我们感谢迈克尔Dübbert，奥利弗霍夫曼，汉斯Scharstein，月赛多优秀的技术援助和安妮Wosnitza。这项研究得到了德国，授予部857 / 8,10向AB

1。行走面黑行走的表面是由两个镀镍黄铜板材永久加入并排和绝缘一个2mm宽的狭长地带，双组分环氧胶（UHU加，UHU公司，德国）直接从一个纵轴下方动物。他们生产的总表面积的13.5x15.5cm（图1）。半面左，右腿分离，允许在每边单腿独立跗接触监测。 <ol><li>该板块是饱和NaCl溶液传达滑溜和电导率的5个部分的比例在95部分甘油与甘油/水混合润滑;粘度约为430cStokes（Shankar和库马尔，1994年）。 </li><li>混合物被直接应用到表面，并用一块软组织，以确保整体厚度为0.1 -0.2毫米分散。 </li></ol> 2。光刺激设置<ol><li>散步事件引起使用Scharstein（1989年）中描述的条纹图案投射到两个圆形，地面玻璃屏风"（直径130毫米，Marata屏幕，利诺斯光电，德国哥廷根），在距离约定位的两台投影机。 70毫米从眼睛，并在左，右前端板（图1）45 °的角度。波的条纹图案的长度保持不变，在λ= 21 °。 0.35，0.72，1.07和1.49Hz之间对比的运动刺激的频率可以是多种多样的。由于动物的反应只取决于对比频率ω/λ（ω=角速度，λ=模式波长）如果模式对比的是足够高（Fermi和Reichhardt，1963年），我们并没有在整个实验不同的λ 。动物的一面鲜艳的条纹的亮度大约为15cd/m2和对比度0.8。竹节虫的复眼（Carausius morosus）24小眼在背腹轴（Friza 1928）和rostro尾椎轴数多。竹节虫眼的发散角平均6.2 °（Jander和沃尔克的Henrichs，1970年）我们的模式波长约4倍的小眼的角度。实验设立在黑暗的法拉第笼，并执行在一个漆黑的房间在20-22 ° C。 </li><li>正向行走是诱发两个屏幕上的一个渐进模式，在每个屏幕上向外移动，或一个单一的白色背景上的黑色束置于屏幕之间的条纹</li><li>至于由两个屏幕上移动到同一个方向的条纹是诱发。我们没有发现移动的条纹速度和转弯角度之间的相关性。一旦条纹图案的亮度设置为诱导步行，它通常并不需要进一步调整，但它可以为不同的动物根据需要在投影机的卤素灯的电压调整。 </li></ol> 3。准备实验动物<ol><li>雌性竹节虫（Carausius morosus）粘（牙科水泥，ProTempII，3M ESPE，泽费尔德，德国）腹侧到一个薄薄的轻木棒（3x5x100mm宽x高x长），这是在一个有多个连接器的铜管插入。动物是举行了约一分钟，直到胶水至少部分硬化。 </li><li>从前面的木钉侧面凸出的头部和腿部，让他们自由流动。所有腿的髋面积以及腹部的重要组成部分，要离开的胶水。 </li><li>昆虫的头，胸，和每个股骨和胫骨远端标记以后的视频跟踪牙科水泥混合的荧光色素（Aichstetten克雷默Farbmühle，博士，德国）。 </li></ol> 4。肌电图电极的放置肌肉的活动，如不同的腿部肌肉在这个例子中，量角器和拉钩髋肌肉，这是位于胸部和迁延难愈的原因（向前运动）和回缩（向后移动）的腿，记录肌电电极植入胸部。所有小组的录音差异放大。信号放大100倍，在前置放大器（电子车间，动物学研究所，科隆），带通滤波（100HZ - 2000HZ），进一步放大（10倍），并通过AD转换器导入spike2（Vers.5.05，土木工程署，剑桥，英国）。 <ol><li>电极是由包覆铜线（Elektrisola，Eckernhagen，德国;47μm外径）。对于一个电极，两根导线用胶水涂污，然后，两个粘丝相互扭绕</li><li>在双绞线的两端，一端焊接到一个微型插头。在另一端的电线被切断，提供无插入到动物的绝缘干净的结束。 </li><li>肌电电极是pluggeð成小的连接器铜管年底。 </li><li>一个minuten引脚用于打孔小孔进入角质层</li><li>电极的切端，然后分开，并插入到一块肌肉约1mm的距离对方，这在我们的经验，提供了一个很好的信噪比。应注意不太深的电极插入肌肉，以避免其损坏。图2显示了在动物的胸部电极的位置。图3显示了一个地方的电极导线的动物。 </li><li>我们用一个小降histoacrylic胶（3M Vetbond，圣保罗，明尼苏达，美国）举行的地方的电线。 </li><li>地线插入腹部。 </li></ol> 5。跗联系记录跗接触始终是一起记录肌电图的痕迹。由于湿滑的表面上是分裂成两半，两个对侧跗接触最多可同时注册。为此，腿是作为一个"开关"之间的密切的电路板和放大器。可以适用于当前的板块分别通过两个插座在每块板的的基地。我们可以产生2 - 4mV的振幅与脉冲发生器（型号MS501，电子车间，动物学研究所，科隆），90 °相位延迟的方波信号。信号衰减60分贝（/ 1000）和适用于光滑表面的两半。在这个实验中，我们只用了两个信号之一。同时送入一个锁定放大器作为参考信号。 2锁相放大器（电子车间，动物学研究所，科隆），选择性地放大，唯一相同的频率和所提供的参考信号的相位信号。第二个渠道只检测的90 °相位延迟信号。参考频率以外的频率的噪声信号被拒绝，不影响测量结果。放大器的输出信号被送入AD转换器（微1401k二，土木工程署，剑桥，英国）和数字化使用Spike2。从触摸升空的睑板上和从光滑表面，从通过跗骨和胫骨板的铜线（见下文:5.3-5.8）电流流过。选择放大器具有高输入电阻（1MΩ），是非常小的信号电压，以避免影响行走的动物行为。通过跗骨和胫骨的电流通过2至4nA。在触摸式的信号线之间的入口进入润滑剂和表面接触的时间，小于1ms。在升空的联络信号转换是不太陡峭和更多的延迟​​。这是由于延迟的润滑剂撕裂睑板毛细管上升作用，由于腿部的运动，没有完整的升空在摆动期。 <ol><li>与巴尔萨坚持动物是粘的黄铜管插入显微让动物的高度调整，在7至12毫米以上的光滑表面，对应的高度，在免费的步行。 </li><li>为了测量电流的流动监测腿的昆虫跗时在地面上，一根导线（47μm直径）切成约15cm长片。 </li><li>用酒精燃烧了一个铜的绝缘被删除。 </li><li>形成一个循环的电线的一端和动物下跌超过睑板</li><li>循环绑在胫骨远端提供良好的动物和导线之间的联系。 </li><li>电线固定在动物的胸部，然后用双组分胶（ProTempII，见上文）的下降，并通过鳄鱼夹连接到差分放大器。 </li><li>为了提高在其两端，电极膏下降的导线的导电性应用（马凯特Hellige，德国弗赖堡）接触的领域。 </li><li>然后在显示器上测试的信号强度。由于对锁定放大器的低通滤波器的性能（10ms的时间常数）和睑板逐步lift-off/touch-down，信号不是一个精确的方波信号。因此，人们已设置合适的阈值接近的过渡点，以确定确切时间和跗联系手动检查确定每个事件的数字化软件。跗联系的基础上，我们定义了一个给定的腿跗上的立场的时候，它在空中摆动期的地面的时候。 </li><li>相机的触发信号同步记录与肌电图跟踪和跗联络信号，并允许通过精确的帧帧相关的行为和记录的痕迹。 </li></ol> 6。眼镜腿的动作录制为数字分析竹节虫加强在湿滑路面的频率可以达到3 - 4Hz的（Graham和邮轮，1981年）。 <ol><li>记录行走序列之前，一面镜子放置在45 °角背后的动物有一个额外的触摸式可视化监测。外部触发相机和照片到PC美联储通过FireWire接口。 </li><li>我们从上面记录行走在100FPS高速视频摄像机（马林的F - 033C，盟军视觉技术，Stadtroda，德国）进行分析腿部动作的数字序列，与肌电活动和跗接触和关联。 </li><li>在行走序列记录，动物亮起蓝色LED阵列（30 - 50V DC，亮度24cd，科隆大学，电子车间，动物学研究所），这是调整强度，照亮了荧光标记。据文献（Schlegtendal 1934年），竹节虫不具备色彩视觉，我们并没有观察到的转向响应紫外线光照的不利影响。在摄像机镜头前的一个黄色滤波器抑制激活光的短波长，并给出了一个更高的对比度录像。 </li><li>分析的视频文件，可以使用运动跟踪软件（WINanalyze，Vers.1.9，Mikromak服务，柏林，德国）。 </li></ol> 7。记录步行序列<ol><li>作为对照，先一个一个完整的动物行走序列被记录下来。 </li><li>条纹图案的速度设置，模式和录像，约在同一时间开始。 </li><li>如果动物没有自发地开始运动，它可以刺激腹部刷（Bässler和Wegener，1983），或由空气吹的触角。在这种情况下，左侧腹部触及的动物往往左转，反之亦然。条纹图案是不停地移动，直到动物停止行走或直到后3分钟连续录音。 </li><li>为了测试多远一条腿的肌肉活动是依赖于来自邻国的腿感觉输入，动物引起的，autotomize它的腿。自残网站关闭，在几秒钟内自然。 autotomized前后腿的动物的一个例子是如图3所示。 </li><li>例如，对于只有一个中间腿的动物实验中，我们按捏一双镊子（Schmidt和Grund的，2003年）与股骨近端诱导的亲和metathoracic腿自残或切断的腿，髋水平从完整的动物记录。恢复时间30分钟之后，一个至少是给动物。 </li><li>然后，像以前一样，我们会记录新的行走序列。在减少的准备，我们经常需要使用涂料的笔触，以诱导步行。 </li></ol> 8。代表性的成果: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2629/2629fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1实验装置;答:以上的光滑表面拴一个竹节虫，腿跟踪的荧光色素标记和肌电图的记录和跗接触式测量有线照片。乙:在光滑表面上行走时的接线图双腿跗接触录音。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2629/2629fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。竹节虫小腿中部的胸部量角器和拉钩肌肉的肌电电极安置岗位。 ML:小腿中间，FL:前腿<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2629/2629fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3:坚持与肌电图线昆虫亲和牵开肌肉在小腿中间，前后腿已被删除，以研究运动 ​​学和中间的腿肌肉活动的影响邻近的腿的存在，在减少的准备。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2629/2629fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。示例跟踪参考信号在里面中间的腿跗接触牵肌电活动在转动。在跟踪开始（第一个蓝色方块）拉钩是活跃在立场，而腿接触地面（"闭路"），这表明，腿向前步骤;经过短暂的开关（第二个蓝色框），拉钩是活跃在摆动，在空气中（"开路"，第三个蓝色方块），而腿向后指示的步骤发生。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2629/2629fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5。屏幕截图录音从量角器（上部曲线）和拉钩（中等跟踪）肌肉和同时记录跗接触迹（下部曲线）。注意交替活动对应的步长周期的两块肌肉的活动中肌电图的痕迹，这是量角器活动之前和期间摆动时，跗联系跟踪信号损失的地面接触，并拉钩活动后，在睑板的触摸式的立场是，当腿。插入显示匹配相应的视频文件，这个记录是用来验证动物的行为。

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Ophthalmol. 82, 251-2559 (1972).</li><li>Gruhn, M., Rathmayer, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+implantable+electrode+design+for+both+chronic+in+vivo+nerve+recording+and+axon+stimulation+in+freely+behaving+crayfish.">An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo nerve recording and axon stimulation in freely behaving crayfish.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 118, 33-40 (2002).</li><li>Gruhn, M., Hoffmann, O., D&#252;bbert, M., Scharstein, H., B&#252;schges, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tethered+stick+insect+walking:+a+modified+slippery+surface+setup+with+optomotor+stimulation+and+electrical+monitoring+of+tarsal+contact.">Tethered stick insect walking: a modified slippery surface setup with optomotor stimulation and electrical monitoring of tarsal contact.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 158, 195-206 (2006).</li><li>Gruhn, M., Zehl, L., B&#252;schges, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Straight+walking+and+turning+on+a+slippery+surface.">Straight walking and turning on a slippery surface.</a> J Exp Biol. 212, 194-209 .</li><li>Gruhn, M., Uckermann, G. v. o. n., Westmark, S., Wosnitza, A., B&#252;schges, A., Borgmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+stepping+velocity+in+the+stick+insect+Carausius+morosus.">Control of stepping velocity in the stick insect Carausius morosus.</a> J Neurophysiol. 102, 1180-1192 .</li><li>Hama, N., Tsuchida, Y., Takahata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+context-dependent+modulation+of+descending+statocyst+pathways+during+free+walking,+as+revealed+by+optical+telemetry+in+crayfish.">Behavioral context-dependent modulation of descending statocyst pathways during free walking, as revealed by optical telemetry in crayfish.</a> J Exp Biol. 210, 2199-2211 (2007).</li><li>Hassenstein, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#220;ber+die+Wahrnehmung+der+Bewegung+von+Figuren+und+unregelm&#228;&#946;igen+Helligkeitsmustern+(nach+verhaltensphysiologischen+Untersuchungen+an+dem+R&#252;sselk&#228;fer+Chlorophanus+viridis.">&#220;ber die Wahrnehmung der Bewegung von Figuren und unregelm&#228;&#946;igen Helligkeitsmustern (nach verhaltensphysiologischen Untersuchungen an dem R&#252;sselk&#228;fer Chlorophanus viridis.</a> Zeitschr. f. vergl. Physiologie. 40, 556-592 (1958).</li><li>Jander, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Untersuchungen zum Mechanismus und zur zentralnerv&#246;sen Steuerung des Kurvenlaufs bei Stabheuschrecken (Carausius morosus) [dissertation]. , (1982).</li><li>Jander, R., Volk-Henrichs, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Das+strauch-spezifische+Perzeptorsystem+der+Stabheuschrecke+(Carausius+morosus).">Das strauch-spezifische Perzeptorsystem der Stabheuschrecke (Carausius morosus).</a> Zeitschr. f. vergl. Physiologie. 70, 425-447 (1970).</li><li>Kirschfeld, K., Zettler, F., Weiler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resolution+of+lens+and+compound+eyes.">The resolution of lens and compound eyes.</a> Neural Principles in Vision. , 354-370 (1976).</li><li>Kutsch, W., Schwarz, G., Fischer, H., Kautz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wireless+transmission+of+muscle+potentials+during+free+flight+of+a+locust.">Wireless transmission of muscle potentials during free flight of a locust.</a> J Exp Biol. 185, 367-373 (1993).</li><li>Scharstein, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+universal+projector+for+optomotor+stimulation.">A universal projector for optomotor stimulation.</a> , (1985).</li><li>Schlegtendal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beitrag+zum+Farbensinn+der+Arthropoden.">Beitrag zum Farbensinn der Arthropoden.</a> Zeitschr. f. vergl. Physiologie. 20, 573-581 .</li><li>Schmidt, J., Grund, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rhythmic+activity+in+a+motor+axon+induced+by+axotomy.">Rhythmic activity in a motor axon induced by axotomy.</a> Neuroreport. 14, 1267-1271 (2003).</li><li>Shankar, P. N., Kumar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Determination+of+the+Kinematic+Viscosity+of+Glycerol-Water+Mixtures.">Experimental Determination of the Kinematic Viscosity of Glycerol-Water Mixtures.</a> Proc. Mathematical and Physical Sci. 444, 573-581 (1994).</li><li>Tryba, A. K., Ritzmann, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-Joint+coordination+during+walking+and+foothold+searching+in+the+Blaberus+cockroach+I.+Kinematics+and+electromyograms.">Multi-Joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach I. Kinematics and electromyograms.</a> J Neurophysiol. 83, 3323-3336 .</li><li>Tryba, A. K., Ritzmann, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-Joint+coordination+during+walking+and+foothold+searching+in+the+Blaberus+cockroach.+II.+Extensor+motor+neuron+pattern.">Multi-Joint coordination during walking and foothold searching in the Blaberus cockroach. II. Extensor motor neuron pattern.</a> J Neurophysiol. 83, 3337-3350 .</li><li>Tsuchida, Y., Hama, N., Takahata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optical+telemetry+system+for+underwater+recording+of+electromyogram+and+neuronal+activity+from+non-tethered+crayfish.">An optical telemetry system for underwater recording of electromyogram and neuronal activity from non-tethered crayfish.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 137, 103-109 (2004).</li><li>Wang, H., Ando, N., Kanzaki, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+control+of+free+flight+maneuvers+in+a+hawkmoth,+Agrius+convolvuli.">Active control of free flight maneuvers in a hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli.</a> J Exp Biol. 211, 423-432 (2008).</li></ol>

我们已经描述了一个安装程序，允许光诱导的旋转行为，并允许在很大程度上neuronally产生的步行活动四肢在地面上的其他行走机械位移造成的被动影响解偶联代。有关地面反作用力或跗联系，另一方面，通过神经系统的两腿之间的潜在的信息流，仍然是可能的，允许实验者研究这些信息的影响力在降低准备。湿滑的表面安装的主要优势包括动物的倾向非常高走，并以步行或踏一个treadwheel相反，动物可以执行摆动和自然走在所有方向上的立场相运动。此外，所有的腿的自由度，允许动物进行曲线行走，无论它是一个完整的或半完整的准备。因为腿不能被动地移动简单的动物或下方基板运动的向前运动，每一个动作都反映，腿电机功率（罐，1976年，格雷厄姆和Wendler，1981年）。设置是非常适合进行调查的适应性行为，如转弯或前进还是向后走神经元的基础上的，因为可以结合肢体运动运动学分析电机活动的电生理记录。 我们使用竹节虫的optomotor响应引出行走。旋转的条纹图案动物的反应，显示他们愿意走，而在湿滑的表面拴执行曲线。最奇怪的是，对于我们来说，单一的腿单腿准备定性显示完整的动物相同的移动模式。因此，我们有理由相信，曲线行走控制的功能主要是来自邻国的腿没有协调感觉输入。这将是重要的测试中删除腿的运动神经元的活动是否也optomotor模式的影响进一步的实验。设置可以很容易地进行修改，以允许的其他任务，如直线前进和向后走在前面的动物放在一个单一的条纹，或轻轻拉天线的研究。 地面接触的精确测量，使我们相关肌肉的活动和腿部的位置。本电接点信号的高时间分辨率小于1ms更好，把我们引向一个新的认识到从摆动的立场相开关时间。该决议是糟糕的立场摇摆过渡由于延迟进行的润滑剂的剪切和缺乏一个在光滑表面上的完整的牵引升空的需要。然而，知识上的立场过渡的精确挥杆是一种特别有用的第一步，如果我们想要了解的机制，控制肌肉的时机和腿部肌肉的协调活动，在不同的行为中（ 见 :Büschges 等 ，2008; Büschges Gruhn 2008）。 作为一个例子，我们使用拉钩和量角器髋肌肉小腿中部，正是其与交换的活动，从Swing相关立场的阶段，而我们同时监测的上下文中腿部使用的行为。为此，我们致行走和记录肌肉的活动不断。一个给定的腿可以是一个内部或小腿外侧，转动的方向而定。在加强小腿中间，作为在功能意义上的小腿内侧，它可以被观察到，拉钩和量角器肌肉都可以作为功能立场肌肉的工作，因为腿部间歇性生产落后，除了提出指示的步骤步骤（见图4 ）。 两种肌肉的肌电（EMGS）整顿和规范化的触摸式的时间和第一肌肉暴涨的潜伏期计算。有趣的是，尊重双方的肌肉延迟升空和触摸式依赖于各自的摆动或立场肌肉（见图4），而不是肌肉本身的肌肉功能，并显示在只有轻微的改变活动开始的时间安排。大多数国家从摆动的立场变化的解释，承担跗接触触发的立场开始感觉信号。之间的触摸式和肌肉激活竹节虫短的延迟，和它们所依赖的感觉信息带来的有趣的问题现在可以解决与修改后的设置。 总之，我们将展示一个光滑的表面安装，使我们能够可靠地引出直线和曲线行走在静止的竹节虫。运动学，肌肉活动和跗触摸的时间和升空可监控，并在这两个不同的行为彗星相关ontexts在同一时间。这给了我们一个极好的工具，研究之间肌肉的活动和行为的背景下的详细连接为一个完整的动物和底层机制单腿以及。

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>2-component epoxy glue</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>UHU plus, UHU GmbH, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass screens (diameter 130mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Marata screens, Linos Photonics, G&#246;ttingen, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>dental cement</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ProTemp II, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany</td>
<td>3M Id : 70-2011-0358-0 Catalog Number : 46430</td>
<td>Available through 3M (<a href="http://www.3m.com/">http://www.3m.com/</a>)or dental suppliers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fluorescent pigments </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dr. Kremer Farbm&#252;hle, Aichstetten, Germany</td>
<td>Cat.#s: i.e 56200 Fluorescent Pigment Golden Yellow 56350 Fluorescent Pigment Flame Red</td>
<td><a href="http://kremer-pigmente.de/en">http://kremer-pigmente.de/en</a> or <a href="http://www.kremerpigments.com/
">http://www.kremerpigments.com/</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>histoacrylic glue </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>3M Vetbond, St.Paul, MN, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>supplier: WPI</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>coated copper wire</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Elektrisola Eckernhagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.elektrisola.com/">http://www.elektrisola.com/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>electrode cream </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Marquette Hellige, Freiburg, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Product is now discontinued, we suggest for example: <a href="www.grasstechnologies.com">www.grasstechnologies.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pulse generator </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Model MS501, electronics workshop, Zoological Institute, Cologne, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>lock-in-amplifier </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>electronics workshop, Zoological Institute, Cologne, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>AD converter </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Micro 1401k II, CED, Cambridge, UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>preamplifier </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>electronics workshop, Zoological Institute, Cologne, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>high speed video camera </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Marlin F-033C, Allied Vision Technologies, Stadtroda, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>UV LED arrays </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>30-50V DC, electronics workshop, Zoological Institute, Cologne, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&lambda;390-395nm 
Luminance 24cd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Digitalizing software Spike2 </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vers.5.05, CED, Cambridge, UK</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>motion tracking software </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>(WINanalyze, Vers.1.9, Mikromak service, Berlin, Germany</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

studying the neural basis of adaptive locomotor behavior in insects

学习走路的行为的神经基础，人们往往面临的问题，这是很难分开neuronally生产的步进输出那些腿的动作，从被动的力量和通过其他常见的接触与基板腿的相互作用的结果。如果我们想了解，这是由神经系统的电机的输出，加强动作的运动学分析产生一个给定的运动的一部分，因此，需要与电机活动的电生理记录补充。在表现动物的神经细胞或肌肉活动的记录往往是有限的受电设备，可以限制在其能力与尽可能多的自由程度的移动，尽可能的动物。这可以通过植入电极，然后有很长的系绳上的动物移动（即Clarac等 ，1987年是可以避免的 。杜赫和普夫吕格尔，1995年， 伯姆等，1997;。Gruhn Rathmayer，2002年）或通过发送使用遥测设备（Kutsch等人，1993年，Fischer 等人 ，1996年，土田等2004;哈马等，2007;王等 ，2008）的数据。这些优雅的方法，这是在更大的节肢动物成功地使用，通常难以适用于规模较小的步行虫，很容易地纠缠于长系绳或阻碍遥测设备的重量和它的电池。此外，在所有这些情况下，它仍是无法区分纯粹的运动神经元的基础上，通过基材的机械腿走路之间的耦合施加的影响。解决这一问题之一是自由地走在地方，是本地暂停例如，通过一个光滑的表面，从而有效地消除地面接触力学，一个拴动物进行实验。这已被用来研究逃脱反应（Camhi和Nolen，1981年; Camhi和Levy，1988），转向（Tryba和Ritzman，2000A，B; Gruhn 等 ，2009A），向后走（Graham和爱泼斯坦，1985年）或速度的变化（Gruhn 等，2009b），它允许实验者容易结合运动学分析（Gruhn 等人 ，2006年）内和外的生理。 我们用一个光滑的表面设置调查行为竹节虫尊重触摸式，并根据不同的行为范式，如向前伸直和弯曲走完整和减少准备升空的腿部肌肉的时机。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects at JoVE.com

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

我们描述了一个方法来记录电机活动，定时电记录在一个拴昆虫的跗联络信号，一个光滑的表面上行走。这是用来研究通过基板之间的机械腿的互动减少的影响下的适应性行为的神经基础。

研究昆虫的自适应运动能力行为的神经基础

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

studying-the-neural-basis-of-adaptive-locomotor-behavior-in-insects

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K 次观看.  University of Cologne. 我们描述了一个方法来记录电机活动，定时电记录在一个拴昆虫的跗联络信号，一个光滑的表面上行走。这是用来研究通过基板之间的机械腿的互动减少的影响下的适应性行为的神经基础。

视频: Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

在昆虫单感器记录果蝇按蚊</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

科研

神经科学

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout life. Previous reports have shown that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with diverse brain disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety (1). Deciphering the process of normal and aberrant adult-born neuron integration may shed light on the etiology of these diseases and inform the development of new therapies.
SGZ adult neurogenesis mirrors embryonic and post-natal neuronal development, including stages of fate specification, migration, synaptic integration, and maturation. However, full integration occurs over a prolonged, 6-week period. Initial synaptic input to adult-born SGZ dentate granule cells (DGCs) is GABAergic, followed by glutamatergic input at 14 days (2). The specific factors which regulate circuit formation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are currently unknown.
Our laboratory uses a replication-deficient retroviral vector based on the Moloney murine leukemia virus to deliver fluorescent proteins and hypothesized regulatory genes to these proliferating cells. This viral technique provides high specificity and resolution for analysis of cell birth date, lineage, morphology, and synaptogenesis.
A typical experiment often employs two or three viruses containing unique label, transgene, and promoter elements for single-cell analysis of a desired developmental process in vivo. The following protocol describes a method for analyzing functional newborn neuron integration using a single green (GFP) or red (dTomato) fluorescent protein retrovirus and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

A way to study the integration of newborn dentate granule cells in adult animals is described. This technique uses an engineered retrovirus to label newborn neurons, followed by electrophysiological recordings to determine in vivo functional integration.

成人出生的神经元的整合研究

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

高分辨率实时成像发展中的神经上皮细胞的行为

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

使用功能磁共振成像和弥散加权成像脑结构与功能分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

在体内双光子成像的经验依赖的分子在大脑皮质神经元的变化

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such behavior is spontaneous locomotor activity. Here we describe our protocol that utilizes Drosophila population monitors and a tracking system that allows continuous monitoring of the spontaneous locomotor activity of flies for several days at a time. This method is simple, reliable, and objective and can be used to examine the effects of aging, sex, changes in caloric content of food, addition of drugs, or genetic manipulations that mimic human diseases.

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster are useful in studying genetic or environmental manipulations that affect behaviors such as spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160; Here we describe a protocol that utilizes monitors with infrared beams and data analysis software to quantify spontaneous locomotor activity.&#160;

在自发活动的测定<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy and cheap methods to distinguish between individuals in a trial. A standard technique for this is CO2 anaesthesia and then labelling or wing clipping each fly. However, this is invasive and has been shown to affect behavior. Other techniques have used coloration to identify flies. This article presents a simple and non-invasive method for labelling Drosophila that allows them to be individually identified within experiments, using food coloring. This method is used in trials where two males compete to mate with a female. Dyeing allowed quick and easy identification. There was, however, some difference in the strength of the coloration across the three species tested. Data is presented showing the dye has a lower impact on mating behavior than CO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. The impact of CO2 anaesthesia is shown to depend on the species of Drosophila, with D. pseudoobscura and D. subobscura showing no impact, whereas D. melanogaster males had reduced mating success. The dye method presented is applicable to a wide range of experimental designs.

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

This protocol describes a simple, cost effective way to individually identify Drosophila or other insects. Demonstration data investigating mating success across three species of Drosophila show that this method is comparable or better than the use of CO2 anaesthesia.

染色昆虫行为检测:麻醉的交配行为<em&gt;果蝇</em

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy ...

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

一个简单的飞行磨的系留飞行的昆虫研究

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

时间依赖性增加对微电极阵列刺激神经元细胞培养物的网络响应

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.