Il Wellcome Trust per il finanziamento Open Access all&#39;Università di Oxford. Robert Deacon è un membro del gruppo OXION Oxford, finanziato dal Wellcome Trust concessione WT084655MA.

1. Apparato Provino rovesciata di 1,1 Kondziela La schermata invertita è un quadrato di rete metallica composta da 12 millimetri quadrati da 1 mm filo diametro (Figura 1) 43 cm. E &#39;circondata da una profondità di cm 4 perline di legno (che impedisce il mouse occasionale che cerca di di salire sul l&#39;altro lato) (Figura 2). 1.2 Test Weights Sette pesi costituiscono l&#39;apparato. Ogni alloggio è composto di una palla di filo aggrovigliato multa calibro acciaio inossidabile, un &quot;collettore di scala&quot;, come utilizzato per prevenire la formazione di calcare scala in bollitori domestici. Il peso di questa è piccola (7 g), ma ogni collettore scala è attaccato ad una serie di collegamenti di catena, ciascuno del peso di circa 13 g. Il numero di collegamenti varia da uno a sette. I loro pesi sono quindi: 20, 33, 46, 59, 72, 85 e 98 g (Figure 3 e 4). 2. Proprocedura Per tutti i test, portare i topi alla sala sperimentale 5-20 minuti prima del test per garantire che siano correttamente sveglio. Come regola generale, per consentire il recupero della forza muscolare e di un ritorno ai normali livelli di eccitazione, riposare i topi da un ritorno alla gabbia a casa dopo ogni prova del motore. <ol><li> Provino rovesciata di Kondziela </li><li> Procedimento: Posizionare il mouse al centro della schermata di maglia del filo, avviare un cronometro, ruotare lo schermo in una posizione invertita oltre 2 secondi, con la testa del topo in declino prima. Tenere lo schermo costantemente 40-50 cm al di sopra di una superficie imbottita. Nota del tempo quando il mouse cade, o rimuoverla quando viene raggiunto il criterio di tempo di 60 sec. Volte criterio più lunghi possono essere utili per alcuni esperimenti. </li><li> Segnando la schermata invertita: </li></ol> Caduta tra 1-10 sec = 1 Caduta tra 11-25 sec = 2 Caduta tra 26-60 sec = 3 Caduta dopo 60 sec = 4 Oppure, ad esempio per 2 min: Caduta tra 1-10 sec = 1 Caduta tra 11-25 sec = 2 Caduta tra 26-60 sec = 3 Caduta tra 61-90 sec = 4 Cade dopo 90 secondi = 5 3. Pesi di prova Tenere un mouse dalla base centrale / della coda e abbassarla per permettergli di cogliere il primo peso (20 g), che è disteso sul banco di laboratorio. Come si coglie il collezionista scala fili con le zampe anteriori, avviare un orologio di arresto e sollevare il mouse fino a quando il collegamento è chiaro della panchina. Una sospensione di tre secondi è il criterio. Se il mouse diminuisce il peso in meno di 3 sec, prendere nota del tempo che tiene il peso. Appoggiare il mouse per circa 10 secondi e provarlo sul peso, ancora una volta. Se fallisce tre volte, che termina il processo, e il mouse viene assegnato il tempo / peso massimo raggiunto. Se si tiene per 3 sec poi provare sul prossimo peso più pesante. Se si solleva questo per 3 sec, testarlo sul prossimo più pesante, dopo avertestato tutti i suoi cagemates sul primo peso. Anche in questo caso, si è dato tre possibilità di tenere il peso per 3 sec. Un punteggio totale finale è calcolato come il prodotto del numero di anelli della catena pesante tenuto per l&#39;intero 3 sec, moltiplicata per il tempo (sec) è posseduta. Se il peso più pesante è caduto prima di 3 secondi viene calcolato un valore intermedio appropriato. Così un mouse in possesso di un peso di 5-link per 3 secondi, ma in grado di sollevare un peso di 6-link, viene assegnato un punteggio di (5 x 3) = 15. Se si tiene il peso 6-link per 1 secondo, i punteggi (5 x 3) + (1) = 16. Talvolta topi non possono essere adeguatamente motivati ​​per afferrare l&#39;apparato. Questo si verifica in genere negli animali più vecchi. Questo problema può essere minimizzato tenendo i topi dalla coda per un tempo più lungo prima di portare all&#39;interno della distanza di presa della palla filo.

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Modelli murini delle molte malattie che colpiscono i sistemi motori umani sono in costante sviluppo, quindi buoni saggi di resistenza nei topi sono essenziali. Alcuni esempi sono le molte forme di distrofia muscolare, morbo di Parkinson e la corea di Huntington. Saggi di Forza inoltre trovare impiego in modelli di rigenerazione dei nervi dopo danno del nervo spinale o periferico. Industriale e incidenti automobilistici continuano a causare notevoli disabilità per gli esseri umani, ma molto lavoro preclinico è attualmente indagando le possibili vie di trattamento basate su fattori di crescita nervosi. I muscoli non lavorano individualmente. Essi vengono attivati ​​dal cervello, locale o superiori riflessi spinali, attraverso le giunzioni neuromuscolari e di lavoro all&#39;interno dei vincoli di altri muscoli e del sistema scheletrico. Pertanto, la complessità del sistema significa Prove in vivo di forza muscolare nel animale sveglio sono essenziali nella valutazione della sua condizione attuale e la effects di eventuali trattamenti putativi. I topi istintivamente aggrapparsi a materiali con una presa forte, così Mus musculus è un animale modello ideale per valutare disturbi della forza muscolare e possibili trattamenti.

Per un laico, l&#39;idea di misurare la forza nei topi potrebbe apparire assurdo, anche qualcosa di un ossimoro. Tuttavia, non è senza ragione che casa / laboratorio topi sono chiamati Mus musculus. In realtà hanno un elevato rapporto robustezza / peso, maggiore di quella dei ratti. Per esempio, topi adulti possono facilmente sostenere il proprio peso corporeo, anche utilizzando solo la prua o zampe posteriori; pochissimi topi da laboratorio per adulti possono fare questo. I topi stanno giocando un ruolo sempre più importante nella ricerca biomedica. Essi possono essere utilizzati per modellare molti disturbi motori, sia somatiche umane e del sistema nervoso centrale in origine. I primi includono i più di trenta forme di distrofia muscolare ereditaria 1 e miastenia gravis, mentre esempi di quest&#39;ultimo caso sono sclerosi multipla, atrofia muscolare spinale, morbo di Parkinson, morbo di Huntington e la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica. Per tutti questi modelli, una valutazione completa dei loro deficit motori deve includere test specificidi forza.

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7 ideato il provino invertito e lo pubblicò nel 1964. Si tratta di una prova di forza muscolare utilizzando tutti e quattro gli arti. Topi più normale facilmente punteggio massimo in questo compito, è una schermata lordo veloce ma insensibile, e la prova di pesi descritto in questo articolo fornisce una misura più fine della forza muscolare. Ci sono anche diversi pezzi indicatore a base di deformazione di apparecchi disponibili in commercio in grado di fornire dati più graduali rispetto al provino rovesciata, ma il loro costo può metterli fuori dalla portata di molti laboratori che non si specializzano in prove di resistenza. Quindi nel 2000 un apparato economico e semplice è stato ideato dall&#39;autore. Si compone di una serie di maglie della catena di lunghezza crescente, allegata ad un &quot;collettore pelliccia&quot; una palla di finissima rete metallica venduto per prevenire la formazione di calcare in zone con acqua dura. Un&#39;osservazione casuale ha rivelato che i topi potevano afferrare questi molto stretto, in modo che si è rivelato ideale come poin presat per un apparecchio di sollevamento pesi. Un errore comune con metri forza commerciale è che il bar o altro grip non è abbastanza sottile per i topi di esercitare un grip massimo. Come regola generale, più sottile è il filo o barra, meglio un mouse può afferrare con i suoi piccoli artigli. Questa è una prova di forza pura, anche se come per qualsiasi prova fattori motivazionali potrebbero svolgere un ruolo. L&#39;uso di collettori di scala, tuttavia, sembra per minimizzare i problemi motivazionali come la motivazione sembra essere molto elevato per la maggior parte giovani topi adulti normali.

Risultati attesi Contet et al. 2 dimostrarono che 129S2/sv topi prestazioni simili al test pesi di C57BL / 6 topi. Femmina C57BL / 6 topi ha segnato circa 15, 129 topi 17, il che significa che potrebbero sollevare circa 5 maglie della catena, circa 70 g. Si tratta di un valore elevato; normalmente 2-3 maglie della catena (punteggio di 6-9, 33-46 g) sono sollevati da topi C57BL / 6 5. Queste differenze sono probabilmente legati a fattori quali la quantità di maneggiare i topi hanno ricevuto ed i dettagli della tecnica dello sperimentatore. Lesioni dell&#39;ippocampo non ha influenzato la forza misurata mediante il test di pesi o il 4 schermata invertita. Prioni (scrapie) topi malati hanno perso di valore sullo schermo invertita da 18 settimane dopo l&#39;infezione 6. Anche se in qualche modo compromessa sulla barra orizzontale e rotarod relativo C57BL / 6 topi, C57BL/10 topi non hanno perso di valore sul sollevamento pesi 5. Topi knockout per tegli KATP canale subunità Kir6.2 non hanno perso di valore sullo schermo invertita o prove di sollevamento pesi, anche se le femmine ottenuto un punteggio superiore rispetto ai maschi in questi ultimi 3. Questo era insolito; normalmente i maschi più pesanti mostrano una maggiore resistenza delle femmine. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. La schermata invertita. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Chiudere la visualizzazione di un mouse sullo schermo invertita. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Pesi, che vanno da 20 ga 98 g. <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt; Figura 4. Un sollevamento pesi mouse.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

I deficit di forza muscolare si verificano in molte condizioni cliniche, come la malattia del motoneurone. La schermata invertita e prove di sollevamento pesi qui descritti forza provvedimento nei topi quasi esclusivamente, con minima influenza di fattori quali il coordinamento.

Misurare la forza della Mice

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

53.5K Views.  University of Oxford. I deficit di forza muscolare si verificano in molte condizioni cliniche, come la malattia del motoneurone. La schermata invertita e prove di sollevamento pesi qui descritti forza provvedimento nei topi quasi esclusivamente, con minima influenza di fattori quali il coordinamento.

Video: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

L&#39;ecocardiografia transtoracica in topi

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

Test muscolare manuale: un metodo di misurazione muscolare forza degli arti applicate a pazienti critici

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Aortica trapianto ortotopico in Mouse per lo studio della malattia vascolare

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

Misurare Crescente aortica Rigidità<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; In topi con ultrasuoni

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can improve strength in individuals with MS, however; it remains unclear the duration of RST that is needed to make strength gains and how to adapt hip strengthening exercises for individuals of varying strength using only resistance bands. This paper describes the methodology to set up and implement an adapted resistance strength training program, using resistance bands, for individuals with MS. Directions for pre- and post-strength tests to evaluate efficacy of the strength-training program are included. Safety features and detailed instructions outline the weekly program content and progression. Current evidence is presented showing that significant strength gains can be made within 8 weeks of starting a RST program. Evidence is also presented showing that resistance strength training can be successfully adapted for individuals with MS of varying strength with little equipment.

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis. Isolated muscle strengthening is a useful method to target specific weaknesses. This protocol describes a progressive resistance-training program using exercise bands to increase hip muscle strength.

Resistenza Adattato formazione migliora la forza in otto settimane in individui con sclerosi multipla

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

Migliorare la forza, il potere, la capacità aerobica muscolare e la tolleranza al glucosio attraverso la formazione a breve termine di resistenza progressiva tra le persone anziane

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

Misurare l'effetto delle sostanze chimiche sulla crescita e sulla riproduzione di Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

Prelievo di sangue attraverso la puntura della vena subclavia nei topi

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nonmammalian animal model that is widely used as an assay system due to its short lifespan, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and lack of animal ethics issues. In this study, a method was developed to investigate the effects of different bacteria and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the intestinal permeability of C. elegans with a high-throughput image analysis system. The worms were infected with different gut bacteria or cotreated with DIM for 48 h and fed with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran overnight. Then, the intestinal permeability was examined by comparing the fluorescence images and the fluorescence intensity inside the worm bodies. This method may also have the potential to identify probiotic and pathogenic intestinal bacteria that affect intestinal permeability in the animal model and is effective for examining the effects of harmful or health-promoting chemicals on intestinal permeability and intestinal health. However, this protocol also has some considerable limitations at the genetic level, especially for determining which genes are altered to control illness, because this method is mostly used for phenotypic determination. In addition, this method is limited to determining exactly which pathogenic substrates cause inflammation or increase the permeability of the worms' intestines during infection. Therefore, further in-depth studies, including investigation of the molecular genetic mechanism using mutant bacteria and nematodes as well as chemical component analysis of bacteria, are required to fully evaluate the function of bacteria and chemicals in determining intestinal permeability.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol describes how to measure intestinal permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans. This method is helpful for basic biological research on intestinal health related to the interaction between intestinal bacteria and their host and for screening to identify probiotic and chemical agents to cure leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Misurazione degli effetti di batteri e sostanze chimiche sulla permeabilità intestinale della caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubazione orotrachea ripetuta nei topi

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...