D.D. 和 S.M.-D.承认 BMBF 资助"CellWiTaL:用于药物研究的可重复细胞系统 - 三维细胞结构中高度特异性单细胞的转移层无激光打印"提案编号 13N15874。D.D. 和 V.R.A. 承认欧盟 MSCA-COFUND 授予 OSTASKILLS，"下一代骨关节炎研究的整体培训"，GA Nr. 101034412。所有作者都感谢Beate Geyer夫人提供的技术援助。

注意:所有步骤都必须使用无菌技术进行。
1. NHDF的培养和预扩增
<ol><li>在37°C下快速解冻含有成体冷冻保存的正常人真皮成纤维细胞（NHDF，1 x 106 个细胞）的冻存瓶，直到它们几乎解冻。</li>
	<li>缓慢加入1mL预热的成纤维细胞生长培养基2（即用型试剂盒，包括基础培养基，2%胎牛血清（FCS），碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）和胰岛素），补充有1%青霉素/链霉素（pen/strep）（NHDF培养基），在37°C下预热到细胞中。</li>
	<li>将细胞转移到 15 mL 离心管中。在室温（RT）下以300× g 离心细胞5分钟。</li>
	<li>取出上清液。将细胞沉淀重悬于 12 mL 预热的 NHDF 培养基中。</li>
	<li>将细胞转移到 T-75 烧瓶中，并以交叉方式短暂摇动。将T-75烧瓶在37°C下置于5%CO2 加湿培养箱中。</li>
	<li>每 2 天更换一次培养基。在显微镜下观察NHDF，直到它们达到70%-80%汇合度。</li>
</ol>2. 2D扩展
<ol><li>取出培养箱的 T-75 烧瓶并取出 NHDF 培养基。用预热的磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）洗涤细胞。</li>
	<li>向细胞中加入 3 mL 0.05% 胰蛋白酶-EDTA。将细胞在37°C下在5%CO2 湿化培养箱中孵育，直到细胞从烧瓶中分离（约3分钟）。</li>
	<li>加入 6 mL 预热的 NHDF 培养基以中和胰蛋白酶作用。将细胞转移到 15 mL 离心管中。</li>
	<li>在室温下以300× g 离心细胞5分钟，并除去上清液。</li>
	<li>将细胞沉淀重悬于补充有10%胎牛血清（FBS），1x MEM氨基酸，1%笔/链球菌的Dulbecco改良Eagles培养基（DMEM）低葡萄糖中，在37°C预热。</li>
	<li>将NHDFs铺在10cm贴壁细胞培养皿中，密度为8×103NHDF /cm 2 （总共，每10cm培养皿4.4×105NHDF ）。以交叉方式轻轻摇晃。</li>
	<li>将10cm细胞培养皿置于37°C的5%CO2 加湿培养箱中。每 2 天更换一次培养基</li>
	<li>在显微镜下监测细胞，直至达到100%汇合度（约5天）。</li>
</ol>3. 2D刺激
<ol><li>从培养箱中取出含有NHDF（来自步骤2.6和2.7）的10cm细胞培养皿。取出培养基，用预热的PBS洗涤细胞。</li>
	<li>加入补充有10%FBS，50μg/ mL抗坏血酸和1%pen / strep的DMEM高葡萄糖培养基，在37°C下预热。</li>
	<li>将培养皿置于37°C的5%CO2 加湿气氛中。每 2 天更换一次培养基。</li>
	<li>在显微镜下监测NHDFs14天。</li>
</ol>4. 3D成熟
<ol><li>从培养箱中取出 10 cm 细胞培养皿，取出 DMEM 高葡萄糖培养基。</li>
	<li>用细胞刮刀轻轻快速地将形成的细胞片从培养皿中分离出来。在分离时，同时将细胞片卷成 3D 棒状类器官。</li>
	<li>拾取NHDF类器官并将其置于10cm非粘附（用于细胞）培养皿中。这种培养皿类型用于避免细胞从类器官迁移到塑料。</li>
	<li>在此时间点或之后的一天（3D 成熟的第 0 天或第 1 天），收集一些类器官进行进一步分析，例如湿重、组织学评估（第 1 天类器官更可取，因为它们变得更加紧凑）、RNA 和蛋白质分离。</li>
	<li>用金属销固定类器官的边缘，如下所示:<ol><li>用镊子小心地握住类器官的一侧，然后用另一个镊子轻轻地手动拉伸大约 10% 的轴向伸长率。要估计 10% 的轴向伸长率，请使用毫米纸或尺子。</li>
		<li>接下来，用镊子拿起一根金属针，然后手动将类器官边缘向下压入塑料盘以固定它。重复此过程，将第二个引脚钉在类器官的第二个边缘上。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>加入10mL补充有10%FBS，1x MEM氨基酸，50μg/ mL抗坏血酸，10ng / mL TGFß3和1%pen / strep的DMEM高葡萄糖培养基，在37°C下预热。</li>
	<li>将10厘米的培养皿置于37°C的5%CO2 加湿气氛中。每 2 天更换一次培养基。</li>
	<li>定期监测类器官 14 天。 注意: 销钉可能会松动，因此请使用步骤 4.5 中所述的相同技术重新修复。</li>
	<li>14 天后，从类器官中取出 DMEM 高葡萄糖培养基。用预热的PBS洗涤类器官。</li>
	<li>使用精密秤在第 0 天和第 14 天测量类器官的湿重。<ol><li>将一个 10 厘米的空培养皿放在秤上，将重量去皮至零，以确保仅测量类器官的重量。从10cm培养皿中完全取出培养基，并逐个测量类器官湿重。 注:在这项研究中，在第 0 天，每个供体称重三个类器官，在第 14 天，称量每个供体两个类器官。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>根据研究目的，在进一步的组织学分析中实施一些 NHDF 类器官，或立即使用无菌 DNA/RNA 管将它们冷冻在液氮中，用于后续的 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质分离，然后将它们储存在 -80 °C 下。</li>
	<li>对于组织学研究，将每个类器官固定在5mL预冷（4°C）4%多聚甲醛的PBS（调节至中性pH）冰上45分钟，然后在室温下洗涤PBS（每次2×5分钟）。</li>
	<li>通过将类器官放入玻璃罐中进行组织学检查，使用蔗糖梯度对固定的类器官进行冷冻保护。将类器官在4°C的PBS溶液中的10%蔗糖中孵育2小时，然后在4°C下孵育20%蔗糖/ PBS2小时，最后在4°C下将30%蔗糖/ PBS孵育过夜。 通过首先移出，然后用新溶液填充来改变蔗糖溶液。</li>
	<li>将类器官嵌入冷冻培养基中。<ol><li>将铜板放在聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料盒中的干冰上，冷却10分钟。</li>
		<li>接下来，将预装冷冻培养基的塑料冷冻模具放在铜板上，然后使用镊子将类器官轻轻按压到冷冻模具的底部。等到冷冻介质完全冷冻。</li>
		<li>对于长类器官，首先用手术刀切成两半，然后将两半彼此平行放入冷冻模具中。对打算进行组织学分析的每种类器官重复该过程。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将样品储存在-20°C直至冷冻切片。</li>
	<li>使用冷冻组，将类器官纵向切割成 10 μm 厚的切片，并使用标准方案8 进行组织学染色，例如苏木精和伊红 （H&E）。</li>
</ol>

用于肌腱研究和工程的三步类器官模型

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提交人无需声明任何利益冲突。

本研究结果为NHDF 3D类器官模型的建立和表征提供了宝贵的见解，用于研究T/L组织。3 步方案导致 3D 杆状类器官的形成，这些类器官表现出 T/L 生态位的典型特征。该模型之前在 Kroner-Weigl 等人 20237 中报道，并在此处进行了非常详细的演示。
图 2 中显示的相差图像显示了在扩增和刺激步骤期间 NHDF 汇合和片状形成的进展。3D成熟过...

肌腱和韧带 （T/L） 是肌肉骨骼系统的重要组成部分，为身体提供必要的支撑和稳定性。尽管这些结缔组织起着关键作用，但它们容易退化和受伤，导致疼痛和行动障碍1。此外，他们的血液供应有限和愈合能力缓慢会导致慢性损伤，而衰老、重复运动和康复不当等因素则进一步增加了退化和受伤的风险2.常规治疗，如休息、物理治疗和手术干预，无法完全恢复 T/L 结构和功能。在过去的几年中，研究人员一直在努力更好地了解 T/L 的复杂性，以便寻求 T/L 疾病的有效治疗方法 3,4,5。T/L 的特点是层次结构合理、以细胞外基质 （ECM） 为主的结构，主要由 I 型胶原纤维和蛋白聚糖组成，这一特征在体外难以复制 6。传统的二维（2D）细胞培养模型无法捕捉T/L组织的特征性三维（3D）组织，限制了其转化潜力，并阻碍了T/L再生领域的创新进展。
最近，3D类器官模型的发展为推进各种组织类型的基础研究和无支架组织工程提供了新的可能性7,8,9,10,11,12,13。例如，为了研究肌腱连接处，Larkin等人，2006年开发了3D骨骼肌结构以及源自大鼠尾部肌腱10的自组织肌腱段。此外，Schiele 等人，2013 年，通过使用微机械纤连蛋白包被的生长通道，指导人真皮成纤维细胞的自组装形成细胞纤维，而无需 3D 支架的帮助，这种方法可以捕捉胚胎肌腱发育的关键特征11。在 Florida 等人 2016 年的研究中，骨髓基质细胞首先被扩解为骨骼和韧带谱系，然后用于生成自组装的单层细胞片，然后实施这些细胞片以创建模仿天然前交叉韧带的多相骨-韧带-骨结构，该模型旨在提高对韧带再生的理解12.为了阐明肌腱机械转导过程，Mubyana 等人，2018 年使用了一种无支架方法，通过该方法，创建单肌腱纤维并经受机械加载协议13。类器官是自组织的 3D 结构，模仿组织的天然结构、微环境和功能。3D 类器官培养为研究组织和器官生物学以及病理生理学提供了更具生理相关性的模型。此类模型还可用于诱导不同干细胞/祖细胞类型的组织特异性分化14,15。因此，在 T/L 生物学和组织工程领域实施 3D 类器官模型成为一种非常有吸引力的方法 9,16。可以为类器官组装实施替代细胞来源，并刺激其实现硬原分化。本研究中用于演示的一种相关细胞类型是真皮成纤维细胞 7,17,18。这些细胞很容易通过皮肤活检程序获得，与骨髓穿刺或吸脂术相比，皮肤活检程序的侵入性较小，并且由于其良好的增殖能力，可以相当快地繁殖到大量细胞。相比之下，更特化的细胞类型，如T/L驻留成纤维细胞，在分离和扩增方面更具挑战性。因此，真皮成纤维细胞也被用作细胞重编程技术的起点，以达到诱导多能胚胎干细胞19。将真皮成纤维细胞置于特定的 3D 培养条件和信号信号线索下，例如转化生长因子-β 3 （TGFß3），据报道，TGFß3 是各种细胞过程的关键调节因子，包括 T/L 的形成和维持，可以增强其体外致肌腱分化，导致肌腱特异性基因的表达和 T/L 典型 ECM20 的沉积，21.
在这里，我们描述并演示了先前建立和实施的 3 步（2D 扩增、2D 刺激和 3D 成熟）类器官方案，使用市售的正常成人真皮成纤维细胞 （NHDF） 作为细胞源，为研究 体外 肌张力生成提供了有价值的模型7。尽管该模型并不等同于 体内 T/L组织，但它仍然提供了一个生理学上更相关的系统，可用于研究细胞分化机制，在 体外模拟T/L病理生理学，以及建立T/L个性化医疗和药物筛选平台。此外，在未来，研究可以通过进一步优化来评估 3D 类器官是否适合于无支架 T/L 工程，以及可用于开发与天然 T/L 组织的尺寸、结构和生物物理特性非常相似的放大机械鲁棒结构。

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			<td>A8960</td>
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			<td>10 cm adherent cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen,Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>CLS430167</td>
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			<td>10 cm non-adherent petri dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen,Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>CLS430591</td>
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			<td>Cryo-medium</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek, Sakura Finetek, Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>4583</td>
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			<td>Cryomold standard&#160;</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek, Sakura Finetek, Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands</td>
			<td>4557</td>
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			<td>D(+)-Sucrose&#160;</td>
			<td>AppliChem Avantor VWR International GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>A2211</td>
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			<td>DMEM high glucose medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Capricorn Scientific, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>DMEM-HA</td>
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			<td>DMEM low glucose</td>
			<td>Capricorn Scientific, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>&#160;Anprotec, Bruckberg, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>AC-SM-0027</td>
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			<td>Fibroblast growth medium 2&#160;</td>
			<td>PromoCell, Heidelberg, Germany&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td>Inverted microscope with high resolution camera</td>
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			<td>Zeiss Axio Observer with&#160; Axiocam 506</td>
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			<td>MEM amino acids&#160;</td>
			<td>Capricorn Scientific, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>NEAA-B</td>
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			<td>Metal pins&#160;</td>
			<td>EntoSphinx, Pardubice, Czech Republic&#160;</td>
			<td>04.31</td>
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			<td>Normal human dermal fibroblasts&#160;</td>
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			<td>C-12302</td>
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			<td>&#160;AppliChem, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td>A3813</td>
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			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
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			<td>Phosphate buffer saline&#160;</td>
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			<td>TGF&#223;3&#160;</td>
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			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0,05% DPBS&#160;</td>
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demonstration of self-assembled cell sheet culture and manual generation of a 3d tendon/ligament-like organoid by using human dermal fibroblasts

肌腱和韧带 （T/L） 是连接肌肉骨骼系统的坚固、层次分明的结构。这些组织具有严格排列的富含 I 型胶原的细胞外基质 （ECM） 和 T/L 谱系细胞，主要分布在平行行中。损伤后，T/L需要很长时间进行康复，故障风险高，修复结果往往不尽如人意。尽管 T/L 生物学研究最近取得了进展，但仍然存在的挑战之一是 T/L 领域仍然缺乏能够概括体 外 T/L 形成过程的标准化分化方案。例如，间充质前体细胞的骨和脂肪分化只需要标准的二维 （2D） 细胞培养和添加特定的刺激培养基。为了分化到软骨，需要三维 （3D） 颗粒培养和补充 TGFß。然而，细胞分化为肌腱需要一个非常有序的 3D 培养模型，理想情况下，该模型也应该能够受到动态机械刺激。我们已经建立了一个 3 步（扩增、刺激和成熟）类器官模型，以从自组装细胞片中形成 3D 棒状结构，该细胞片提供具有自身 ECM、自分泌和旁分泌因子的自然微环境。这些棒状类器官在丰富的 ECM 中具有多层细胞结构，并且可以很容易地处理暴露于静态机械应变。在这里，我们通过使用市售的真皮成纤维细胞演示了 3 步方案。我们可以证明，这种细胞类型形成了健壮且富含ECM的类器官。所描述的程序可以在培养基方面进一步优化，并针对动态轴向机械刺激进行优化。同样，可以测试替代细胞来源形成 T/L 类器官的潜力，从而进行 T/L 分化。综上所述，建立的3D T/L类器官方法可作为肌腱基础研究的模型，甚至可以作为无支架T/L工程的模型。

3D T/L 类器官模型之前是通过实施商业购买的 NHDF 建立并演示的（n=3，每个供体 3 个类器官，在第 5-8 次传代使用 NHDF）。 图 1 总结了模型工作流。 图2 显示了在T-75烧瓶中预扩增期间NHDF培养物的代表性相差图像（图2A），以及在10cm细胞培养皿中的2D扩增步骤中培养5天开始和5天后（图2B）。 图 ...

作者聚焦:使用 3D 类器官模型推进肌腱组织工程

在此，我们展示了一种三步类器官模型（二维[2D]扩展、二维刺激、三维[3D]成熟），为肌腱基础研究提供了一种有前途的工具，并为肌腱组织工程提供了一种潜在的无支架方法。

使用人真皮成纤维细胞自组装细胞片培养和手动生成 3D 肌腱/韧带样类器官的演示

Tendons and ligaments (T/L) are strong hierarchically organized structures uniting&#160;the&#160;musculoskeletal system. These tissues have a strictly ...

我们展示了先前建立并实施的三步类器官方案，使用市售的正常人真皮成纤维细胞作为细胞来源。3D类器官模型在组织工程和再生医学应用中具有多项优势。它密切模拟肌腱组织的细胞组成和组织以及细胞间和细胞间基质的相互作用。建立的三维肌腱-韧带类器官方法可作为以下领域的肌腱基础和应用研究的模型。体外肌腱发生、疾病机制、药物检测、无支架肌腱组织工程。

demonstration-self-assembled-cell-sheet-culture-manual-generation-3d

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Demonstration of Self-Assembled Cell Sheet Culture and Manual Generation of a 3D Tendon/Ligament-Like Organoid by using Human Dermal Fibroblasts

1.1K 次观看.  University of Würzburg. 我们展示了先前建立并实施的三步类器官方案，使用市售的正常人真皮成纤维细胞作为细胞来源。3D类器官模型在组织工程和再生医学应用中具有多项优势。它密切模拟肌腱组织的细胞组成和组织以及细胞间和细胞间基质的相互作用。建立的三维肌腱-韧带类器官方法可作为以下领域的肌腱基础和应用研究的模型。体外肌腱发生、疾病机制、药物检测、无支架肌腱组织工?...

视频: 作者聚焦:使用 3D 类器官模型推进肌腱组织工程

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

一个简单的悬滴细胞生成三维球体文化协议

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

科研

生物工程

Rotating Cell Culture Systems for Human Cell Culture: Human Trophoblast Cells as a Model

The field of human trophoblast research aids in understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the nature of these studies, human in vivo experimentation is impossible. A combination of primary cultures, explant cultures and trophoblast cell lines1 support our understanding of invasion of the uterine wall2 and remodeling of uterine spiral arteries3,4 by extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs), which is required for successful establishment of pregnancy. Despite the wealth of knowledge gleaned from such models, it is accepted that in vitro cell culture models using EVT-like cell lines display altered cellular properties when compared to their in vivo counterparts5,6. Cells cultured in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) display morphological, phenotypic, and functional properties of EVT-like cell lines that more closely mimic differentiating in utero EVTs, with increased expression of genes mediating invasion (e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)) and trophoblast differentiation7,8,9. The Saint Georges Hospital Placental cell Line-4 (SGHPL-4) (kindly donated by Dr. Guy Whitley and Dr. Judith Cartwright) is an EVT-like cell line that was used for testing in the RCCS.
The design of the RCCS culture vessel is based on the principle that organs and tissues function in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment. Due to the dynamic culture conditions in the vessel, including conditions of physiologically relevant shear, cells grown in three dimensions form aggregates based on natural cellular affinities and differentiate into organotypic tissue-like assemblies10,11,12 . The maintenance of a fluid orbit provides a low-shear, low-turbulence environment similar to conditions found in vivo. Sedimentation of the cultured cells is countered by adjusting the rotation speed of the RCCS to ensure a constant free-fall of cells. Gas exchange occurs through a permeable hydrophobic membrane located on the back of the bioreactor. Like their parental tissue in vivo, RCCS-grown cells are able to respond to chemical and molecular gradients in three dimensions (i.e. at their apical, basal, and lateral surfaces) because they are cultured on the surface of porous microcarrier beads. When grown as two-dimensional monolayers on impermeable surfaces like plastic, cells are deprived of this important communication at their basal surface. Consequently, the spatial constraints imposed by the environment profoundly affect how cells sense and decode signals from the surrounding microenvironment, thus implying an important role for the 3-D milieu13.
We have used the RCCS to engineer biologically meaningful 3-D models of various human epithelial tissues7,14,15,16. Indeed, many previous reports have demonstrated that cells cultured in the RCCS can assume physiologically relevant phenotypes that have not been possible with other models10,17-21. In summary, culture in the RCCS represents an easy, reproducible, high-throughput platform that provides large numbers of differentiated cells that are amenable to a variety of experimental manipulations. 
In the following protocol, using EVTs as an example, we clearly describe the steps required to three-dimensionally culture adherent cells in the RCCS.

Traditional, two dimensional cell culture techniques often result in altered characteristics with respect to differentiation markers, cytokines and growth factors. Three-dimensional cell culture in the rotating cell culture system (RCCS) reestablishes expression of many of these factors as shown here with an extravillous trophoblast cell line.

旋转的人类细胞培养的细胞培养系统:作为一种模式的滋养细胞

The field of human trophoblast research aids in  understanding the complex environment established during placentation. Due to the  nature of these ...

Construction of a Multilayered Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet with a 3D Dynamic Culture System

Stem cell therapy shows a promising future in regenerating injured organ and tissues, and the cell sheet technique has been developed to improve the low cell retention and poor survival within the target zone. However, during the in vitro construction process, a solution for maintaining stem cell bioactivity and increasing the cell amount within the cell sheet is urgently needed. Here, this protocol presents a method for constructing a multilayered cell sheet with favorable stem cell bioactivity and optimal operability. Decellularized porcine pericardium (DPP) is prepared by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) decellularization method as the cell sheet scaffold, and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are isolated and expanded as the seeded cells. The temporary multilayered cell sheet structure is constructed by using RAD16-I peptide hydrogel. Finally, the cell sheet is cultured with a dynamic perfusion system to stabilize the three-dimensional (3D) structure, and the cell sheet could be obtained following a 48-hour culture in vitro. This protocol provides an efficient and feasible method for constructing a multilayered stem cell sheet, and the cell sheet could be developed as a favorable stem cell therapy product in the future.

This article provides an efficient and feasible method for constructing multilayered stem cell sheets with favorable stem cell property.

3D 动态培养系统构建多层间充质干细胞片材

Stem cell therapy shows a promising future in regenerating injured organ and tissues, and the cell sheet technique has been developed to improve the low ...

Handling and Assessment of Human Primary Prostate Organoid Culture

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process involves seeding of epithelial cells sparsely in a 3D matrix gel on a 96-well microplate with media changes to cultivate expansion into organoids. Morphology is then assessed by whole-well capturing of z-stack images. Compression of z-stacks creates a single in-focus image from which organoids are measured to quantify a variety of outputs, including circularity, roundness, and area.DNA, RNA, and protein can be collected from organoids recovered from the matrix gel. Cell populations of interest can be assessed by organoid dissociation and flow cytometry. Formalin-fixation-paraffin-embedding (FFPE) followed by sectioning is used for the histological assessment and antibody staining. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining preserves organoid morphology and facilitates observation of protein localization in organoids in situ. Commercial assays that are traditionally used for 2D monolayer cells can be modified for 3D organoids. Used together, the techniques in this protocol provide a robust toolbox to quantify prostate organoid growth, morphologic characteristics, and expression of differentiation markers.

Here, we present a protocol to guide human primary prostate organoid handling then suggest endpoints to assess phenotype. Seeding, culture maintenance, recovery from matrix gel, morphologic quantification, embedding and sectioning, FFPE sectioning, whole-mount staining, and application of commercial assays are described.

人原发性前列腺组织培养的处理与评价

This paper describes a detailed protocol for three-dimensional (3D) culturing, handling, and evaluation of human primary prostate organoids. The process ...

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable diseases, for the reconstitution and regeneration of injured tissues and for the development of new drugs. Despite all the advantages related to the use of iPSCs, such as the low risk of rejection, the lessened ethical issues, and the possibility to obtain them from both young and old patients without any difference in their reprogramming potential, problems to overcome are still numerous. In fact, cell reprogramming conducted with viral and integrating viruses can cause infections and the introduction of required genes can induce a genomic instability of the recipient cell, impairing their use in clinic. In particular, there are many concerns about the use of c-Myc gene, well-known from several studies for its mutation-inducing activity. Fibroblasts have emerged as the suitable cell population for cellular reprogramming as they are easy to isolate and culture and are harvested by a minimally invasive skin punch biopsy. The protocol described here provides a detailed step-by-step description of the whole procedure, from sample processing to obtain cell cultures, choice of reagents and supplies, cleaning and preparation, to cell reprogramming by the means of a commercial non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs)-based reprogramming kit. The chosen reprogramming kit allows an effective reprogramming of human dermal fibroblast to iPSCs and small colonies can be seen as early as 24 h after the first transfection, even with modifications with the respect to the standard datasheet. The reprogramming procedure used in this protocol offers the advantage of a safe reprogramming, without the risk of infections caused by viral vector-based methods, reduces the cellular defense mechanisms, and allows the generation of xeno-free iPSCs, all critical features that are mandatory for further clinical applications.

Cell reprogramming requires the introduction of key genes, which regulate and maintain the pluripotent cell state. The protocol described enables the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) colonies from human dermal fibroblasts without viral/integrating methods but using non-modified RNAs (NM-RNAs) combined with immune evasion factors reducing cellular defense mechanisms.

使用非整合方法分离成人人体皮肤纤维细胞与诱导多能干细胞的生成

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be considered, to date, a promising source of pluripotent cells for the management of currently untreatable ...

Fabrication of 3D Cardiac Microtissue Arrays using Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes, Cardiac Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay among different cardiovascular cell types that drives tissue development and disease. In the area of cardiac tissue models, several sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) approaches use induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to mimic physiological relevance and native tissue environment with a combination of extracellular matrices and crosslinkers. However, these systems are complex to fabricate without microfabrication expertise and require several weeks to self-assemble. Most importantly, many of these systems lack vascular cells and cardiac fibroblasts that make up over 60% of the nonmyocytes in the human heart. Here we describe the derivation of all three cardiac cell types from iPSCs to fabricate cardiac microtissues. This facile replica molding technique allows cardiac microtissue culture in standard multi-well cell culture plates for several weeks. The platform allows user-defined control over microtissue sizes based on initial seeding density and requires less than 3 days for self-assembly to achieve observable cardiac microtissue contractions. Furthermore, the cardiac microtissues can be easily digested while maintaining high cell viability for single-cell interrogation with the use of flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We envision that this in vitro model of cardiac microtissues will help accelerate validation studies in drug discovery and disease modeling.

Here, we describe an easy-to-use methodology to generate 3D self-assembled cardiac microtissue arrays composed of pre-differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. This user-friendly and low cell requiring technique to generate cardiac microtissues can be implemented for disease modeling and early stages of drug development.

使用人iPSC衍生的心肌细胞，心脏成纤维细胞和内皮细胞制造3D心脏微组织阵列

Generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), and endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided ...

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are tissue engineered constructs that model epidermal and dermal components of human skin. These models have been used to study skin development, wound healing, and grafting techniques. Many HSEs continue to lack vasculature and are additionally analyzed through post-culture histological sectioning which limits volumetric assessment of the structure. Presented here is a straightforward protocol utilizing accessible materials to generate vascularized human skin equivalents (VHSE); further described are volumetric imaging and quantification techniques of these constructs. Briefly, VHSEs are constructed in 12 well culture inserts in which dermal and epidermal cells are seeded into rat tail collagen type I gel. The dermal compartment is made up of fibroblast and endothelial cells dispersed throughout collagen gel. The epidermal compartment is made up of keratinocytes (skin epithelial cells) that differentiate at the air-liquid interface. Importantly, these methods are customizable based on needs of the researcher, with results demonstrating VHSE generation with two different fibroblast cell types: human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human lung fibroblasts (IMR90s). VHSEs were developed, imaged through confocal microscopy, and volumetrically analyzed using computational software at 4- and 8-week timepoints. An optimized process to fix, stain, image, and clear VHSEs for volumetric examination is described. This comprehensive model, imaging, and analysis techniques are readily customizable to the specific research needs of individual labs with or without prior HSE experience.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the generation and volumetric analysis of vascularized human skin equivalents using accessible and simple techniques for long term culture. To the extent possible, the rationale for steps is described to allow researchers the ability to customize based on their research needs.

自组装血管化人体皮肤等价物的生成

Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are tissue engineered constructs that model epidermal and dermal components of human skin. These models have been used to ...

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

The intestinal mucosa is a complex physical and biochemical barrier that fulfills a myriad of important functions. It enables the transport, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients and xenobiotics while facilitating a symbiotic relationship with microbiota and restricting the invasion of microorganisms. Functional interaction between various cell types and their physical and biochemical environment is vital to establish and maintain intestinal tissue homeostasis. Modeling these complex interactions and integrated intestinal physiology in vitro is a formidable goal with the potential to transform the way new therapeutic targets and drug candidates are discovered and developed.
Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip technologies have recently been combined to generate human-relevant intestine chips suitable for studying the functional aspects of intestinal physiology and pathophysiology in vitro. Organoids derived from the biopsies of the small (duodenum) and large intestine are seeded into the top compartment of an organ chip and then successfully expand&#160;as monolayers while preserving the distinct cellular, molecular, and functional features of each intestinal region. Human intestine tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells are incorporated in the bottom compartment of the organ chip to recreate the epithelial-endothelial interface. This novel platform facilitates luminal exposure to nutrients, drugs, and microorganisms, enabling studies of intestinal transport, permeability, and host-microbe interactions.
Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the establishment of intestine chips representing the human duodenum (duodenum chip) and colon (colon chip), and their subsequent culture under continuous flow and peristalsis-like deformations. We demonstrate methods for assessing drug metabolism and CYP3A4 induction in duodenum chip using prototypical inducers and substrates. Lastly, we provide a step-by-step procedure&#160;for the in vitro modeling of interferon gamma (IFN&#947;)-mediated barrier disruption (leaky gut syndrome) in a colon chip, including methods for evaluating the alteration of paracellular permeability, changes in cytokine secretion, and transcriptomic profiling of the cells within the chip.

Biopsy-derived intestinal organoids and organ-on-a-chips technologies are combined into a microphysiological platform to recapitulate region-specific intestinal functionality.

结合人体类器官和芯片器官技术，对肠道区域特异性功能进行建模

The intestinal mucosa is a complex physical and biochemical barrier that fulfills a myriad of important functions. It enables the transport, absorption, ...

Generation of Multicue Cellular Microenvironments by UV-Photopatterning of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Substrates

The extracellular matrix is an important regulator of cell function. Environmental cues existing in the cellular microenvironment, such as ligand distribution and tissue geometry, have been increasingly shown to play critical roles in governing cell phenotype and behavior. However, these environmental cues and their effects on cells are often studied separately using in vitro platforms that isolate individual cues, a strategy that heavily oversimplifies the complex in vivo situation of multiple cues. Engineering approaches can be particularly useful to bridge this gap, by developing experimental setups that capture the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment, yet retain the degree of precision and manipulability of in vitro systems.
This study highlights an approach combining ultraviolet (UV)-based protein patterning and lithography-based substrate microfabrication, which together enable high-throughput investigation into cell behaviors in multicue environments. By means of maskless UV-photopatterning, it is possible to create complex, adhesive protein distributions on three-dimensional (3D) cell culture substrates on chips that contain a variety of well-defined geometrical cues. The proposed technique can be employed for culture substrates made from different polymeric materials and combined with adhesive patterned areas of a broad range of proteins. With this approach, single cells, as well as monolayers, can be subjected to combinations of geometrical cues and contact guidance cues presented by the patterned substrates. Systematic research using combinations of chip materials, protein patterns, and cell types can thus provide fundamental insights into cellular responses to multicue environments.

Traditionally, cell culture is performed on planar substrates that poorly mimic the natural environment of cells in vivo. Here we describe a method to produce cell culture substrates with physiologically relevant curved geometries and micropatterned extracellular proteins, allowing systematic investigations into cellular sensing of these extracellular cues.

通过三维细胞培养基质的紫外光图案化产生多库细胞微环境

The extracellular matrix is an important regulator of cell function. Environmental cues existing in the cellular microenvironment, such as ligand ...

Reconstituting Cytoarchitecture and Function of Human Epithelial Tissues on an Open-Top Organ-Chip

Nearly all human organs are lined with epithelial tissues, comprising one or multiple layers of tightly connected cells organized into three-dimensional (3D) structures. One of the main functions of epithelia is the formation of barriers that protect the underlining tissues against physical and chemical insults and infectious agents. In addition, epithelia mediate the transport of nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules, often creating biochemical gradients that guide cell positioning and compartmentalization within the organ. Owing to their central role in determining organ-structure and function, epithelia are important therapeutic targets for many human diseases that are not always captured by animal models. Besides the obvious species-to-species differences, conducting research studies on barrier function and transport properties of epithelia in animals is further compounded by the difficulty of accessing these tissues in a living system. While two-dimensional (2D) human cell cultures are useful for answering basic scientific questions, they often yield poor in vivo predictions. To overcome these limitations, in the last decade, a plethora of micro-engineered biomimetic platforms, known as organs-on-a-chip, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional in vitro and animal testing. Here, we describe an Open-Top Organ-Chip (or Open-Top Chip), a platform designed for modeling organ-specific epithelial tissues, including skin, lungs, and the intestines. This chip offers new opportunities for reconstituting the multicellular architecture and function of epithelial tissues, including the capability to recreate a 3D stromal component by incorporating tissue-specific fibroblasts and endothelial cells within a mechanically active system. This Open-Top Chip provides an unprecedented tool for studying epithelial/mesenchymal and vascular interactions at multiple scales of resolution, from single cells to multi-layer tissue constructs, thus allowing molecular dissection of the intercellular crosstalk of epithelialized organs in health and disease.

The present protocol describes the capabilities and the essential culture modalities of the Open-Top Organ-Chip for the successful establishment and maturation of full-thickness organ-on-chip cultures of primary tissues (skin, alveolus, airway, and intestine), providing the opportunity to investigate different functional aspects of the human epithelial/mesenchymal and vascular niche interface in vitro.

在开顶器官芯片上重建人上皮组织的细胞结构和功能

Nearly all human organs are lined with epithelial tissues, comprising one or multiple layers of tightly connected cells organized into three-dimensional ...