 (2012).</li><li>Arnold, W. D., Clark, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+junction+transmission+failure+in+aging+and+sarcopenia:+The+nexus+of+the+neurological+and+muscular+systems.">Neuromuscular junction transmission failure in aging and sarcopenia: The nexus of the neurological and muscular systems.</a> Ageing Res Rev. 89, 101966 (2023).</li><li>Kokubun, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+values+for+concentric+needle+single+fiber+EMG.">Reference values for concentric needle single fiber EMG.</a> Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 52 (11), 1246-1248 (2012).</li><li>Testelmans, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rocuronium+exacerbates+mechanical+ventilation-induced+diaphragm+dysfunction+in+rats.">Rocuronium exacerbates mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction in rats.</a> Crit Care Med. 34 (12), 3018-3023 (2006).</li><li>Suzuki, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+infusion+of+rocuronium+bromide+prolongs+emergence+from+propofol+anesthesia+in+rats.">Intravenous infusion of rocuronium bromide prolongs emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats.</a> PLoS One. 16 (2), e0246858 (2021).</li><li>St&#229;lberg, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+values+for+jitter+recorded+by+concentric+needle+electrodes+in+healthy+controls:+A+multicenter+study.">Reference values for jitter recorded by concentric needle electrodes in healthy controls: A multicenter study.</a> Muscle Nerve. 53 (3), 351-362 (2016).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;27 G Reusable Single Fiber Needle Electrode</td>
			<td>Technomed</td>
			<td>202860-000</td>
			<td>singlefiber recording electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Glass Syringe</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>SOMNO-2ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detachable Cable</td>
			<td>Technomed</td>
			<td>202845-0000</td>
			<td>to connect the recorder electrode to the electrodiagnostic machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable 2&#34; x 2&#34; disc electrode with leads</td>
			<td>Cadwell</td>
			<td>302290-000</td>
			<td>ground electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disposable monopolar needles 28 G</td>
			<td>Technomed</td>
			<td>202270-000</td>
			<td>cathode and anode stimulating electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG needle cable (Amp/stim switch box)</td>
			<td>Cadwell</td>
			<td>190266-200</td>
			<td>to connect monopolar electrodes to electrodiagnostic stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helping Hands alligator clip with iron base</td>
			<td>Radio Shack</td>
			<td>64-079</td>
			<td>Maintaining recording electrode placement&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane (250 mL bottle)</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoject curved tip irrigating syringe</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>81412012</td>
			<td>utilized for application of electrode gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhysioSuite Physiological Monitoring System with RightTemp Homeothermic Warming</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>PS-RT</td>
			<td>Includes infrared warming pad, rectal probe, and pad temperature probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pro trimmer Pet Grooming Kit</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>078577-010-003</td>
			<td>clippers for hair removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Endotracheal Tubes (16 G)</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocoronium Bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PHR2397-500MG</td>
			<td>neuromuscular blocker agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sierra Summit EMG system</td>
			<td>Cadwell Industries, Inc., Kennewick, WA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>portable electrodiagnostic system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SomnoSuite Low-Flow Digital Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific Corporation</td>
			<td>SOMNO</td>
			<td>Includes anti-spill, anti-vapor bottle top adapter; Y adapter tubing; charcoal scavenging filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinarian petroleum-based ophthalmic ointment&#160;</td>
			<td>Puralube</td>
			<td>26870</td>
			<td>applied during anesthesia to avoid corneal injury</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stimulated single fiber electromyography (sfemg) for assessing neuromuscular junction transmission in rodent models

Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) was initially developed by St&#229;lberg and Ekstedt in the 1960s to identify and analyze action potentials from individual muscle fibers, primarily to study muscle fatigue1. SFEMG is the most sensitive clinical technique for the assessment of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission2. SFEMG is conducted by selectively recording single fiber action potentials (SFAPs)3. NMJ transmission can be compromised due to factors like aging4,5 and various neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis6. Furthermore, conditions such as ischemia, fluctuations in temperature, and the use of neuromuscular blocking agents can result in deficiencies in NMJ transmission, manifested by increased NMJ transmission variability and occurrences of NMJ failure2.
There are two approaches to recording SFEMG: stimulated and voluntary SFEMG. Voluntary SFEMG involves recording SFAPs from two NMJs supplied by the same motor axon using a concentric needle electrode inserted into the muscle being tested during voluntary activation7. Accordingly, voluntary SFEMG requires cooperation from the subject and can only assess low-threshold motor units (those activated during weak contractions)3. Stimulated SFEMG uses a pair of stimulating electrodes to stimulate motor axons while recording SFAPs with an SFEMG needle electrode inserted into the muscle being tested7.
In both voluntary and stimulated SFEMG, jitter and blocking are the two parameters used to assess and quantify NMJ transmission8. Jitter describes the variability in timing (latency) between consecutive SFAPs. During voluntary SFEMG, jitter is quantified by assessing the latency differences between a pair of SFAPs (supplied by the same motor axon) during 50 to 100 consecutive discharges. During stimulated SFEMG, jitter is quantified by assessing the latency differences between the stimulation timing and the onset of the SFAP during 50 to 100 consecutive discharges. Blocking indicates failure of NMJ transmission to trigger an SFAP response, and it can be quantified as the presence or absence of each pair of SFAPs during voluntary SFEMG or for each NMJ during stimulated SFEMG2,7.
While an established and sensitive test in the clinical setting, SFEMG has only been infrequently applied in preclinical research4,5,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. In this report, we outline the approach to performing and analyzing SFEMG recordings in preclinical rodent models. Furthermore, we present representative data that highlights representative findings on SFEMG that indicate impairment of NMJ transmission following administration of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, rocuronium.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>كاشفة الكاتب: التطبيقات الانتقالية ل SFEMG المحفز في نماذج القوارض

تخطيط كهربية العضل أحادي الألياف المحفز (SFEMG) لتقييم انتقال الوصلات العصبية العضلية في نماذج القوارض

In this report, we present a stepwise approach to stimulate single fiber EMG in rodents. Additionally, in a rat model of brocorion-induced neurovascular junction transmission failure, we demonstrate the all or non appearance of single fiber action potentials and provide representative examples of increased jitter and blocking. Single fiber EMG is a well established clinical diagnostic test, but its application in preclinical studies is limited.Our protocol bridges this gap by clearly outlining the procedural steps for qualifying jitter and blocking to characterize rodent models of aging in a neuromuscular disease. Our lab focuses on translational neuromuscular physiology in the context of health, aging, and disease. By leveraging techniques that can be applied both in preclinical and clinical studies, our findings can be more readily translatable to improve human health.

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Stimulated Single Fiber Electromyography SFEMG for Assessing Neuromuscular Junction Transmission in Rodent Models at JoVE.com

As the final connection between the nervous system and muscle, transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is crucial for normal motor function. ...

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Research

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Neuroscience

Stimulated Single Fiber Electromyography (SFEMG) for Assessing Neuromuscular Junction Transmission in Rodent Models

409 Views.  University of Missouri. في هذا التقرير ، نقدم نهجا تدريجيا لتحفيز مخطط كهربية العضل أحادي الألياف في القوارض. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، في نموذج الفئران لفشل انتقال الوصلات الوعائية العصبية الناجم عن البروكوريون ، نوضح كل أو عدم ظهور إمكانات عمل الألياف المفردة ونقدم أمثلة تمثيلية لز?...

Video: كاشفة الكاتب: التطبيقات الانتقالية ل SFEMG المحفز في نماذج القوارض

As the final connection between the nervous system and muscle, transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is crucial for normal motor function. Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) is a clinically relevant and sensitive technique that measures single muscle fiber action potential responses during voluntary contractions or nerve stimulations to assess NMJ transmission. The assessment and quantification of NMJ transmission involves two parameters: jitter and blocking. Jitter refers to the variability in timing (latency) between consecutive single-fiber action potentials (SFAPs). Blocking signifies the failure of NMJ transmission to initiate an SFAP response. Although SFEMG is a well-established and sensitive test in clinical settings, its application in preclinical research has been relatively infrequent. This report outlines the steps and criteria employed in performing stimulated SFEMG to quantify jitter and blocking in rodent models. This technique can be used in preclinical and clinical studies to gain insights into NMJ function in the context of health, aging, and disease.

In this study, we demonstrate a refined single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) protocol to allow in vivo measurement of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission in rodent models. A step-by-step approach to the SFEMG technique is described to allow quantification of NMJ transmission variability and failure in rat gastrocnemius muscle.

Measurement of Neuromuscular Junction Transmission Using Stimulated Single Fiber Electromyography

To begin, wear appropriate personal protection equipment. Before the procedure, weigh the rat to determine the correct dose for weight-based medications and ventilator settings. After anesthetizing the rat, place the rat in a prone position.To confirm the depth of anesthesia, use forceps to gently press the hind limb footpad and check for the absence of a withdrawal response. Now apply a veterinarian approved petroleum-based ointment to the rat's eyes to prevent dryness. Observe the respiratory rate and assess for withdrawal responses as shown earlier.Then using clippers, shave the hind limb of the rat. Use adhesive tape to position the limb with the ankle fixed at 90 degrees dorsiflexion, the knee in extension, and the hip in abduction. Afterwards, insert a pair of insulated 28 gauge monopolar needles for stimulating the sciatic nerve with the cathode placed in the region of the proximal hind limb and the anode positioned more proximally within the subcutaneous tissue, overlaying the sacrum.Then position a disposable ground electrode on the contralateral hind limb or tail. Carefully insert a 27 gauge, 25 millimeter autoclave needle electrode, specifically designed for single fiber electromyography into the right gastrocnemius muscle. Insert the single fiber electromyography needle electrode in parallel with the gastrocnemius muscle fibers to capture single fiber action potential.Apply constant current stimulation to the right sciatic nerve at 10 hertz frequency, using an intensity range of 0.3 to 10 milliamperes and a pulse duration of 0.1 milliseconds. Adjust the gain from 200 microvolts to 1000 microvolts per division to enhance the visualization of potential. Configure the sweep speed to be 500 microseconds per division.To classify a response as an SFAP, it must exhibit a rise time shorter than 500 microseconds, a minimum amplitude of 200 microvolts, and demonstrate all or none behavior. Calculate the jitter or variability of SFAP latency between consecutive discharges after at least 50 stimulations using the given equation. Assess and quantify blocking.After evaluating 10 synapses from each animal, calculate the jitter and determine the average values per animal. When recording potentials that show intermittent blocking, increase the stimulus intensity to confirm that SFAP failure is not due to submaximal stimulation. During rocuronium administration, single fiber EMG showed increased variability of transmission and neuromuscular junction blocking as compared to healthy individuals.