这项工作成为可能，从美国国立卫生研究院（EY012977），在宝来惠康基金，白厅基金会，和斯隆基金会（AKM）的生物医学科学事业奖助学金。

1。病毒处理和存储<ol><li>要使用的病毒的生物安全水平的基础上，应选择适当的保护和处理技术。这些做法，可以发现在生物安全微生物和生物医学实验室第 5版，疾病预防控制中心网站上提供 （ <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/od/OHS/biosfty/bmbl5/bmbl5toc.htm</a> ）。 AAV载体的使用已被批准用于1级生物安全（BSL - 1）。实验显示，一个白大褂和手套将处理病毒时穿的，按照BSL - 1代理处理程序。 </li><li>为了保存病毒的活性，最好分成小等分，以避免反复冻融。 </li><li>准备aliquoting病毒清除任何不必要的对象BSC和表面消毒用70％乙醇，生物安全柜（BSC）II类。将AAV污染废物的收集罩在一个烧杯中含有10％的漂白粉溶液。还摆放在BSC无菌0.5ML管和干冰的容器。 </li><li>病毒的股票外BSC冰解冻。 </li><li>涡病毒和开放管内BSC。 </li><li>移液器成0.5ML管所需的等分卷（如5微升），关闭管，并放置在干冰它闪光冻结病毒。 </li><li>当所有病毒已被分装，处置的废物容器中含有10％的漂白粉的病毒管和枪头。 </li><li>从罩中取出废物的容器和添加额外的10％漂白粉，然后倒入水槽的漂白剂。研究所的生物安全官员的指示，处置中的生物危害容器的塑料垃圾。 </li><li>清洁与用10％漂白粉的病毒，在接触到任何设备或表面。丢弃的手套。 </li><li>在-80 ° C冰箱的商店等分。 </li></ol> 2。外科<ol><li>包括实验室工作台上用吸水纸的手术区域。手术工具应消毒，并按照您的机构的生物安全和动物使用的指导方针中的无菌条件下手术做。 </li><li>选择地区毗邻手术区将专门用于装载与病毒的微量，并与吸水实验室工作台纸覆盖。将冰在这方面的容器分装病毒，使病毒得以解冻的冰正在执行手术。 </li><li>枪头等处置，在与病毒接触来安装在专用的病毒处理区的10％漂白废液容器。 </li><li>拉玻璃Wiretrol微量的尖端直径约20微米。广场上的微钝年底矿物油的小水滴，并插入导线柱塞微量提供。 </li><li>安全的微型泵臂夹中的微量。 </li><li>在0.5毫克/公斤的剂量丁丙诺啡皮下注入一个鼠标。 Avertin鼠标，通过腹腔注射麻醉剂量为200毫克/公斤，除去手术剪头顶部的头发，一定要留下足够大，以防止头发进入切口的利润率。 </li><li>附加加热毯的一个stereotax基地，保持体温37 ° C整个手术和安全stereotax鼠标。 </li><li>乙醇和优碘消毒的面积有三个交替磨砂沐浴头。 </li><li>每只眼睛以保持眼睛湿润了，在手术过程中放置​​一个典必殊眼膏下降。 </li><li>下来的头部中线切口和拉背部的皮肤暴露的头骨。 </li><li>头骨用细尖镊子小心取出筋膜。 </li><li>注射用立体坐标找到该地区，并标记用手术笔的头骨。 </li><li>一个1.4毫米毛刺，薄直到头骨裂缝直径约2毫米的头骨领域的一个使用的牙钻，变薄的区域划分成若干段。 </li><li>在整个过程中，保持头骨与应用无菌生理盐水湿润。 </li><li>薄头骨段使用特细尖镊子轻轻去除进行了开颅手术。 </li></ol> 3。注射液<ol><li>随着在盖子放在一个KimWipe，打开上的封口膜的小片（一1uL注射）病毒的病毒和吸管1.5uL管。 </li><li>病毒的股票放入微量的一角和手动撤回柱塞。如果困难是经验丰富的绘图病毒的股票进入微，提示可以被放大，稍微被打破玻璃的一小部分与微量刺入一个KimWipe。 </li><li>柱塞微量泵，直到下到少量的病毒的手臂被驱散的微尖。用棉花尖端涂药和废弃撒施​​删除这个小降发送容器。 </li><li>应用矿物油的微管，以防止堵塞的微量降低到大脑的一角下降。 </li></ol> 4。病毒注射<ol><li>使用X和Y立体坐标，位置在注入区域的微管。在这个实验中，使用立体座标定位初级视觉皮层2.7毫米后，前囟和2.5mm外侧向中线。非常缓慢降低到适当的Z位置的微量（1mm/1minute近似率）。 </li><li>进入SYS Micro4微泵控制箱所需的注射参数，并开始注射。在这个实验中，将使用1微升超过10分钟的注射率。 </li><li>当注射完毕后，离开移液器休息一两分钟，以防止在清除病毒流出。这一时期后，非常缓慢地从大脑（如上相同的速率）的微量删除。 </li><li>缝合头皮和组织胶密封。在未来72小时内的剂量在0.1毫克/公斤，每8-12小时，与丁丙诺啡皮下注入动物或动物只要是表现出疼痛的迹象。让动物恢复，直到它走动，并准备要返回到笼子里的下一个热灯。成像实验所需的孵化时间（几天到数周后病毒注射）后可以启动。 </li></ol> 5。净化<ol><li>用10％漂白粉冲洗微量，并丢弃在一个锐器容器。 </li><li>处置废物的容器相同的方式为第1。 </li><li>丢弃到实验室生物危害斌台纸，擦拭所有表面和仪器可能在接触与10％的漂白粉病毒来。 </li><li>未使用的病毒可能会再次被冻结，牢记反复冻结/解冻循环导致病毒的退化。 </li></ol> 6。代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2140/2140fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1转双链腺相关病毒血清1型携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的CMV启动子的控制下（dsAAV S1）注射后的神经元。使用啶显微镜成像的细胞体，以及近端和远端树突中的固定部分清晰可见。比例尺= 100微米。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2140/2140fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2典型的初级视觉皮层使用dsAAV S1的病毒蔓延的程度，以及标记的神经元，神经胶质细胞和流程的颅内病毒注射的标签。比例尺= 250微米。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2140/2140fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3标签使用dsAAV S1海马细胞。比例尺= 250微米。这些数字是2009年1改编自洛厄等。

<ol>
	<li>Kaplitt, M. G., Leone, P., Samulski, R. J., Xiao, X., Pfaff, D. W., O'Malley, K. L., During, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+gene+expression+and+phenotypic+correction+using+adeno-associated+virus+vectors+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Long-term gene expression and phenotypic correction using adeno-associated virus vectors in the mammalian brain.</a> Nat Genet. 8, 148-154 (1994).</li><li>Harding, T. C., Dickinson, P. J., Roberts, B. N., Yendluri, S., Gonzalez-Edick, M., Lecouteur, R. A., Jooss, K. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+gene+transfer+efficiency+in+the+murine+striatum+and+an+orthotopic+glioblastoma+tumor+model,+using+AAV-7-+and+AAV-8-pseudotyped+vectors.">Enhanced gene transfer efficiency in the murine striatum and an orthotopic glioblastoma tumor model, using AAV-7- and AAV-8-pseudotyped vectors.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 17, 807-820 (2006).</li><li>Lo, W. D., Qu, G., Sferra, T. J., Clark, R., Chen, R., Johnson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+gene+transfer+to+the+brain:+duration+and+modulation+of+expression.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to the brain: duration and modulation of expression.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 10, 201-213 (1999).</li><li>Lowery, R. L., Zhang, Y., Kelly, E. A., Lamantia, C. E., Harvey, B. K., Majewska, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+long-term+labeling+of+cells+in+the+developing+and+adult+rodent+visual+cortex+using+double-stranded+adeno-associated+viral+vectors.">Rapid long-term labeling of cells in the developing and adult rodent visual cortex using double-stranded adeno-associated viral vectors.</a> Dev Neurobiol. 69, 674-688 (2009).</li></ol>

按照小灵通政策上的人文关怀和实验动物的使用由美国罗切斯特大学委员会的动物资源（UCAR）大学动物实验协议获得批准。

维拉利介导的基因传递持有神经过程的研究和治疗脑部疾病1,2,3的巨大潜力。这项技术的伟大的通用性，也可以利用荧光标记细胞在体外和体内 4成像。在这里，我们展示了一个使用双链的表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白的腺协会病毒在小鼠的视觉皮层的神经元和神经胶质细胞的转导的详细过程。 虽然这项技术是比较直截了当的，也有一些需要考虑的技...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Stoelting Mouse and Neonatal Rat Adaptor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Stoelting</td>
<td>51625</td>
<td>Regular stereotax for securing animals for surgery may be substituted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Extra Fine Bonn Scissors, 8.5cm, straight tip, cutting edge 13mm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14084-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Eye Dressing Forceps, 10cm, tip width 0.5mm, curved</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11152-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont #5/45 Forceps- Dumoxel Standard Tip, 11cm, angled</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11251-35</td>
<td>Extra-fine tipped forceps for performing craniotomy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Pattern Forceps, straight, 2.5mmx1.35mmtip, 12cm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11000-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microtorque Control Box and Tech2000 handpiece</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ram Products, Inc.</td>
<td>TECH2000ON/OFF</td>
<td>Dental drill</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Micro Drill Stainless Steel Burrs 1.4mm tip diameter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>19008-14</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Wiretrol micropipettes, to deliver 1-5 Ul</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR International/ Drummond</td>
<td>5-000-1001 or 53480-287</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mineral oil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR International</td>
<td>29447-338</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Manual Micromanipulator and Tilting Base (right-handed)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>M3301-M3-R</td>
<td>Used for determining stereotaxic co-ordinates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UltraMicroPump (UMP3) (one) with SYS-Micro4 Controller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>UMP3-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sutures</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR International</td>
<td>95056-952</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>P-97</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tobradex</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Available from your institution&#x2019;s veterinary services</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

intracranial injection of adeno-associated viral vectors

颅内的设计，以表达荧光蛋白的病毒载体注射液是一种在体内和不同脑区的脑切片中特定的细胞亚群的可视化的通用标签技术。与荧光染料注射，病毒标签提供针对个别的细胞类型和更便宜和时间消耗比建立转基因小鼠系。在这种技术中，腺相关病毒（AAV）载体注入颅内使用与周围组织的损伤最小立体坐标，一个微管和一个精准投放的AAV的自动泵所需的区域。注射参数，可以根据个人的实验，通过调整注射，注射部位，注射量，注射率，腺相关病毒血清型和基因表达的启动子驾驶的动物年龄。根据选择的条件，可以让病毒诱导的基因表达组细胞，单个细胞或精细胞的过程中，可视化的树突棘水平。这里显示的实验中，描绘了一个双链标签在鼠标的初级视觉皮层的神经元和神经胶质细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白的腺相关病毒注射。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors at JoVE.com

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

在这里，我们目前颅内注射AAV载体在视觉皮层神经元和神经胶质细胞的荧光标记。

颅内注射腺相关病毒载体

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

intracranial-injection-of-adeno-associated-viral-vectors

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

47.1K 次观看.  University of Rochester. 在这里，我们目前颅内注射AAV载体在视觉皮层神经元和神经胶质细胞的荧光标记。

视频: Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Targeting of Deep Brain Structures with Microinjections for Delivery of Drugs, Viral Vectors, or Cell Transplants

Microinjections into the brain parenchyma are important procedures to deliver drugs, viral vectors or cell transplants.  The brain lesion that an injecting needle produces during its trajectory is a major concern especially in the mouse brain for not only the brain is small but also sometimes multiple injections are needed.  We show here a method to produce glass capillary needles with a 50-&mu;m lumen which significantly reduces the brain damage and allows a precise targeting into the rodent brain. This method allows a delivery of small volumes (from 20 to 100 nl), reduces bleeding risks, and minimizes passive diffusion of drugs into the brain parenchyma. By using different size of capillary glass tubes, or changing the needle lumen, several types of substances and cells can be injected. Microinjections with a glass capillary tube represent a significant improvement in injection techniques and deep brain targeting with minimal collateral damage in small rodents.

In this article, we show a method to make glass capillary needles with a 50-&mu;m lumen. This technique significantly reduces the brain damage, minimizes passive diffusion of drugs and allows a precise targeting into the rodent brain.

定向脑深部结构与配送药品，病毒载体，或细胞移植Microinjections

Microinjections into the brain parenchyma are important procedures to deliver drugs, viral vectors or cell transplants.  The brain lesion that an ...

科研

神经科学

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in retinopathies using non-viral and viral gene delivery to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injection is the best approach to deliver viral vectors directly to RPE cells. Before the clinical trial of a gene therapy, it is inevitable to validate the efficacy of the therapy in animal models of various retinopathies. Thus, subretinal injection in mice becomes a fundamental technique for an ocular gene therapy. In this protocol, we provide the easy and replicable technique for subretinal injection of viral vectors to experimental mice. This technique is modified from the intravitreal injection, which is widely used technique in ophthalmology clinics. The representative results of RPE/choroid/scleral complex flat-mount will help to understand the efficacy of this technique and adjust the volume and titer of viral vectors for the extent of gene transduction.

Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

病毒载体的基因治疗的小鼠视网膜色素上皮缘方针，视网膜下注射

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 (AAV9) Vector Delivery in Adult Mice

The successful development of a subpial adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector delivery technique in adult rats and pigs has been reported on previously. Using subpially-placed polyethylene catheters (PE-10 or PE-5) for AAV9 delivery, potent transgene expression through the spinal parenchyma (white and gray matter) in subpially-injected spinal segments has been demonstrated. Because of the wide range of transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, there is a strong desire for the development of a potent central nervous system (CNS)-targeted vector delivery technique in adult mice. Accordingly, the present study describes the development of a spinal subpial vector delivery device and technique to permit safe and effective spinal AAV9 delivery in adult C57BL/6J mice. In spinally immobilized and anesthetized mice, the pia mater (cervical 1 and lumbar 1-2 spinal segmental level) was incised with a sharp 34 G needle using an XYZ manipulator. A second XYZ manipulator was then used to advance a blunt 36G needle into the lumbar and/or cervical subpial space. The AAV9 vector (3-5 &#181;L; 1.2 x 1013 genome copies (gc)) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was then injected subpially. After injections, neurological function (motor and sensory) was assessed periodically, and animals were perfusion-fixed 14 days after AAV9 delivery with 4% paraformaldehyde. Analysis of horizontal or transverse spinal cord sections showed transgene expression throughout the entire spinal cord, in both gray and white matter. In addition, intense retrogradely-mediated GFP expression was seen in the descending motor axons and neurons in the motor cortex, nucleus ruber, and formatio reticularis. No neurological dysfunction was noted in any animals. These data show that the subpial vector delivery technique can successfully be used in adult mice, without causing procedure-related spinal cord injury, and is associated with highly potent transgene expression throughout the spinal neuraxis.

Subpial Adeno-associated Virus 9 AAV9 Vector Delivery in Adult Mice

The goal of the present study was to develop and validate the potency and safety of spinal adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-mediated gene delivery by using a novel subpial gene delivery technique in adult mice.

在成年小鼠中的亚型腺相关病毒9（AAV9）载体递送

The successful development of a subpial adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) vector delivery technique in adult rats and pigs has been reported on previously. ...

Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or triple transgenic mice are generated in order to achieve selective expression of a reporter or effector gene (e.g., from the Rosa26 locus) in the desired spinal population. 2) Intraspinal injection of Cre-dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV); here Cre-dependent AAV vectors coding for the reporter or effector gene of choice are injected into the spinal cord of mice expressing Cre recombinase in the desired neuronal subpopulation. This protocol describes how to generate Cre-dependent rAAV vectors and how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord segments L3-L5 with rAAVs. As the lumbar spinal segments L3-L5 are innervated by those peripheral sensory neurons that transmit sensory information from the hindlimbs, spontaneous behavior and responses to sensory tests applied to the hindlimb ipsilateral to the injection side can be analyzed in order to interrogate the function of the manipulated neurons in sensory processing. We provide examples of how this technique can be used to analyze genetically defined subsets of spinal neurons. The main advantages of virus-mediated transgene expression in Cre transgenic mice compared to classical reporter mouse-induced transgene expression are the following: 1) Different Cre-dependent rAAVs encoding various reporter or effector proteins can be injected into a single Cre transgenic line, thus overcoming the need to create several multiple transgenic mouse lines. 2) Intraspinal injection limits manipulation of Cre-expressing cells to the injection site and to the time after injection. The main disadvantages are: 1) Reporter gene expression from rAAVs is more variable. 2) Surgery is required to transduce the spinal neurons of interest. Which of the two methods is more appropriate depends on the neuron population and research question to be addressed.

Intraspinal injection of recombinase dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) can be used to manipulate any genetically labelled cell type in the spinal cord. Here we describe how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. This technique enables functional interrogation of the manipulated neuron subtype.

腺相关病毒介导的脊髓基因神经元的转基因表达

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or ...

Direct Intrathecal Injection of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viruses in Adult Mice

Intrathecal (IT) injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) has drawn considerable interest in CNS gene therapy by virtue of its safety, noninvasiveness, and excellent transduction efficacy in the CNS.&#160;Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potency of AAV-delivered gene therapy in neurodegenerative disorders by IT administration. However, high rates of unpredictable failure due to the technical limitation of IT administration in small animals have been reported. Here, we established a scoring system to indicate the success extent of lumbar puncture in small animals by adding 1% lidocaine hydrochloride into the injection solution. We further show that the extent of transient weakness following injection can predict the transduction efficiency of AAV. Thus, this IT injection method can be used to optimize therapeutic trials in mouse models of CNS diseases that afflict wide regions of the CNS.

Here we present a direct intrathecal injection technique using 1% lidocaine hydrochloride in a viral solution to ensure efficient adeno-associated virus delivery to small animals and establish a scoring system to predict transduction efficiency in the central nervous system according to the degree of transient weakness induced by lidocaine.

重组腺相关病毒在成年小鼠中的直接注射

Intrathecal (IT) injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) has drawn considerable interest in CNS gene therapy by virtue of its safety, noninvasiveness, ...

Production, Purification, and Quality Control for Adeno-associated Virus-based Vectors

Gene delivery tools based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are a popular choice for the delivery of transgenes to the central nervous system (CNS), including gene therapy applications. AAV vectors are non-replicating, able to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells&#160;and provide long-term transgene expression. Importantly, some serotypes, such as the newly described PHP.B, can cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) in animal models, following systemic delivery. AAV vectors can be efficiently produced in the laboratory. However, robust and reproducible protocols are required to obtain AAV vectors with sufficient purity levels and titer values high enough for in vivo applications. This protocol describes an efficient and reproducible strategy for AAV vector production, based on an iodixanol gradient purification strategy. The iodixanol purification method is suitable for obtaining batches of high-titer AAV vectors of high purity, when compared to other purification methods. Furthermore, the protocol is generally faster than other methods currently described. In addition, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based strategy is described for a fast and accurate determination of the vector titer, as well as a silver staining method to determine the purity of the vector batch. Finally, representative results of gene delivery to the CNS, following systemic administration of AAV-PHP.B, are presented. Such results should be possible in all labs using the protocols described in this article.

Here, we describe an efficient and reproducible strategy to produce, titer, and quality-control batches of adeno-associated virus vectors. It allows the user to obtain a vector preparation with high-titer&#160;(&#8805;1 x 1013 vector genomes/mL) and a high purity, ready for in vitro or in vivo use.

与腺相关病毒的向量的生产、纯化和质量控制

Gene delivery tools based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are a popular choice for the delivery of transgenes to the central nervous system (CNS), ...

Convection Enhanced Delivery of Optogenetic Adeno-associated Viral Vector to the Cortex of Rhesus Macaque Under Guidance of Online MRI Images

In non-human primate (NHP) optogenetics, infecting large cortical areas with viral vectors is often a difficult and time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate the use of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided convection enhanced delivery (CED) of optogenetic viral vectors into primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices of macaques to obtain efficient, widespread cortical expression of light-sensitive ion channels. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding the red-shifted opsin C1V1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) were injected into the cortex of rhesus macaques under MR-guided CED. Three months post-infusion, epifluorescent imaging confirmed large regions of optogenetic expression (&#62;130 mm2) in M1 and S1 in two macaques. Furthermore, we were able to record reliable light-evoked electrophysiology responses from the expressing areas using micro-electrocorticographic arrays. Later histological analysis and immunostaining against the reporter revealed widespread and dense optogenetic expression in M1 and S1 corresponding to the distribution indicated by epifluorescent imaging. This technique enables us to obtain expression across large areas of the cortex within a shorter period of time with minimal damage compared to the traditional techniques and can be an optimal approach for optogenetic viral delivery in large animals such as NHPs. This approach demonstrates great potential for network-level manipulation of neural circuits with cell-type specificity in animal models evolutionarily close to humans.&#160;

Here, we demonstrate magnetic resonance (MR)-guided convection enhanced delivery (CED) of viral vectors into the cortex as an efficient and simplified approach for achieving optogenetic expression across large cortical areas in the macaque brain.

在在线 MRI 图像的指导下,对流增强将视遗传阿德诺相关病毒载体输送到 Rhesus Macaque 的皮质

In non-human primate (NHP) optogenetics, infecting large cortical areas with viral vectors is often a difficult and time-consuming task. Here, we ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are increasingly used to improve understanding of brain circuits and their functions. The AAV-mediated manipulation of specific cell populations and/or of precise molecular components has been tremendously useful to identify new sleep regulatory circuits/molecules and key proteins contributing to the adverse effects of sleep loss. For instance, inhibiting activity of the filamentous actin-severing protein&#160;cofilin&#160;using AAV prevents sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Here, a protocol is&#160;described that combines the manipulation of cofilin function in a cerebral cortex area with the recording of ECoG activity to examine whether cortical cofilin modulates the wakefulness and sleep ECoG signals. AAV injection is performed during the same surgical procedure as the implantation of ECoG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in adult male and female mice. Mice are anesthetized, and their heads are shaved. After skin cleaning and incision, stereotaxic coordinates of the motor cortex are determined, and the skull is pierced at this location. A cannula prefilled with an AAV expressing cofilinS3D, an inactive form of cofilin, is slowly positioned in the cortical tissue. After AAV infusion, gold-covered screws (ECoG electrodes) are screwed through the skull and cemented to the skull with gold wires inserted in the neck muscles (EMG electrodes). The animals are allowed three weeks to recover and to ensure sufficient expression of cofilinS3D. The infected area and cell type are verified using immunohistochemistry, and the ECoG is analyzed using visual identification of vigilance states and spectral analysis. In summary, this combined methodological approach allows the investigation of the precise contribution of molecular components regulating neuronal morphology and connectivity to the regulation of synchronized cerebral cortex activity during wakefulness and sleep.

This article describes a protocol for the manipulation of molecular targets in the cerebral cortex using adeno-associated viruses and for monitoring the effects of this manipulation during wakefulness and sleep using electrocorticographic recordings.

使用腺相关病毒在小鼠中瞄准科菲林操纵的大脑皮层区域的电皮质记录

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...

Analyzing the Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by Adeno-associated Viral Vectors Encoding Human &#945;-Synuclein

Parkinson&#39;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the death of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway and, consequently, the progressive loss of control of voluntary movements. This neurodegenerative process is triggered by the deposition of protein aggregates in the brain, which are mainly constituted of &#945;-synuclein. Several studies have indicated that neuroinflammation is required to develop the neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. Notably, the neuroinflammatory process involves microglial activation as well as the infiltration of peripheral T cells into the substantia nigra (SN). This work analyzes a mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease that recapitulates microglial activation, T-cell infiltration into the SN, the neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment. This mouse model of Parkinson&#39;s disease is induced by the stereotaxic delivery of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding the human wild-type &#945;-synuclein (AAV-h&#945;Syn) into the SN. The correct delivery of viral vectors into the SN was confirmed using control vectors encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Afterward, how the dose of AAV-h&#945;Syn administered in the SN affected the extent of h&#945;Syn expression, the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons, and motor impairment were evaluated. Moreover, the dynamics of h&#945;Syn expression, microglial activation, and T-cell infiltration were determined throughout the time course of disease development. Thus, this study provides critical time points that may be useful for targeting synuclein pathology and neuroinflammation in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease.

This work analyzes the vector dose and exposure time required to induce neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and motor impairment in this preclinical model of Parkinson&#39;s disease. These vectors encoding the human &#945;-synuclein are delivered into the substantia nigra&#160;to recapitulate the synuclein pathology associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease.