需要订阅 JoVE 才能查看此. 登录或开始免费试用。
Method Article
色斑试验作为合成 Cathinones 快速检测的推定工具
Please note that all translations are automatically generated. Click here for the English version.
摘要
在这里, 我们提出了一个简单的, 廉价的, 选择性化学斑点测试协议, 以检测合成 cathinones, 一类新的精神活性物质。该议定书适用于遇到非法材料的各个执法领域。
摘要
合成 cathinones 是一大类新的精神活性物质 (NPS), 越来越普遍的药物缉获由执法和其他边境保护机构在全球范围内。颜色测试是一种推定的识别技术, 它使用快速而不复杂的化学方法来表示某一特定药物类别的存在或缺失。由于其相对较近的出现, 目前尚不具备对合成 cathinones 的具体鉴定的颜色测试。在这项研究中, 我们引入了一个协议的推定识别的合成 cathinones, 采用三水试剂溶液: 铜 (II) 硝酸盐, 29-二甲基-110-菲咯啉 (试剂) 和醋酸钠。将疑似药物的小针头大小 (大约 0.1-0.2 毫克) 添加到瓷斑板的井中, 然后在加热板上依次添加滴。在10分钟后, 从非常浅的蓝色到黄橙色的颜色变化表明可能存在的合成 cathinones。在法医实验室中, 这种高度稳定和特异的试验试剂有可能用于推定筛选未知样品, 用于合成 cathinones。然而, 对颜色变化结果的额外加热步骤的滋扰限制了测试的实验室应用, 并降低了容易翻译到现场测试的可能性。
引言
非法药物市场的运作与传统业务相似, 继续发展并适应不断变化的市场。现代技术的进步, 特别是在全球范围内, 强大的通信的激增, 通过暗网1和用户之间通过在线论坛2的广泛知识共享而增加了在线购买。与化学的进步相结合, 新的精神活性物质 (NPS) 的迅速出现, 给国际和国家药物管制带来了严重的挑战。
NPS 是有潜在危险的滥用药物, 对国际管制下的药物有类似的影响。最初作为 "法律" 的替代品销售, 在2009和 20163之间向联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处 (禁毒办) 报告了 739 NPS。根据最近的年度报告, 在澳大利亚边境截获了一个记录数量的 NPS, 其中大多数是经过分析的, 进一步被确定为合成 cathinones4。在全球范围内, 自2010年首次报告以来, 合成 cathinones 的缉获量稳步增加, 是最常见的被缉获的 NPS5之一。
NPS 所构成的挑战主要是已发布的讨论主题6,7。法医实验室和执法人员处于劣势, 没有适当的方法在迅速出现时发现和识别核动力源。广泛的研究, 包括合成 cathinones 的检测, 在缴获的材料, 已使用气相色谱-质谱 (gc-ms)8和液相色谱-高分辨率质谱 (LC-人力资源)9验证性分析。对最小样品制备的需求不断增加, 已见红外和拉曼光谱10研究以及环境电离质谱分析, 如实时质谱直接分析 (DART-MS)11,12. 在该领域对快速、敏感的分析的需要也看到了将纸喷雾电离质谱 (PSI) 纳入到便携式设备中, 供执法人员13使用。许多仪器技术提供了验证性的分析与敏感的检测和定量的结果。但是, 对于高通量分析, 由于样品的准备、运行时间和仪器的培训和维护, 它们可能会耗费时间。
假定的颜色测试旨在建议在测试示例14中存在或缺少某些药物类。被缉获药物分析科学工作组 (SWGDRUG) 将颜色测试归类为最低的辨别力技术, 同时使用紫外光谱和免疫15。但是, 与其他技术相比, 执法部门和其他安全人员仍然广泛雇用他们, 以大大降低成本提供迅速的结果。彩色斑点测试方法所提供的主要优势是能够使用便携式测试套件在现场执行。
颜色测试的选择性取决于测试试剂与药物类之间发生的个别化学反应, 从而产生颜色变化。目前的推定测试协议缺乏检测合成 cathinones 的特殊测试;通常使用的试剂缺乏特异性和含有有害物质。其他推荐试剂尚未在大量可能的合成 cathinone 物质上进行筛选16。
这项工作的目的是提出一个简单的颜色测试协议, 可以很容易地使用的有关各方的初步筛选的合成 cathinones 在未知成分的非法物质。有关各方将包括执法部门、边防保护机构、法医实验室和其他有关安全人员。所提出的方法采用电子接受铜络合物试剂和富电子合成 cathinone 药物分子之间的还原氧化反应。使用这些化学方法开发, 你可以应用它们的形式推定颜色测试, 建议存在的合成 cathinones。
研究方案
1. 颜色测试试剂溶液的制备
注: 将0.12 克硝酸铜重三水成干100毫升的烧杯。加入30毫升的去离子 (DI) 水, 在室温下小心地旋转, 以溶解所有固体。将这个溶液倒入100毫升的容积烧瓶中, 用 DI 水填充到标定的标记上。这个准备好的溶液是试剂1。
注: 试剂1可使用其他铜 (ii) 盐,如氯化铜 (ii) 制备。
- 称0.11 克 29-二甲基-110-邻菲咯啉 (试剂) 半水合物为干100毫升烧杯。加入50毫升0.10 摩尔/L 盐酸 (HCl), 并使用玻璃搅拌棒促进固体在室温下溶解。将这个溶液倒入100毫升的容积烧瓶中, 用0.10 摩尔/L HCl 填充到标定的标记上。这个准备好的溶液是试剂2。
注意: 试剂是剧毒的, 会引起皮肤发炎和严重的眼部损伤。在处理时戴上手套和安全眼镜, 以尽量减少暴露的风险。
注: 试剂只是微溶于水, 因此, 稀酸用于制备此试剂, 并确保所有固体溶解。 - 将16.4 克醋酸钠放入干100毫升的烧杯中。加入50毫升的 DI 水, 用玻璃搅拌棒在室温下促进固体的溶解。将这个溶液倒入100毫升的容积烧瓶中, 用 DI 水填充到标定的标记上。这个准备好的溶液是试剂3。
注意: 协议可以在此处暂停。该试剂是高度稳定的, 可储存在室温下长达12月。
2. 颜色测试
- 收集一个清洁的瓷斑板, 三一次性管, 三试剂解决方案在步骤 2.1, 一清洁刮刀, 电动板和样品/缴获的材料进行测试。
- 使用刮刀, 放置一个小的, 针头大小的数量 (约 0.1-0.2 毫克) 的未知样品成三单独的井瓷斑板。留下三相邻井空 (空白控制) 和另外三个井与相等的数额 4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC), 一个综合 cathinone 参考样品 (正面控制)。
注: 首选的测试表面是瓷斑板。如果这些不可用, 使用塑料微板或半微型试管。 - 使用一次性吸管, 添加5滴硝酸铜溶液 (试剂 1) 到每个样品井, 除了空白和积极控制井。
- 使用第二个一次性吸管, 添加2滴的试剂溶液 (试剂 2) 到每个样品井, 除了空白和积极控制井。
- 使用第三个一次性吸管, 添加2滴醋酸钠溶液 (试剂 3) 到每个样品井, 除了空白和积极控制井。
注: 溶液变成浅蓝色。 - 将瓷斑板直接放置在80° c 的电动板上。
注: 请勿在板上直接加热塑料微板。准备一个浅沸腾的水浴, 设置塑料板。在小型沸水浴中加热半微量试管。观察颜色变化所需的精确时间将取决于光斑板的厚度和组成。
注意: 在处理斑点板时要小心, 以防烫伤。 - 加热10分钟后, 用肉眼观察并注意最终颜色的变化或拍摄最后颜色变化的照片。
注意: 使用白色背景可以更好地可视化颜色变化。
结果
通过几项研究验证了测试协议, 其结果在利et al.中进行了描述17. 颜色测试方法可以通过从浅蓝色到橙色 (图 1) 的颜色变化, 推定检测未知样品中的合成 cathinones。在加热周期后发生的黄色和橙色变化被认为是阳性测试结果和任何其他颜色变化, 包括非常微弱的黄色或在 heatingare 被视为负数之前发生的变化 (表 1)。
讨论
这种颜色测试协议是根据苏拉亚·奥贝德et al发布的实验工作改编的。18中, 作者演示了在阿拉伯茶叶工厂提取的 cathinone 中出现颜色变化的情况。对已公布的议定书进行修改是必要的, 以预见其在推定的非法药物检测中的应用。最重要的考虑是减少反应的规模。本文件所述的议定书旨在适用于街头抽样和药物缉获。
所描述的协议提供了一个简单的假设?...
披露声明
作者没有什么可透露的。
致谢
作者希望通过澳大利亚政府的研究培训计划获得对摩根利的支持。
材料
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Chemicals | |||
| Reagents and solvents | |||
| neocuproine hemihydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | 72090 | ≥99.0%. Acute toxicity |
| copper(II) nitrate trihydrate | Sigma Aldrich | 61197 | 98.0%-103% |
| sodium acetate | Ajax Finechem | AJA680 | anhydrous |
| hydrochloric acid | RCI Labscan | RP 1106 | 36%. Corrosive |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Powders | |||
| ascorbic acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 104 | L |
| benzocaine | Sigma-Aldrich | E1501 | |
| benzoic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 242381 | ≥99.5% |
| boric acid | Silform Chemicals | R27410 | |
| caffeine | Sigma-Aldrich | C0750 | |
| cellulose | Sigma-Aldrich | 435236 | microcrystalline |
| calcium chloride | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 960 | |
| citric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 160 | |
| codeine phosphate | Glaxo | - | Acute toxicity |
| cysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | 168149 | L |
| dimethylsulfone | Sigma-Aldrich | M81705 | 98% |
| ephedrine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 285749 | 99%. Acute toxicity |
| glucose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 783 | D, anhydrous |
| glutathione | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 234 | |
| glycine | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 1083 | |
| lactose | Sigma | L254 | D, monohydrate |
| levamisole HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | PHR1798 | Acute toxicity |
| magnesium sulphate | Scharlau | MA0080 | anhydrous, extra pure |
| maltose | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 1126 | Bacteriological |
| mannitol | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 310 | |
| O-acetylsalicylic Acid | Sigma-Aldrich | A5376 | |
| phenethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | 241008 | |
| phenolphthalein | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 368 | Acute toxicity |
| potassium carbonate | Chem-Supply | PA021 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium carbonate | Chem-Supply | SA099 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium chloride | Rowe Scientific | CC10363 | |
| starch | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1254 | soluble |
| stearic acid | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1255 | |
| sucrose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 530 | |
| tartaric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 537 | (+) |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Household products | |||
| artificial sweetener | ALDI Be Light | n/a | Contains aspartame |
| brown sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| icing sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| caster sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| paracetamol tablet | Panadol | n/a | |
| protein powder | Aussie Bodies ProteinFX | n/a | |
| self-raising | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| plain flour | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Reference compounds | controlled or illegal substances | ||
| Cathinone-type substances | |||
| 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1024 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl | Lipomed | PTD-1507-HC | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10970.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10927.13 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10971.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB) | Chiron Chemicals | 10925.18 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1275.64 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.02 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (MDPBP) HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D973 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D962 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D942 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D977 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D951b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1035 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D947b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.03 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D969 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D952 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D968 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D937b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone HCl (4-MBC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1026 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D964 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D974 | Acute toxicity potential |
| cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D929 | Acute toxicity potential |
| dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1027 | Acute toxicity potential |
| iso-ethcathinone HCl | Chiron Chemicals | 10922.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D724 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D960 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-diethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D957 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D958 | Acute toxicity potential |
| naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D981 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D959 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylbuphedrone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1013 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D938b | Acute toxicity potential |
| pentylone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D992 | Acute toxicity potential |
| pyrovalerone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D985 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1011 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1006 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1005 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (α-PBP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1012 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D986b | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D956 | Acute toxicity potential |
| β-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D948 | Acute toxicity potential |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Other substances | |||
| (-)-ephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M924 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (-)-methylephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M243 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+)-cathine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M297 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D842 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D792c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-methamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D816e | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D739c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D450a | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M296 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D903 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D907 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D906 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D905 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D922 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D470b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D919 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D749 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone | Synthesised in-house | n/a | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D946 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D933 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D453b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D810b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D396b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D758b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D943b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluorococaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D854b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D934 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D824b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D756 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D908b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D963 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylpropiophenone | Sigma-Aldrich | 517925 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D954 | Acute toxicity potential |
| amphetamine sulphate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D420d | Acute toxicity potential |
| cocaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D747b | Acute toxicity potential |
| dimethamphetamine (DMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D693d | Acute toxicity potential |
| gamma-hydroxy butyrate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D812b | Acute toxicity potential |
| heroin HCl | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 0037.20 | Acute toxicity potential |
| ketamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D686b | Acute toxicity potential |
| methoxetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D989 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylamine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | M0505 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phencyclidine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D748 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phentermine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D781 | Acute toxicity potential |
| triethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | T0886 | Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Equipment | |||
| 12-well porcelain spot plates | HomeScienceTools | CE-SPOTP12 | |
| 96-well microplates | Greiner Bio-One | 650201 | |
| Hot plate | Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd. | CH1920 (Scientrific) | |
| 100 mL glass volumetric flasks | Duran | 24 678 25 54 | |
| Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes | Marienfeld-Superior | 3233050 | 230 mm length |
参考文献
- Martin, J. . Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs. , (2014).
- Beharry, S., Gibbons, S. An overview of emerging and new psychoactive substances in. the United Kingdom. Forensic Sci. Int. 267, 25-34 (2016).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). . World Drug Report 2017. , (2017).
- Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC). . Illicit Drug Data Report 2014-2015. , (2016).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). . World Drug Report 2016. , (2016).
- Chatwin, C., Measham, F., O'Brien, K., Sumnall, H. New drugs, new directions? Research priorities for new psychoactive substances and human enhancement drugs. Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 1-5 (2017).
- Reuter, P., Pardo, B. New psychoactive substances: Are there any good options for regulating new psychoactive substances?. Int. J. Drug Policy. 40, 117-122 (2017).
- Elie, M. P., Elie, L. E., Baron, M. G. Keeping pace with NPS releases: fast GC-MS screening of legal high products. Drug Test. Anal. 5 (5), 281-290 (2013).
- Strano Rossi, S., et al. An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials. Rapid Commun Mass Sp. 28 (17), 1904-1916 (2014).
- Jones, L. E., et al. Infrared and Raman screening of seized novel psychoactive substances: a large scale study of >200 samples. Analyst. 141 (3), 902-909 (2016).
- Lesiak, A. D., et al. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) of "bath salt" cathinone drug mixtures. Analyst. 138 (12), 3424-3432 (2013).
- Brown, H., Oktem, B., Windom, A., Doroshenko, V., Evans-Nguyen, K. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem. (Supplement C), 66-73 (2016).
- Bruno, A. M., Cleary, S. R., O'Leary, A. E., Gizzi, M. C., Mulligan, C. C. Balancing the utility and legality of implementing portable mass spectrometers coupled with ambient ionization in routine law enforcement activities. Anal Methods-UK. 9 (34), 5015-5022 (2017).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). . Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials. , (2006).
- Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG). . Vol. 7.1. , (2016).
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). . Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of synthetic cathinones in seized materials. , (2015).
- Philp, M., Shimmon, R., Tahtouh, M., Fu, S. Development and validation of a presumptive color spot test method for the detection of synthetic cathinones in seized illicit materials. Forensic Chem. 1, 39-50 (2016).
- Al-Obaid, A. M., Al-Tamrah, S. A., Aly, F. A., Alwarthan, A. A. Determination of (S)(−)-cathinone by spectrophotometric detection. J Pharmaceut Biomed. 17 (2), 321-326 (1998).
- Namera, A., Kawamura, M., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., Nagao, M. Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicol. 33 (2), 175-194 (2015).
- Isaacs, R. C. A. A structure-reactivity relationship driven approach to the identification of a color test protocol for the presumptive indication of synthetic cannabimimetic drugs of abuse. Forensic Sci. Int. 242, 135-141 (2014).
转载和许可
请求许可使用此 JoVE 文章的文本或图形
请求许可This article has been published
Video Coming Soon
版权所属 © 2025 MyJoVE 公司版权所有，本公司不涉及任何医疗业务和医疗服务。