威康信托基金会提供开放存取资金牛津大学。罗伯特·迪肯资助，由威康信托基金资助WT084655MA牛津OXION组的成员。

1。设备 1.1 Kondziela的反转屏幕测试倒置的屏幕是一个43厘米见方的金属丝网构成的直径为1mm的导线（ 图1）的 12毫米的正方形。它的周围是一个4厘米深木珠串（防止鼠标偶尔试图攀上另一侧）（ 图2）。 1.2重量​​测试 7位的权重构成的装置。每个由球的纠结细针不锈钢丝，用来防止石灰石形成规模在国内水壶“规模收藏家”。这是小的重量（7克），但，每个刻度集电极连接到一系列的钢链连接，每块重约13克。链接的数量范围由一至七个。因此，权重分别为：20，33，46，59，72，85和98克（ 图3和图4）。 2。临cedure 对于所有的测试，把老鼠的实验室5-20分钟，然后再测试，以确保它们是正确清醒。作为一般规则，以允许恢复肌肉力量和回归到正常水平的觉醒，每个电机测试后返回家笼休息老鼠。 <ol><li> Kondziela倒屏测试</li><li>操作步骤：鼠标放置在中心的金属丝网，开始一个stopclock，旋转屏幕倒置的位置在2秒内，鼠标的头部先下降。保持稳步40-50厘米以上的屏幕垫子上。注意鼠标脱落时，到达时的标准时间为60秒或删除它。标准时间越长，可能是有用的一些实验。 </li><li>得分倒画面： </li></ol>下降1-10秒之间= 1 在11-25秒之间下降= 2 之间26-60秒= 3 后60秒= 4 2分钟， 例如 ： 下降1-10秒之间= 1 在11-25秒之间下降= 2 之间26-60秒= 3 之间61-90秒= 4 后90秒= 5 3。重量测试基地的尾巴中间/降低，使其能够掌握首重（20克），这是躺在实验室的长椅上按住鼠标。其前爪抓住电线规模收藏家，启动一个停止时钟，提高鼠标，直到链接是明确的板凳。三秒钟的保持是准绳。如果鼠标下降的重量小于3秒，请注意时间举行的重量。鼠标停留约10秒，并再次尝试它的重量。如果失败了三次，终止试验中，鼠标被分配的最大时间/重量实现。如果它拥有3秒再尝试下一个最重的重量。如果解除了这个3秒，测试它的下一个较重，以后你有测试所有cagemates的首重。再次，这是三次机会持有的权重为3秒。完整的3秒举行最重链的，它是举行的时间（秒）乘以链接的数量作为产品的最终总得分计算。如果分量最重的下降，前3秒一个适当的中间值计算。因此，鼠标保持5 3秒的链路权重，但无法解除6链路权重，分配得分为（5×3）= 15。如果持有6链路权重为1秒，所以分数（5×3）+（1）= 16。 有时老鼠，可能无法得到充分的把持装置的动力。这一般发生在老年动物。这个问题可以尽量减少老鼠的尾巴更长的时间，然后把它扣人心弦的距离内的钢丝球。

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

影响人体运动系统的许多疾病的小鼠模型不断被开发，因此，良好的实验在小鼠体内的力量是必不可少的。例子包括多种形式的肌肉萎缩症，帕金森氏症和亨廷顿氏舞蹈病。强度试验还发现脊髓或周围神经损伤后神经再生模型中使用。工业和汽车事故继续造成相当大的障碍，人类，但许多临床前工作目前正在调查可能的治疗途径，神经生长因子的基础上。 肌肉不会单独工作。它们被激活大脑，本地或更高的脊髓反射，通过神经肌肉接头和其他肌肉骨骼系统的限制范围内工作。因此，系统的复杂性是指在清醒的动物的肌肉力量在体内测定是必不可少的在其现况的评价和EFFECTS的任何假定的治疗。老鼠本能地持有到材料与强大的抓地力，因此， 小家鼠是一种理想的动物模型来评估疾病的肌肉力量和可能的治疗方法。

一个外行的人，可能会出现在小鼠的测量强度的想法荒谬的，甚至是一个矛盾的东西。然而，这不是没有道理的房子/实验室小鼠被命名为小家鼠 。他们实际上有一个非常高的强度/重量比，超过的影响。例如，成年鼠可以很容易地支持自己的体重，甚至只使用前或后爪极少数的成年实验室老鼠可以做到这一点。 小鼠在生物医学研究中发挥着越来越大的作用。它们可以被用来模拟人类的许多运动障碍，躯体和起源于中枢神经系统。前者包括超过30形式的遗传性肌肉营养不良和重症肌无力，而后者的例子是多发性硬化，脊髓性肌萎缩症，帕金森氏病，亨廷顿氏病和肌萎缩性侧索硬化症。对于所有的这些模型，全面评估他们的运动障碍必须包含具体的测试实力。

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7设计倒屏幕测试，并在1964年公布。它是一个测试用四肢的肌肉力量。最正常的小鼠容易得分最多这项任务，它是一个快速但不敏感的毛屏，在这篇文章中所描述的重量测试肌肉力量将提供一个更精细的措施。 也有基于应变计的几件设备可以买到，这将提供更多的分级数据比倒置的屏幕测试，但他们的成本可能把他们不专注于强度测试的许多实验室鞭长莫及。因此，在2000年由作者设计一种廉价和简单的设备。它包括了一系列的链长度的增加，“毛皮收藏家”一球细铁丝网，防止水垢积聚在水质较硬的地区销售。一个偶然的观察发现，老鼠能抓住这些非常紧密，所以他们被证明是理想的一握POIN吨重起重设备。与商业力量米是一种常见的故障，酒吧或其他握功能是不是够薄，小鼠，以发挥最大的抓地力。作为一般规则，越薄的金属丝或酒吧，可以握住鼠标更好的与它的小爪子。 这是一个纯粹的力量测试，但任何测试的激励因素可能发挥了作用。规模集热器的使用，但是，似乎以尽量减少出现的动机是非常高的，最正常的年轻成年老鼠的动机问题。

预期结果 contet 等2表明129S2/sv小鼠进行同样的权重测试，以C57BL / 6小鼠。雌性C57BL / 6小鼠拿下约15，129小鼠17，这意味着他们可以抬起约5链，围绕70克。这是一个高值，通常为2-3链（比分6-9，33-46克）C57BL / 6小鼠5解除。想必这些差别因素，如收到多少处理小鼠和实验者的技术细节。 海马病变不影响强度测量的重量测试或倒屏幕4。朊病毒（痒病）的病鼠减值倒屏18周后感染6。虽然有些受损在单杠上rotarod的相对C57BL / 6小鼠，小鼠并无减值C57BL/10举重5。基因敲除小鼠为t他KATP通道亚基Kir6.2的倒置画面或举重测试未减值，，虽然女性得分高于男性后3。这是不寻常的，通常较重的男性比女性表现出更大的实力。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> 图1。倒屏幕。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> 图2，关闭鼠标倒置屏幕上。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> 图3的权重，从20克98克不等。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong图4。鼠标举重。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

在许多临床情况，如运动神经元病肌肉力量出现赤字。倒置屏幕和这里描述的举重测试测量在小鼠体内的强度几乎完全，以最小的影响因素，例如协调。

强度测量小鼠

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

53.7K 次观看.  University of Oxford. 在许多临床情况，如运动神经元病肌肉力量出现赤字。倒置屏幕和这里描述的举重测试测量在小鼠体内的强度几乎完全，以最小的影响因素，例如协调。

视频: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

经胸超声心动图在小鼠

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

科研

医学

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

危重病人中的应用手册肌力测试：下肢肌力测量方法

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

原位主动脉瓣移植在小鼠血管疾病的研究

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

测量升主动脉刚度<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;小鼠使用超声

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can improve strength in individuals with MS, however; it remains unclear the duration of RST that is needed to make strength gains and how to adapt hip strengthening exercises for individuals of varying strength using only resistance bands. This paper describes the methodology to set up and implement an adapted resistance strength training program, using resistance bands, for individuals with MS. Directions for pre- and post-strength tests to evaluate efficacy of the strength-training program are included. Safety features and detailed instructions outline the weekly program content and progression. Current evidence is presented showing that significant strength gains can be made within 8 weeks of starting a RST program. Evidence is also presented showing that resistance strength training can be successfully adapted for individuals with MS of varying strength with little equipment.

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis. Isolated muscle strengthening is a useful method to target specific weaknesses. This protocol describes a progressive resistance-training program using exercise bands to increase hip muscle strength.

改编阻力训练提高力量在八周内的个人与多发性硬化症

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

通过长期进步力量训练提高力量，力量，肌肉有氧能力和葡萄糖耐量

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

测定化学物质对线虫线虫生长和繁殖的影响

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

小鼠锁骨下静脉穿刺采血

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

小鼠重复的奥内切管插管

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper introduces a noninvasive method of intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation in mice. A dry powder loading device that consists of a 200 &#181;L gel loading pipette tip connected to an 1 mL syringe via a three-way stopcock is presented. A small amount of dry powder (1-2 mg) is loaded into the pipette tip and dispersed by 0.6 mL of air in the syringe. Because pipette tips are disposable and inexpensive, different dry powder formulations can be loaded into different tips in advance. Various formulations can be evaluated in the same animal experiment without device cleaning and dose refilling, thereby saving time and eliminating the risk of cross-contamination from residual powder. The extent of powder dispersion can be inspected by the amount of powder remaining in the pipette tip. A protocol of intubation in mouse with a custom-made light source and a guiding cannula is included. Proper intubation is one of the key factors that influences the intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation to the deep lung region of the mouse.

Dry powder formulations for inhalation have great potential in treating respiratory diseases. Before entering human studies, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the dry powder formulation in preclinical studies. A simple and noninvasive method of the administration of dry powder in mice through the intratracheal route is presented.

小鼠干粉配方的内经管理

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...