Le Wellcome Trust pour fournir du financement du libre accès à l&#39;Université d&#39;Oxford. Robert Deacon est un membre du groupe OXION Oxford, financée par Wellcome Trust subvention WT084655MA.

1. Appareil Test de l&#39;écran inversé de 1,1 Kondziela L&#39;écran inversé est un 43 cm carré de treillis métallique composé de 12 carrés de 1 mm fil mm de diamètre (figure 1). Il est entouré d&#39;un cm de perles en bois de profondeur 4 (qui empêche la souris occasionnelle qui tente de partir grimper sur l&#39;autre côté) (Figure 2). 1.2 essai de musculation Sept poids constituent l&#39;appareil. Chacun se compose d&#39;une boule de fil emmêlé fine jauge en acier inoxydable, un «collecteur échelle&quot; tel qu&#39;il est utilisé pour prévenir la formation de calcaire dans les bouilloires échelle nationale. Le poids de ce est faible (7 g), mais chaque collecteur échelle est attachée à une série de maillons en acier, pesant chacun environ 13 g. Le nombre de liaisons varie de un à sept. Leurs poids sont donc: 20, 33, 46, 59, 72, 85 et 98 g (figures 3 et 4). 2. Proprocédure Pour tous les tests, mettre les souris à la salle expérimentale 5-20 min avant de le tester pour s&#39;assurer qu&#39;ils sont correctement éveillé. En règle générale, pour permettre la récupération de la force musculaire et un retour à des niveaux normaux d&#39;éveil, reposer les souris par un retour à la cage à la maison après chaque essai moteur. <ol><li> Test de l&#39;écran inversé de Kondziela </li><li> Procédure: Placez la souris au centre de l&#39;écran en treillis, démarrer un chronomètre, faire pivoter l&#39;écran pour une position inversée plus de 2 sec, avec la tête de la souris déclin première. Maintenez l&#39;écran de façon constante 40-50 cm au-dessus d&#39;une surface matelassée. Noter le temps quand la souris tombe, ou de le supprimer lorsque l&#39;heure de critère de 60 secondes est atteint. Temps de critère plus long peut être utile pour certaines expériences. </li><li> Marquant l&#39;écran inversé: </li></ol> Se situant entre 1-10 sec = 1 Se situant entre 11-25 sec = 2 Se situant entre 26-60 sec = 3 Chute après 60 sec = 4 Ou, par exemple pendant 2 min: Se situant entre 1-10 sec = 1 Se situant entre 11-25 sec = 2 Se situant entre 26-60 sec = 3 Se situant entre 61-90 sec = 4 Chute après 90 sec = 5 3. Poids essai Maintenez la souris par la base de milieu / de la queue et l&#39;abaisser pour lui permettre de saisir le premier poids (20 g) qui est couché sur le banc de laboratoire. Comme il saisit le collecteur d&#39;échelle de fil avec ses pattes de devant, commencer une horloge d&#39;arrêt et augmenter la souris jusqu&#39;à ce que le lien est évident du banc. Une attente de trois secondes est le critère. Si la souris tombe le poids en moins de 3 secondes, noter le temps qu&#39;il a occupé le poids. Reste la souris pendant environ 10 secondes et l&#39;essayer sur le poids une fois de plus. Si elle échoue trois fois, qui met fin au procès, et la souris se voit attribuer le temps / poids atteint au maximum. Si elle maintient pendant 3 secondes puis essayer sur le prochain poids lourd. Si elle soulève ce pendant 3 secondes, le tester sur le prochain poids lourd, après que vous ayeztesté tous ses compagnons de cage sur le premier poids. Encore une fois, on lui donne trois chances pour supporter le poids de 3 sec. Un score total final est calculé comme le produit du nombre de maillons de la chaîne lourde qui s&#39;est tenue pour la pleine 3 sec, multiplié par le temps (sec) il est détenu. Si le poids le plus lourd est tombé avant 3 secondes une valeur intermédiaire approprié est calculé. Ainsi, une souris tenant un poids de 5 lien pendant 3 secondes, mais incapable de soulever un poids de 6-link, se voit attribuer un score de (5 x 3) = 15. Si elle maintient le poids 6-link pendant 1 seconde, elle marque (5 x 3) + (1) = 16. Parfois, les souris peuvent ne pas être suffisamment motivés pour saisir l&#39;appareil. Cela se produit généralement chez les animaux âgés. Ce problème peut être minimisé par la détention des souris par la queue pendant une longue période avant de le mettre à distance de préhension de la boule de fil.

<ol>
	<li>Bulfield, G., Siller, W. G., Wight, P. A., Moore, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=K.J.X+chromosome-linked+muscular+dystrophy+(mdx)+in+the+mouse.">K.J.X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1189-1192 (1984).</li><li>Contet, C., Rawlins, J. N. P., Deacon, R. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+129S2/SvHsd+and+C57BL/6JOlaHsd+mice+on+a+test+battery+assessing+sensorimotor,+affective+and+cognitive+behaviours:+implications+for+the+study+of+genetically+modified+mice.">A comparison of 129S2/SvHsd and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice on a test battery assessing sensorimotor, affective and cognitive behaviours: implications for the study of genetically modified mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 124, 33-46 (2001).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Brook, R. C., Meyer, D., Haeckel, O., Ashcroft, F. M., Miki, T., Seino, S., Liss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mice+lacking+the+KATP+channel+subunit+Kir6.2.">Behavioral phenotyping of mice lacking the KATP channel subunit Kir6.2.</a> Physiol. Behav. 87, 723-733 (2006).</li><li>Deacon, R. M. J., Croucher, A., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+cytotoxic+lesion+effects+on+species-typical+behaviors+in+mice.">Hippocampal cytotoxic lesion effects on species-typical behaviors in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 132, 203-213 (2002).</li><li>Rawlins, J. N. P., Morley, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+behavior+of+C57BL/6+and+C57BL/10+mice.">A comparison of the behavior of C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 179, 239-247 (2007).</li><li>Guenther, K., Deacon, R. M. J., Perry, V. H., Rawlins, J. N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+behavioural+changes+in+scrapie-affected+mice+and+the+influence+of+dapsone.">Early behavioural changes in scrapie-affected mice and the influence of dapsone.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 401-409 (2001).</li><li>Kondziela, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eine+neue+method+zur+messung+der+muskularen+relaxation+bei+weissen+mausen.">Eine neue method zur messung der muskularen relaxation bei weissen mausen.</a> Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 152, 277-284 (1964).</li></ol>

Aucun conflit d&#39;intérêt déclaré.

Des modèles murins des nombreuses maladies qui affectent les systèmes de motricité humaine sont en développement constant, donc de bons tests de résistance chez la souris sont indispensables. Les exemples incluent les nombreuses formes de dystrophie musculaire, la maladie de Parkinson et la chorée de Huntington. tests de résistance trouvent également une utilisation dans des modèles de régénération des nerfs après une lésion du nerf spinal ou périphérique. Accidents de la route industrielle et continuent de causer une invalidité considérable pour les humains, mais beaucoup de travail préclinique étudie actuellement les voies possibles de traitement fondées sur des facteurs de croissance nerveux. Muscles jamais travailler individuellement. Ils sont activés par le cerveau, local ou réflexes spinaux élevés, via les jonctions neuromusculaires et de travailler dans les contraintes des autres muscles et le système squelettique. Par conséquent, la complexité du système signifie que les essais in vivo de la force musculaire chez l&#39;animal éveillé sont essentielles à l&#39;évaluation de son état ​​actuel et l&#39;effects de tous les traitements présumés. De tenir la souris instinctivement à des matériaux ayant une forte emprise, musculus Mus donc un modèle animal idéal pour évaluer les troubles de la force musculaire et les traitements possibles.

Pour un profane, l&#39;idée de mesurer la force chez les souris pourrait sembler absurde, même quelque chose d&#39;un oxymore. Cependant, ce n&#39;est pas sans raison que les souris maison / laboratoire sont nommés Mus musculus. Ils ont fait une très haute résistance / poids, supérieure à celle des rats. Par exemple, des souris adultes peuvent facilement supporter leur propre poids de corps, même en utilisant uniquement l&#39;avant ou pattes postérieures; très peu de rats de laboratoire adultes peuvent le faire. Souris jouent un rôle toujours plus important dans la recherche biomédicale. Ils peuvent être utilisés pour modéliser de nombreux troubles de motricité humaine, à la fois somatiques et le système nerveux central d&#39;origine. Les premiers concernent les plus de trente formes de dystrophie musculaire héréditaire 1 et la myasthénie grave, tandis que des exemples de ces derniers sont la sclérose en plaques, l&#39;atrophie musculaire spinale, la maladie de Parkinson, la maladie de Huntington et la sclérose latérale amyotrophique. Pour tous ces modèles, une évaluation complète de leurs déficits moteurs doit inclure des tests spécifiquesde force.

measuring the strength of mice

Kondziela 7 a conçu le test de l&#39;écran inversé et publié en 1964. C&#39;est un test de force musculaire en utilisant les quatre membres. La plupart des souris normales obtiennent facilement au maximum sur cette tâche, c&#39;est un écran brute rapide mais insensible, et le test des poids décrit dans cet article va fournir une mesure plus fine de la force musculaire. Il ya aussi plusieurs morceaux jauge basées sur la souche d&#39;appareils disponibles dans le commerce qui fourniront des données plus classés que le test de l&#39;écran inversé, mais leur coût peut les mettre hors de portée de nombreux laboratoires qui ne sont pas spécialisés dans les tests de résistance. Ainsi, en 2000, un appareil simple et pas cher a été conçu par l&#39;auteur. Il se compose d&#39;une série de maillons de la chaîne de longueur croissante, attachés à un &quot;collecteur de fourrure&quot; une boule de grillage à mailles fines vendu pour prévenir le tartre s&#39;accumule dans les zones d&#39;eau dure. Une observation accidentelle a révélé que les souris pouvaient saisir ces très serré, donc ils s&#39;est avéré idéal comme un poin de préhensiont pour un appareil de musculation. Un défaut commun avec des compteurs de puissance commerciale, c&#39;est que le bar ou autre caractéristique d&#39;adhérence n&#39;est pas assez fine pour les souris d&#39;exercer une adhérence maximale. En règle générale, plus le fil ou barre, mieux qu&#39;une souris peut saisir avec ses petites griffes. Ceci est un test pur de la force, même si, comme pour tout test facteurs de motivation pourraient jouer un rôle. L&#39;utilisation de capteurs échelle, cependant, semble minimiser les problèmes de motivation que la motivation semble être très élevé chez les jeunes souris adultes normales plus.

Résultats attendus Contet et al. 2 a montré que les souris 129S2/sv une performance similaire au test de poids à des souris C57BL / 6. Femme C57BL / 6 ont obtenu environ 15 129 souris 17, ce qui signifie qu&#39;ils pourraient soulever environ 5 maillons de la chaîne, environ 70 g. Il s&#39;agit d&#39;une grande valeur; normalement 2-3 maillons de la chaîne (score 6-9, 33-46 g) sont levées par C57BL / 6 5. Ces différences sont probablement liées à des facteurs tels que la quantité de manipuler les souris ont reçu et les détails de la technique de l&#39;expérimentateur. Lésions hippocampiques n&#39;affectaient pas la force mesurée soit par le test de poids ou de l&#39;écran 4 inversé. Prions (tremblante) souris malades ont été dépréciées sur l&#39;écran inversé de 18 semaines après l&#39;infection 6. Bien que quelque peu altérée sur la barre horizontale et rotarod par rapport à des souris C57BL / 6, C57BL/10 souris ne sont pas amortis sur 5 haltérophilie. Les souris knockout pour til KATP canal sous-unité Kir6.2 n&#39;avait pas de déficience sur l&#39;écran inversé ou des tests d&#39;haltérophilie, bien que les femmes obtiennent de meilleurs résultats que les hommes sur ce dernier 3. C&#39;était inhabituel, normalement les mâles plus lourds présentent une plus grande résistance que les femelles. <img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig1.jpg" /> Figure 1. L&#39;écran inversé. <img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig2.jpg" /> Figure 2. Fermer la vue d&#39;une souris sur l&#39;écran inversé. <img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig3.jpg" /> Figure 3. Poids, allant de 20 g à 98 g. <img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/2610/2610fig4.jpg" /> <strong&gt; Figure 4. A d&#39;haltérophilie de la souris.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Strength of Mice at JoVE.com

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Les déficits de la force musculaire se produisent dans de nombreuses conditions cliniques telles que la maladie du motoneurone. L&#39;écran inversé et des tests de musculation décrit ici mesure la force chez les souris presque exclusivement, avec une influence minimale de facteurs tels que la coordination.

Mesure de la Force de souris

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

53.7K vues.  University of Oxford. Les déficits de la force musculaire se produisent dans de nombreuses conditions cliniques telles que la maladie du motoneurone. L'écran inversé et des tests de musculation décrit ici mesure la force chez les souris presque exclusivement, avec une influence minimale de facteurs tels que la coordination.

Vidéo: Measuring the Strength of Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

L&#39;échocardiographie transthoracique chez la souris

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

Recherche

Médecine

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

Test musculaire manuel: une méthode de mesure la force musculaire des extrémités appliquée aux patients gravement malades

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

Transplantation orthotopique aortique chez la souris pour l&#39;étude des maladies vasculaires

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

We describe a technique for measuring aortic stiffness from its pressure-diameter relationship in vivo in mice. Aortic diameter is recorded by ultrasound and aortic pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is changed incrementally and the resulting diameter is measured.

Mesure aortique ascendant Rigidité<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Chez la souris en utilisant des ultrasons

We present a protocol for measuring in vivo aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound ...

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can improve strength in individuals with MS, however; it remains unclear the duration of RST that is needed to make strength gains and how to adapt hip strengthening exercises for individuals of varying strength using only resistance bands. This paper describes the methodology to set up and implement an adapted resistance strength training program, using resistance bands, for individuals with MS. Directions for pre- and post-strength tests to evaluate efficacy of the strength-training program are included. Safety features and detailed instructions outline the weekly program content and progression. Current evidence is presented showing that significant strength gains can be made within 8 weeks of starting a RST program. Evidence is also presented showing that resistance strength training can be successfully adapted for individuals with MS of varying strength with little equipment.

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis. Isolated muscle strengthening is a useful method to target specific weaknesses. This protocol describes a progressive resistance-training program using exercise bands to increase hip muscle strength.

Formation Résistance adaptée améliore la résistance en huit semaines chez les individus atteints de sclérose en plaques

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

Amélioration de la force, de la puissance, de la capacité aérobie musculaire et de la tolérance au glucose grâce à la formation à long terme de la force progressive chez les personnes âgées

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A non-mammalian soil round worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a valuable model organism for toxicology studies due to its convenience and lack of animal ethics issues compared with mammalian animal systems. In this protocol, a detailed procedure of toxicological evaluation of chemicals in C. elegans is described. A clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which targets human topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA replication of human cancer cells, was selected as a model testing chemical. Age-synchronized C. elegans eggs were exposed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or etoposide, and then the growth of C. elegans was monitored every day for 4 days by the stereo microscope observation. The total number of eggs laid from C. elegans treated with DMSO or etoposide was also counted by using the stereo microscope. Etoposide treatment significantly affected the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. By comparison of the total number of eggs laid from worms with different treatment periods of chemicals, it can be decided that the reproductive toxicity of chemicals on C. elegans reproduction is reversible or irreversible. These protocols may be helpful for both the development of various drugs and risk assessment of environmental toxicants.

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

A basic protocol to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals in a model animal, Caenorhabditis elegans, is described. The method is convenient and useful for the development of pharmaceuticals as well as for the risk assessment of various environmental pollutants.

Mesurer l’effet des produits chimiques sur la croissance et la Reproduction de Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

Prélèvement sanguin par piqûre de veine Subclavienne chez la souris

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubation orotracheal répétée chez les souris

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper introduces a noninvasive method of intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation in mice. A dry powder loading device that consists of a 200 &#181;L gel loading pipette tip connected to an 1 mL syringe via a three-way stopcock is presented. A small amount of dry powder (1-2 mg) is loaded into the pipette tip and dispersed by 0.6 mL of air in the syringe. Because pipette tips are disposable and inexpensive, different dry powder formulations can be loaded into different tips in advance. Various formulations can be evaluated in the same animal experiment without device cleaning and dose refilling, thereby saving time and eliminating the risk of cross-contamination from residual powder. The extent of powder dispersion can be inspected by the amount of powder remaining in the pipette tip. A protocol of intubation in mouse with a custom-made light source and a guiding cannula is included. Proper intubation is one of the key factors that influences the intratracheal delivery of dry powder formulation to the deep lung region of the mouse.

Dry powder formulations for inhalation have great potential in treating respiratory diseases. Before entering human studies, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the dry powder formulation in preclinical studies. A simple and noninvasive method of the administration of dry powder in mice through the intratracheal route is presented.

Administration intratrachéale de formulation de poudre sèche chez la souris

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...