이 작품은 밴더빌트 마우스 신진 대사 Phenotyping 센터에 부여 5 U24 - DK059637 - 10에 의해 지원되었다.

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F., Mauvais-Jarvis, O. D., Neschen, F., Kahn, S., Kahn, B. B., R, C., Shulman, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redistribution+of+substrates+to+adipose+tissue+promotes+obesity+in+mice+with+selective+insulin+resistance+in+muscle.">Redistribution of substrates to adipose tissue promotes obesity in mice with selective insulin resistance in muscle.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1791-1797 (2000).</li><li>Kim, J. K., Zisman, A., Fillmore, J. J., Peroni, O. D., Kotani, K., Perret, P., Zong, H., Dong, J., Kahn, C. R., Kahn, B. B., Shulman, G. 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M., Lacinova, Z., Dolinkova, M., Haluzikova, D., Housa, D., Horinek, A., Vernerova, Z., Kumstyrova, T., Haluzik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+insulin+sensitivity+after+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor-alpha+agonist+treatment+is+accompanied+by+paradoxical+increase+of+circulating+resistin+levels.">Improvement of insulin sensitivity after peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist treatment is accompanied by paradoxical increase of circulating resistin levels.</a> Endocrinology. 147, 4517-4524 (2006).</li><li>Kim, H., Haluzik, M., Asghar, Z., Yau, D., Joseph, J. W., Fernandez, A. M., Reitman, M. L., Yakar, S., Stannard, B., Heron-Milhavet, L., Wheeler, M. 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H., Rottman, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+chain+fatty+acid+uptake+in+vivo:+comparison+of+[125I]-BMIPP+and+[3H]-bromopalmitate.">Long chain fatty acid uptake in vivo: comparison of [125I]-BMIPP and [3H]-bromopalmitate.</a> Lipids. 43, 703-711 (2008).</li></ol>

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인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프, 또는 인슐린 클램프는 널리 생체내에서 인슐린 행동을 평가하기위한 &quot;금 표준&quot;방식으로 간주됩니다. 이 기술은 인간, 개, 쥐 및 생쥐 등 여러 수종에 적용되었습니다. 신진 대사 질환에 대한 유전자 변형 마우스 모델의 증가 감안할 때, 마우스에 사용하기 위해 기술의 소형화는 신진 대사 연구에 중요한 진보를 제공하고 있습니다. 인슐린 클램프 뒤에 개념은 간단 있지만, 실제 인슐린 클램프 실험을 수행하기위한 다양한 방법이 있습니다. 실험이 수행되는 방식은 1 얻은 결과에는 영향을 미치지 때문에 이것은 사소한 요점은 그게 아니 잖아. 여기서 우리는 밴더빌트 MMPC에 의해 사용되는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 다른 우리의 프로토콜과 그 사이의 주요 구분은 우리가 혈액 샘플을 얻기위한 동맥 카테터를 사용하는 것입니다. 이것은 obt의 더 널리 사용되는 방식과는 달리에꼬리 4, 7, 11, 12, 14-17의 팁을 severing하여 혈액 샘플을 aining. 동맥 카테 테르에서 샘플링의 장점은 실험 의식과 억제 마우스로 진행된다는 점입니다. 꼬리에서 샘플링하면 자주 규제가 필요하며 대규모 혈액 샘플이 1을 취득한 때 스트레스 인덱스를 증가시킵니다. 스트레스 호르몬은 내생 포도당 생산을 자극하고 포도당 처리 18, 19 손상, 잠재적으로 인슐린 저항의 표현형의 모양을 제공. 잘린 꼬리에서 샘플링하는 것은 때문에 스트레스를 자연의 특수 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 승인이 필요할 수 있습니다. 동맥 catheterization 절차가 꼬리를 severing의 마우스에 스트레스를 피하기 위해 개발되었습니다. 인슐린 클램프를 수행의 핵심 요소는 euglycemia을 유지할 수있는 능력입니다. 제대로 GIR이 혈당 수치에 따라 조정되어야 방법을 예측할 수있는 알고리즘이 없습니다. 수술과 마찬가지로,인슐린 클램프 실험을 실시 직원은 경험을 통해 합리적인 euglycemia을 유지하는 실력이 될 것입니다. 때문에 그들의 높은 신진 대사 속도의 마우스 연구에서 얻은 데이터는 본질적으로 시끄러운됩니다 것이 중요합니다. 이것은 시간 포도당과 GIR의 코스와 플라즈마 인슐린, 고장, R &amp; D 및 결과를 해석하는 모든 리더의 능력에 대한 중요한 RG에 대한 절대적인 가치를 포함하는 데이터의 전체 프레 젠 테이션을합니다. 마우스 (인간의 속도보다 약 5 배 이상)의 높은 포도당 플럭스 요금은 포도당 샘플링의 높은 주파수를 보증합니다. 마우스의 혈액 볼륨이 제한되어 있지만, 한 번 10 분 간격으로 최소 샘플링 주파수는 적절한 클램프가 달성되었음을 확신하는 것이 필요합니다. 그림 4와 같이 클램프 인슐린 수준은 그룹 간의 다를 수 있습니다. 이러한 다이어트의 개입, 유전자 변형 조작이나 배경 종자의 차이 같은 요인이 FAS에 영향을 미칠 수이후 클램프 인슐린 수준에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다 ting의 인슐린 수준. 클램프 인슐린 수준이 다른 때 결과를 해석하는 것은 문제가 될 수 있습니다. 이것은 실험적으로 그룹 간의 상응하는 클램프 인슐린 수준을 달성 인슐린 주입 속도를 선택하는 파일럿 실험을 수행하여 해결할 수 있습니다. 또는, somatostatin은 췌장 호르몬의 분비를 억제하는 데 사용될 수 있으며, 인슐린과 글루카곤은 실험적으로 제어 속도로 교체할 수 있습니다. 이 후자의 방식이 더 일반적으로 생쥐보다 쥐의 인슐린 클램프에서 이루어집니다. 이러한 실험적 접근이 촬영되지 않은 경우, 정상 상태 GIR은 클램프 인슐린 수준으로 정상화 될 수있는, 또는 인슐린 감도 지수 (S I)가 S 나 = GIR / (G • ΔI), 어디로 클램프 데이터로부터 얻을 수 G는 정상 상태 포도당 농도이며 ΔI는 금식과 클램프 인슐린 농도의 차이입니다. 어느 방식으로 하나의 가설이 달성 클램프 인슐린 수준이있다인슐린 감도가 선형적으로 연구되고있는 그룹에 따라 인슐린 수준과 관련되는 범위. 인슐린 저항과 인슐린에 민감한 그룹을 비교했을 때이 후자의 가설이 적용되지 않을 수도 있습니다. 이상적으로, 인슐린 투여 응답 곡선은 적절한 인슐린 주입을 선택 생성해야합니다. 그러나, 추가적인 실험을위한 요구 사항, 이것은 거의 수행하지 않습니다. 동맥 catheterization에서 제공하는 다재 다능한이 euglycemic 클램프 이상의 실험 방법으로 확장됩니다. 예를 들어, 포도당은 공복시 혈당에 상대적인 고혈당증을 유지하기 위해 가변 속도로 주입되는 hyperglycemic 클램프는, 생체내 2, 20, 21 내생 췌장 기능을 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 테스트 중 첫 단계의 인슐린 분비의 측정은 혈액 샘플을 자주 수집 (매 2-5 분 IE), 꼬리의 끝에서 샘플을 취득하면 가능하지 않습니다 필요합니다. 또한,꼬리 샘플링으로 인한 고가 catecholamines은 인슐린 분비를 손상과 글루카곤의 분비 22 강화할 수 있습니다. 인슐린 클램프 프로토콜은 또한 포도당 수준 카운터 규제 대응 2, 23, 24을 평가하기 위해 상대적으로 저혈당에 빠지게 할 수 있도록 수정할 수 있습니다. 동맥 catheterization도 운동 25-30시 포도당 대사의 역학을 파악하기 위해 사용될 수 있습니다. 이것은 하나의 시간 지점에서 실시하는 기존의 접근 방식을 통해 매우 유익 사전 및 사후 행사하거나 격리 근육의 전의 생체내 인치 여기에 제시 기술은 또한뿐만 아니라 포도당뿐만 아니라 지방산 대사 31 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in conscious, unrestrained mice

제 2 형 당뇨병은 인슐린 작용의 결함이 특징입니다. 인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프, 또는 인슐린 클램프는 널리 생체내에서 인슐린 행동을 평가하기위한 &quot;금 표준&quot;방식으로 간주됩니다. 인슐린 클램프 동안 hyperinsulinemia는 지속적인 인슐린 주입에 의해 이루어진다. Euglycemia는 가변 속도에 수반하는 포도당 주입을 통해 유지됩니다. 이 변수는 포도당 주입 속도 (GIR)은 실험을하는 동안 짧은 간격으로 혈당을 측정하고 이에 따라 GIR을 조정하여 결정됩니다. 향상된 인슐린 작용과 함께 마우스가 더 GIR을 필요로 GIR은 전체 - 바디 인슐린 동작을 나타내는 것입니다. 인슐린 클램프는 isotopic 2 관리를 통합할 수 있습니다 [14 C] deoxyglucose는 조직에 특정한 포도당 이해를 평가하고 [3-3 H] 글루코스 수치가 내생 포도당 모양 (고장)의 속도를 억제하는 인슐린의 능력의 표식을 평가하기 간장의 포도당 생산, 그리고 열정을전체 - 바디 포도당 실종 (RD)의 비율. 대사 질환의 유전자 마우스 모델에 사용하기 위해 인슐린 클램프의 소형화는 당뇨병 연구에 큰 발전하게되었다. 인슐린 클램프를 수행하는 방법은 실험실 사이에 다릅니다. 인슐린 클램프가 수행되는 방식은 크게 얻은 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다하는 것이 중요합니다. 우리는 의식이 생쥐 한뿐 아니라 다양한 클램프 기법 2을 사용하여 네 일반적으로 사용되는 근친 마우스 종자의 대사 반응의 평가 인슐린 클램프를 수행하기 위해 다양한 방법의 포괄적인 평가를 출판했습니다. 여기서 우리는 밴더빌트 마우스 신진 대사 Phenotyping 센터 (; www.mc.vanderbilt.edu / mmpc URL MMPC)에 의해 개발된 의식, 억제 생쥐에서 인슐린 클램프을 수행하기위한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이것은 인슐린 클램프 동안 사용 카테터를 이온 주입을위한 방법에 대한 설명을 포함합니다. 고용 프로토콜밴더빌트 MMPC는 독특한 두 카테 테르 시스템 3을 활용합니다. 하나의 카테 테르는 약을위한 경정맥 혈관에 삽입됩니다. 두 번째 카테 테르는 마우스를 제지하거나 처리할 필요없이 혈액 샘플링을 허용 경동맥로 삽입됩니다. 이 기법은 꼬리의 절단 팁의 샘플입니다 인슐린 클램프 동안 혈액 샘플을 얻기위한 가장 일반적인 방법에 상당한 이점을 제공합니다. 이 후자의 방법과는 달리, 동맥 카테터에서 샘플링하면 마우스 1 스트레스를하지 않습니다. 우리는 또한 조직 구체적인 인슐린 작용을 평가하기 위해 isotopic 추적 시달렸다를 사용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 우리는 또한 인슐린 클램프에서 얻은 결과의 적절한 프레 젠 테이션에 대한 지침을 제공합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice at JoVE.com

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프, 또는 인슐린 클램프는 인슐린 행동을 평가하기위한 황금 표준입니다<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt;. 마우스에서 인슐린 클램프를 수행하는 방법이 설명되어 있습니다. 이것은 최소한의 스트레스와 의식, 억제 생쥐에서 수행하는 실험을 허용 동맥 catheterization을위한 방법을 포함하고 있습니다.

의식 억제 마우스에 인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a defect in insulin action. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or insulin clamp, is widely considered the "gold ...

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93.9K 조회수.  Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona. 인슈린 과다 - euglycemic 클램프, 또는 인슐린 클램프는 인슐린 행동을 평가하기위한 황금 표준입니다 생체내에. 마우스에서 인슐린 클램프를 수행하는 방법이 설명되어 있습니다. 이것은 최소한의 스트레스와 의식, 억제 생쥐에서 수행하는 실험을 허용 동맥 catheterization을위한 방법을 포함하고 있습니다.

비디오: Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamps in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice

Transthoracic Echocardiography in Mice

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene expression. Transgenic and gene targeting methods can be used to generate mice with altered cardiac size and function,1-3 and as a result, in vivo techniques are needed to evaluate their cardiac phenotype. Transthoracic echocardiography, pulse wave Doppler (PWD), and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) can be used to provide dimensional measurements of the mouse heart and to quantify the degree of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. Two-dimensional imaging is used to detect abnormal anatomy or movements of the left ventricle, whereas M-mode echo is used for quantification of cardiac dimensions and contractility.4,5 In addition, PWD is used to quantify localized velocity of turbulent flow,6 whereas TDI is used to measure the velocity of myocardial motion.7 Thus, transthoracic echocardiography offers a comprehensive method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in mice.

Transthoracic echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for the evaluation of cardiac function in mice. A combination of ultrasound and Doppler imaging modalities can be used to obtain dimensional measurements of the heart and intracardiac blood flow, which together provide an assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic performance.

마우스에 Transthoracic Echocardiography

In recent years, murine models have become the primary avenue for studying the molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction resulting from changes in gene ...

연구

의학

Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp in the Conscious Rat

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, T2D results in elevated blood glucose levels. The "gold-standard" in assessing insulin sensitivity is a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp or insulin clamp. In this procedure, insulin is infused at a constant rate resulting in a drop in blood glucose. To maintain blood glucose at a constant level, exogenous glucose (D50) is infused into the venous circulation. The amount of glucose infused to maintain homeostasis is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here, we show the basic clamp procedure in the chronically catheterized, unrestrained, conscious rat. This model allows blood to be collected with minimal stress to the animal. Following the induction of anesthesia, a midline incision is made and the left common carotid artery and right jugular vein are catheterized. Inserted catheters are flushed with heparinized saline, then exteriorized and secured. Animals are allowed to recover for 4-5 days prior to experiments, with weight gain monitored daily. Only those animals who regain weight to pre-surgery levels are used for experiments. On the day of the experiment, rats are fasted and connected to pumps containing insulin and D50. Baseline glucose is assessed from the arterial line and used a benchmark throughout the experiment (euglycemia). Following this, insulin is infused at a constant rate into the venous circulation. To match the drop in blood glucose, D50 is infused. If the rate of D50 infusion is greater than the rate of uptake, a rise in glucose will occur. Similarly, if the rate is insufficient to match whole body glucose uptake, a drop will occur. Titration of glucose continues until stable glucose readings are achieved. Glucose levels and glucose infusion rates during this stable period are recorded and reported. Results provide an index of whole body insulin sensitivity. The technique can be refined to meet specific experimental requirements. It is further enhanced by the use of radioactive tracers that can determine tissue specific insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as well as whole body glucose turnover.

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is the "gold standard" for the assessment of insulin action. Insulin is infused at a constant rate stimulating glucose uptake. The amount of exogenous glucose infused to counter this drop is indicative of insulin sensitivity. Here the procedure is performed on a conscious, unrestrained rat.

의식 랫에서 인슈린 과다 - Euglycemic 클램프

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rapidly rising in prevalence. Characterized by either inadequate insulin production or the inability to utilize insulin produced, ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

경동맥과 경정맥의 도관은 의식 쥐 모델에서, 혼합 및 혈액 샘플링을 혈역학 적 조치를 수행하는

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

의식 설치류에서 신장 기능의 경피 평가

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

신장 동 정적인 신경 활동의 의식, 정 맥 주입 혈압 동시 녹음에 대 한 새로운 접근 방식을 억제 쥐.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography

Air volume changes created by a conscious subject breathing spontaneously within a body box are at the basis of plethysmography, a technique used to non-invasively assess some features of the respiratory function in humans as well as in laboratory animals. The present article focuses on the application of the double-chamber plethysmography (DCP) in small animals. It provides background information on the methodology as well as a detailed step-by-step procedure to successfully assess respiratory function in conscious, spontaneously breathing animals in a non-invasive manner. The DCP can be used to monitor the respiratory function of multiple animals in parallel, as well as to identify changes induced by aerosolized substances over a chosen time period and in a repeated manner. Experiments on control and allergic mice are used herein to demonstrate the utility of the technique, explain the associated outcome parameters, as well as to discuss the related advantages and shortcomings. Overall, the DCP provides valid and theoretically sound readouts that can be trusted to evaluate the respiratory function of conscious small animals both at baseline and after challenges with aerosolized substances.

The objective of the present article is to provide a detailed description of the recommended procedures to evaluate respiratory function in conscious mice by double-chamber plethysmography.

더블 챔버 Plethysmography 여 의식 생쥐에 호흡기 기능의 평가

Air volume changes created by a conscious subject breathing spontaneously within a body box are at the basis of plethysmography, a technique used to ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

마우스에서 반복된 Orotracheal 삽관

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

의식이 있는 마우스에서 자발적인 압력반사 민감도를 결정하기 위해 결합된 원격 측정 ECG 및 혈압 전송기 이식

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease and arrhythmias in people with epilepsy (i.e., epileptic heart.) Additionally, cardiac and autonomic disturbances have been reported surrounding seizures. 1:1,000 epilepsy patients/year die of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The mechanisms for SUDEP remain incompletely understood. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) are two techniques routinely used in the clinical setting to detect and study the substrates/triggers for seizures and arrhythmias. While many studies and descriptions of this methodology are in rodents, their cardiac electrical activity differs significantly from humans. This article provides a description of a non-invasive method for recording simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography in conscious rabbits. As cardiac electrical function is similar in rabbits and humans, rabbits provide an excellent model of translational diagnostic and therapeutic studies. In addition to outlining the methodology for data acquisition, we discuss the analytical approaches for examining neuro-cardiac electrical function and pathology in rabbits. This includes arrhythmia detection, spectral analysis of EEG and a seizure scale developed for restrained rabbits.

Using simultaneous video-EEG-ECG-oximetry-capnography, we developed a methodology to evaluate the susceptibility of rabbit models to develop provoked arrhythmias and seizures. This novel recording system establishes a platform to test the efficacy and safety of therapeutics and can capture the complex cascade of multi-system events that culminate in sudden death.

의식 억제 토끼에서 발작, 부정맥 및 무호흡증의 식별을위한 다중 시스템 모니터링

Patients with ion channelopathies are at a high risk of developing seizures and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. There is a higher prevalence of heart disease ...