这项研究是由加拿大NSERC。

1。材料制备中的<ol><li> Microcapillaries石英毛细管从商业供应商。我们购买我们的毛细血管，从Polymicro技术。选择一个小的内径（〜25 - 30微米）为更广泛的分离光谱共振（ 即较大的自由光谱范围）或更大范围内的内直径（〜100微米），用于更紧密地间隔开的共振具有更高的质量因素。大外径保证了期货公司是耐用，易于控制。 <ol><li>毛细管配备的着色聚酰亚胺的外套，它必须首先除去。毛细管削减约10厘米的碎片辊，使用钻石光纤切割刀。每件作品构成一个样本。加热这些管式炉中在650℃下在氧气中燃烧掉涂层的1小时。这个过程将删除护套材料，露出石英毛细管内。冷却至室温后，取出capillariES从加热船。 </li></ol></li><li> 氢倍半硅氧烷的解决方案氢硅倍半氧烷（HSQ）被报告给泗8 H 12 O 12的分子组成的笼状结构14，此材料是可从Dow Corning购得。购买HSQ在一个狐系列（流动氧化物）的解决方案，如FOX-15。这些解决方案是昂贵的，保质期有限，因此需要认真规划。蒸发的甲基异丁基酮溶剂中，提供了一个约18％（重量）浓度的HSQ。如果的HSQ的浓度太低时，量子点可以不形成在薄膜中。如果它太高，薄膜可能太厚，从毛细管的流道表面脱层。根据我们的经验，毛细管25-30μm内径〜25重量％的HSQ，福克斯的解决方案是最好的。因此，它可能是必要的蒸发或添加更多的HSQ溶剂（使确保它是干的）的，为了调整浓度。无论摊薄或集中是必要的，是难以确定的，未经审判和错误， 即让一些样品，检查结果，讨论如下。 </li></ol> 2。制备涂层毛细管<ol><li> 填充毛细管毛细管准备步骤1.1和蘸到福克斯的解决方案。当毛细管浸入到溶液中，你应该是能够在视觉上跟随的弯液面的声道，被吸入到该溶液的毛细管（ 图2a）。 <ol><li>当弯液面到达顶部时，除去所述毛细管，并将其放置在一个玻璃退火坩埚。现在应该填写完整与狐狸的解决方案。重复此为尽可能多的样品，以增加成功的机会。我们通常运行批处理的20-30（重量），使用两种不同浓度的HSQ的解决方案。我们填补了空气中的毛细血管，但保持T他FOX溶液在手套箱冷却的建议，如果可能的话，以尽量减少暴露的氧气和水蒸汽的解决方案。即使是很小的风险，可能会导致凝胶化的解决方案。 </li></ol></li><li> 退火退火中的毛细血管的两阶段的过程。退火蒸发溶剂和折叠的HSQ的笼形结构，形成的SiO x膜附着到通道壁。在更高的温度下退火歧化成Si量子点的 SiO x膜的二氧化硅基质中分散。退火步骤包括有30分钟的坡道从室温至300℃下，停留3小时，以使溶剂蒸发，然后一个坡道至1100℃，在45分钟，并停留一小时，以沉淀出量子点。 <ol><li>让毛细血管的缓慢冷却（〜12小时），回至室温。这有助于最小化毛细管壁上沉积的膜的压力相关的开裂。其他退火协议可能随后，可能是更可靠的，而是一个高温退火阶段在1,000-1,100℃下总是必要的，以形成量子点。在此步骤结束时，应该（希望）有20-30毛细管与嵌入在二氧化硅基质涂层的通道壁的荧光量子点层。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。描述<ol><li> 抽样检查毛细血管安装必须进行成像和光谱在700〜900 nm波长范围内的荧光显微镜。落射荧光或共聚焦的设置适合​​于这一目的。候选毛细血管在舞台上放置一排，因此，它很容易为快速视觉分析（ 图2b）在它们之间移动。激发毛细管与蓝色或UV辐射可以在自由空间上的显微镜载物台，或直接通过使用分色滤光器的物镜，使用目镜观察荧光图像或彩色摄像机。 <ol><li>观察毛细荧光。如果制造成功，，毛细血管会呈现出鲜艳的红色荧光。这是一个良好的样本的第一个迹象。毛细血管呈现橙黄色荧光（而不是与量子点的相关的红色）一般不具有所需要的光学特性。这些样本也往往会形成更多的与HSQ低浓度的解决方案。一些毛细管可能没有显示在所有的荧光，在这种情况下形成的QD膜没有和毛细管（玻璃锐器）可以被丢弃。这是一个指示，该解决方案可能不会被吸入到所述毛细管，或它可能已被缺失的HSQ。最后，一​​些样品可能显示一个裂解或纹理的薄膜，这些也可以被丢弃。 </li><li>丢弃除了那些鲜红的硅量子点的荧光特性在上一步中提到的所有样品。 </li></ol></li><li> 检查存在的荧光光谱中的WGMS确保图像对准所希望的光谱仪的入射狭缝上，并收集的荧光光谱。调整的采集时间，以便产生一个可接受的信号 - 噪声比。执行根据需要的波长和强度的校准。的QD光谱应该是强烈的从700至900nm的波长范围内。从该地区采取相应的毛细管内壁的光谱显示出强劲的波动引起的圆柱回音壁模式（WGMS）的存在，这是一个成功的折射传感器的第二个到最后一个要求。 <ol><li>有些样品可能有一个明亮的红色量子点的荧光，但缺乏WGM振荡的频谱。这是一个迹象的QD膜破裂或剥离，从毛细血管壁，破坏了光学共振。 WGMS的情况下丢弃的毛细血管。在这一点上，仅（通常SMALL）部分的样品，以满足传感器的要求仍然存在。有要执行的最后一个测试。 </li></ol></li><li> 折光率分析附加候选毛细管聚乙烯，聚乙烯，聚四氟乙烯，或其他管化学相容的与预期的分析物的解决方案，其内径应比毛细管的外径稍大。管道的选择应使得没有反应的解决方案被泵入所述毛细管。 <ol><li>使用一个良好的粘合剂将玻璃毛细管油管;否则毛细管油管接口会泄漏。我们有相当不错的成功使用诺兰NOA-76或吉祥物即时的粘合胶。胶水的选择取决于它的玻璃毛细管的油管，和一个缺乏与该通道流体反应的粘附性。请小心，以防止粘接剂渗透进入毛细通道，阻止它。 </li><li>接口管通过注射器到micropumping系统。可以使用与公知的，如甲醇，乙醇和水的折射率的化合物的装置，以确定折射灵敏度。这是最后的考验，成功的传感器。每个流体，一次一个地，泵进入毛细管，确保不爆裂所述毛细管和所述管（ 图2c）之间的粘合密封。 </li><li>毛细管内的各液体的收集光谱。在光路中使用的分析仪，TE偏振光WGMS（分析仪平行于毛细管轴）和TM偏振光WGMS（分析仪垂直于毛细管轴）来区分。应该有一个转变的波长在WGM共振，（TE或TM），在毛细管中的每个不同的解决方案。如果是没有可观察到的移位，量子点的膜过厚，WGMS不充分采样通道介质。在成功的样本，我们观察的灵敏度通常为5至15纳米每个解决方案折射率单位（RIU）。几乎所有的样品做显示WGMS展示出一种可测量的灵敏度，然而，通常只有一小部分制备的毛细管将显示WGMS。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。数据分析<ol><li> 获得的荧光光谱的荧光光谱，您的样本。对于生物传感应用，该信道表面的特定分析物具有第一官能化。的QD膜的表面基本上是二氧化硅，所以存在许多表面修饰食谱。不管应用程序，最后的步骤是在数据处理和分析。 <ol><li>实现检测限低，需要测量小波谱的变化，最好的“移分辨率”应该是显着小于名义光谱分辨率或沥青。由于在光谱处理，必须小心。尤其是，在许多成像分光计完全水平的频谱可能不会被投影到CCD;分析之间，因此，如果在样本图像漂移垂直方向上的狭缝，假光谱的移位，也可以得到。使用任何手段是必要的，以确保不会发生这种情况， 例如使用的校准标准来确定的预计频谱的角度和纠正，减少样品的漂移影响，确保相同的CCD像素来获得所有光谱。 在图3中，其中出现的模式作为相应的通道壁的位置的强烈振荡的一个例子示出的光谱图像。使用Mathematica的计算机代码（或组喜欢你）进口的光谱图像，输出一维的光谱数据，进行曲线拟合和傅立叶分析的的WGM变化，如下所述。 </li></ol></li><li> 曲线拟合确定的的WGM峰值波长测量光谱的变化，由于被分析物的我n的FCM通道。适合一个单一的模式，以一个函数来描述的频谱形状 - 这是一种常见的方式获得的峰值位置。在理想情况下，这将是一个洛伦兹功能（与适当的波长转换频率的单位通过δλ=│cδf/ F 2│其中 c是光速）： <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50256/50256eq1.jpg" alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50256/50256eq1highres.jpg" /> 在公式。图1中，A是一个缩放参数，f 0是中心频率。不幸的是，的FCM是不理想的情况下。 <ol><li>在圆柱形空腔WGMS偏向更高的频率，有可能由于发展的螺旋共振（具有非零轴向分量的波矢WGMS）15洛伦兹适合因此表现不佳用于确定峰值位置。不幸的是，没有任何功能第在适应从一个分布的重叠Lorentzians的不断上升WGMS。在以往的工作16，我们认为，一个扭曲的洛伦兹17将提供更好的适合： <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50256/50256eq2.jpg" alt="公式2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50256/50256eq2highres.jpg" /> 在这里，A和 B都倾斜参数。可以看出，在图4中，方程。 2式的数据比更适合。 1，但不幸的是，它没有物理WGMS的理论基础。 </li></ol></li><li> 傅立叶移位分析或者，数据可以使用离散付里叶变换处理，并测定相应的相移的傅立叶频谱。此方法利用的整个频谱的周期性，作为使用单个任意WGM相对。它不测量峰值波长位置，而是衡量一个整体平移一个给定的的WGM频谱相对于任意的基准频谱。 <ol><li>使用相位差Δφ为高功率的傅立叶成分，对应于主WGM光谱振荡，得到的光谱的移位。这对应于一个真实WGM频移的： △F =Δφ（F MAX - F 分钟 ）/（2πk）的的， 其中 f 分钟和 f 最大是在光谱中的最小和最大频率。然而，多的信息可以被丢弃，如果只使用的主要成分，此外，截断的问题可能使其难以确定哪些组分是主要的一个。通常情况下，最好的结果需要一些试验和错误，选择了傅里叶成分。 </li><li>移位定理，而不是使用所有的傅里叶组件。因此，对于一个纯粹的移位中，每个单独的组件移位比例为 k（ 与 k元件数目）。换言之，δφK = mk，其中的比例m是衡量真正的移位。总的频移因此，计算公式如下： ΔF=米（六最大 - F min时）/（2π）。 这需要米以下方式获得的相位差ΔΦk为傅立叶组件中的一些或所有的线性拟合。 </li><li>的线性关系ΔΦK = MK对于真实的数据，将有不确定性，由于噪声和背景信号，它可以有一个显着的效果，在低功耗的傅立叶分量。因此，我们建议的加权线性拟合，其中的每个组件的重量是它的功率成比例，以获得ΔΦK表 与斜率K表图。的频谱可以被过滤之前嵌合周围的主要成分，以除去两个高频率（ŇOISE）和低频（非耦合的荧光背景）。频率由式偏移。 4，然后将其转换成波长为单位。 </li><li>不同于用于曲线拟合的情况下，一个WGM“波长”从未获得的，但相对于任意的参考光谱的整个频谱，而不是测量的波长偏移。然后，该过程重复进行，为每一个要分析的频谱。在此过程中的步骤如下： <ol><li>光谱转换成频率为单位，以确保恒定的自由光谱范围。 </li><li>选择所有班次将引用数据集（ 即第一个的WGM荧光光谱）。 </li><li>插值获得的光谱均匀的频率间隔。 </li><li>执行离散傅里叶变换，以获得各频谱的功率和相位分量。 </li><li>对于所有的k部件的WGM的相位差频谱的移位值是需要的话，相对于对参考光谱。 </li><li>查找使用主傅里叶分量只，所选组件或加权线性拟合的相位差的相移。这将使在WGM频谱和参考频谱之间的相位偏移 Δf或δλ。 </li><li>通过收集重复光谱相同的分析物，可以被测量的光谱的移位中的错误（检测极限）。灵敏度的不确定性在从错误中的加权线性拟合，可以得到，如果使用多个组件。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>重复步骤1-7为各分析。虽然这个过程听起来很复杂，在最初的实施过程是简单的自动化，从而使大型数据集可以批量处理找到的转变。我们使用专门编写的Mathematica代码FOR此​​程序，这样完整的数据集，可以批量处理“的按下一个按钮”。的原则，在光谱的变化，甚至可以计算出的“活”的，虽然我们没有这样做。

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+asymmetric+lineshape+for+fitting+infrared+absorption+spectra.">A simple asymmetric lineshape for fitting infrared absorption spectra.</a> Vibrational Spectroscopy. 47, 66-69 (2008).</li><li>Lomb, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Least-squares+frequency+analysis+of+unequally+spaced+data.">Least-squares frequency analysis of unequally spaced data.</a> Astrophysics and Space Science. 39, 447-462 (1976).</li><li>Scott, R. P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+thermodynamic+properties+of+methanol-water+association+and+its+effect+on+solute+retention+in+liquid+chromatography.">The thermodynamic properties of methanol-water association and its effect on solute retention in liquid chromatography.</a> Analyst. 125, 1543-1547 (2000).</li><li>Manchee, C. P. K., Zamora, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refractometric+sensing+with+fluorescent-core+microcavities.">Refractometric sensing with fluorescent-core microcavities.</a> Optics Express. 19, 21540-21551 (2011).</li><li>Teraoka, I., Arnold, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancing+Sensitivity+of+a+Whispering+Gallery+Mode+Microsphere+Sensor+by+a+High-Refractive+Index+Surface.">Enhancing Sensitivity of a Whispering Gallery Mode Microsphere Sensor by a High-Refractive Index Surface.</a> Layer. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 23, 1434-1441 (2006).</li><li>Huang, G., Bolanos Quinones, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rolled-up+optical+microcavities+with+subwavelength+wall+thicknesses+for+enhanced+liquid+sensing+applications.">Rolled-up optical microcavities with subwavelength wall thicknesses for enhanced liquid sensing applications.</a> ACS Nano. 4, 3123-3130 (2010).</li><li>Fan, X. D., White, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+novel+integrated+optical+ring+resonator+bio/chemical+sensors.">Overview of novel integrated optical ring resonator bio/chemical sensors.</a> Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). 6452, M4520-M4520 (2007).</li><li>White, I. M., Zhu, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refractometric+sensors+for+lab-on-a-chip+based+on+optical+ring+resonators.">Refractometric sensors for lab-on-a-chip based on optical ring resonators.</a> IEEE Sensors J. 7, 28-35 (2007).</li><li>Li, H., Fan, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+sensing+capability+of+optofluidic+ring+resonator+biosensors.">Characterization of sensing capability of optofluidic ring resonator biosensors.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 97, 011105 (2010).</li><li>Zamora, V., D&#237;ez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refractometric+sensor+based+on+whispering+gallery+modes+of+thin+capillaries.">Refractometric sensor based on whispering gallery modes of thin capillaries.</a> Optics Express. 15, 12011-12016 (2007).</li><li>Suter, J. D., White, I. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label-free+quantitative+DNA+detection+using+the+liquid+core+optical+ring+resonator.">Label-free quantitative DNA detection using the liquid core optical ring resonator.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 23, 1003-1009 (2008).</li><li>White, I. M., Oveys, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+multiplexed+biosensors+based+on+liquid+core+optical+ring+resonators+and+antiresonant+reflecting+optical+waveguides.">Integrated multiplexed biosensors based on liquid core optical ring resonators and antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 89, 191106 (2006).</li><li>Yang, G., White, I. M., Fan, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+opto-fluidic+ring+resonator+biosensor+for+the+detection+of+organophosphorus+pesticides.">An opto-fluidic ring resonator biosensor for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 133, 105-112 (2008).</li><li>Zhu, H., Dale, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+Label-Free+Detection+of+Breast+Cancer+Biomarker+CA15-3+in+Clinical+Human+Serum+Samples+with+Optofluidic+Ring+Resonator+Sensors.">Rapid and Label-Free Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarker CA15-3 in Clinical Human Serum Samples with Optofluidic Ring Resonator Sensors.</a> Anal. Chem. 81, 9858-9865 (2009).</li><li>Redding, B., Marchena, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+raised-microdisk+whispering-gallery-mode+characterization+techniques.">Comparison of raised-microdisk whispering-gallery-mode characterization techniques.</a> Optics Letters. 35, 998-1000 (2010).</li></ol>

我们什么都没有透露。

折射计传感器可以用作荧光核心的微腔。虽然有个别的例子，“卷”起来，可以作为微流体传感器，22相比，微管微管，毛细血管会更容易地集成到微流控的设置，并具有相当的实用的优点，因为它们很容易处理和分析简单的接口与设置。利用传统的傅立叶分析方法，是在至少一个数量级小于光谱系统的间距的波长偏移，可以被检测。这种方法也可以分为传感型测量系统的集成。 <p clas...

化学传感系统，只需要小的样品体积，手持式或场可操作设备可以被纳入可能导致广泛的新技术的发展。这些技术可能包括现场诊断疾病和病原体， 环境污染物，2和食品安全。微化学传感器的一些技术正在积极探索，与世界上最先进的物理特性，表面等离子体共振（SPR）的设备。现在，4这些传感器能够探测许多特定的生物分子，并取得了商业上的成功，但主要表现为较大规模的实验室设备。 近年来，光学微腔已经上涨竞争与基于SPR-系统。微腔可令人惊讶的敏感，表现出来的能力，检测单个病毒6，甚至单个生物分子<s升7（后者仍然是一些辩论的主题，然而，这是毫无疑问的质量检测限为小9）。在微腔中，检测机构的依赖变化的分析物的存在所造成的谐振电场的档案内的光学共振。通常情况下，一个给定的分析会引起共振，从而改变在中心频率，提高知名度，或线宽。正如SPR系统，微腔可以作为非特异性的折射计传感器，或作为生物传感器的一个具体的分析官能。 介质微观结构与一个圆形的交叉部分（ 例如，微球，磁盘，或气缸），其特征在于由电磁共振称为回音壁模式，或WGMS，期追溯到主瑞利的调查类似于声学效果10从本质上讲，一个光学WGM发生时，波沿凸圆截面ection通过全内反射，并返回到其起点的相位。在图1a中示出的一个例子的电磁的二氧化硅微球的共振。其特征在于，在径向方向上的一个最大值（n = 1时），而此谐振共53波长适合赤道附近的（ 升 = 53），其中只有部分被示出。瞬逝的电场强度的部分延伸到培养基中，领域边界之外，因此，的微球WGM可以感测的外部介质中。 毛细血管是一个特别有趣的一个的WGM基于传感器的例子。毛细管内，圆柱WGMS周围可以形成圆形的横截面，一个球体的情况下相似。如果毛细管壁是非常薄的，电磁场的一部分延伸进入毛细通道（ 图1b）。因此，毛细管可以是微流体传感器，用于分析物注入到沟道。这是b阿齐兹11的液芯光环形谐振器（LCORR）的操作。LCORRs依靠从精密可调谐激光源的光的探测WGMS上的渐逝波耦合。的LCORR的一个重要方面是，毛细管壁必须是薄的（约1微米），以确保信道的模式样本介质。其制造一些困难，使他们成为机械脆弱。 在我们的工作中，我们已经开发了一种替代的结构，我们称之为荧光芯微腔（FCM），12,13为了形成的FCM，涂层具有高折射率的荧光基团（具体地，层的毛细管通道壁嵌入式氧化硅量子点）。膜的高折射率需要字串，所发射的辐射，从而建立WGMS（ 图1c）。在对比度的LCORR，在FCM模式尖锐最大值出现在发射的荧光光谱。的厚度的膜是极为重要的，如果它太厚，在WGM不采样介质中的毛细通道，而且，如果它太薄，光学限制丢失和WGMS变弱。因此，制造的FCM是一个艰难的过程，需要精心准备。这是当前纸张的主要议题。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 材料表 </td><td>公司</td><td>产品编号</td><td>评论</td></tr><tr><td>硅胶microcapillaries </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>灵活的微孔管</td><td></td><td></td><td>聚乙烯，聚乙烯等</td></tr><tr><td>胶粘剂</td><td>吉祥物，诺兰NOA </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HSQ溶解于MIBK </td><td></td><td></td><td> 例如 ，FOX-15 </td></tr><tr><td>甲醇</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>乙醇</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>蒸馏水</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> 表1列出所使用的材料。

synthesis and operation of fluorescent-core microcavities for refractometric sensing

本文讨论了荧光核心微腔为基础的传感器，可以工作在微流控分析设置。这些结构的基础上形成的荧光量子点（QD）的以往的微细管的沟道表面上涂层。硅量子点对于这种应用，特别是有吸引力的部分原因是他们可以忽略不计的毒性相比，II-VI和II-VI族化合物量子点，这是许多国家的立法控制物质。虽然合奏发射光谱是广阔的，无特色，Si的QD的薄膜上的通道壁的毛细管功能锋利的一组中的荧光光谱，对应于电磁被困在薄膜内的光的共振，窄峰。这些共振的峰值波长是敏感的外部介质，因此，允许的移动设备以作为折射计的传感器，其中的量子点从来没有物理接触来与分析物的作用。实验与制造荧光核心microcapillaries的相关联的方法进行了详细讨论，以及分析方法。最后，比较这些结构之间的和更广泛的调查的液芯光环形谐振器，微流体传感功能方面。

在毛细管制造过程中的小偏差可以导致样品的成功率显着变化。在图5（广告），显示出有代表性失败的毛细血管，以及作为一个成功的例子。一般来说，一个成功的样品的视觉指示是在毛细血管壁和特征的内部具有高强度组合的红色荧光。荧光光谱也清楚地表明成功和失败之间的差异（ 图5e）。一个很好的样本定义（能见度≈0.5）的WGM振荡频谱。 作...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

荧光核微腔传感器采用了高折射率的量子点的涂层，在通道中的二氧化硅microcapillaries。进入毛细通道事业泵送的流体的折射率变化中的微腔的荧光光谱，可用于分析的信道介质，转移。

折光传感荧光芯微腔的合成和操作

This paper discusses  fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic  analysis setup. These structures are based on the ...

synthesis-operation-fluorescent-core-microcavities-for-refractometric

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.8K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 荧光核微腔传感器采用了高折射率的量子点的涂层，在通道中的二氧化硅microcapillaries。进入毛细通道事业泵送的流体的折射率变化中的微腔的荧光光谱，可用于分析的信道介质，转移。

视频: Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic samples with a wide range of possible sensor designs such as interferometers and resonators 1,2. Most of the existing RI sensing applications focus on biological materials in aqueous solutions in visible and IR frequencies, such as DNA hybridization and genome sequencing. At terahertz frequencies, applications include quality control, monitoring of industrial processes and sensing and detection applications involving nonpolar materials.
Several potential designs for refractive index sensors in the terahertz regime exist, including photonic crystal waveguides 3, asymmetric split-ring resonators 4, and photonic band gap structures integrated into parallel-plate waveguides 5. Many of these designs are based on optical resonators such as rings or cavities. The resonant frequencies of these structures are dependent on the refractive index of the material in or around the resonator. By monitoring the shifts in resonant frequency the refractive index of a sample can be accurately measured and this in turn can be used to identify a material, monitor contamination or dilution, etc.
The sensor design we use here is based on a simple parallel-plate waveguide 6,7. A rectangular groove machined into one face acts as a resonant cavity (Figures 1 and 2). When terahertz radiation is coupled into the waveguide and propagates in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode, the result is a single strong resonant feature with a tunable resonant frequency that is dependent on the geometry of the groove 6,8. This groove can be filled with nonpolar liquid microfluidic samples which cause a shift in the observed resonant frequency that depends on the amount of liquid in the groove and its refractive index 9.
Our technique has an advantage over other terahertz techniques in its simplicity, both in fabrication and implementation, since the procedure can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment without the need for a clean room or any special fabrication or experimental techniques. It can also be easily expanded to multichannel operation by the incorporation of multiple grooves 10. In this video we will describe our complete experimental procedure, from the design of the sensor to the data analysis and determination of the sample refractive index.

The procedure for implementing a refractive index sensor for terahertz frequencies based on a grooved parallel-plate waveguide geometry is described here. The method yields a measurement of the refractive index of a small volume of liquid through monitoring of the shift in the resonant frequency of the waveguide structure

太赫兹微流控测量中的一个平行板波导传感器

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

制造，操作和表面声波驱动声逆流微流体流动可视化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

制造和Acoustofluidic设备的运营支撑体声波驻波的聚焦鞘颗粒

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Colloidal Synthesis of Nanopatch Antennas for Applications in Plasmonics and Nanophotonics

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas. This includes a detailed procedure for the fabrication of thin films with a well-controlled thickness over macroscopic areas using layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolyte polymers, namely poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). These polyelectrolyte spacer layers serve as a dielectric gap in between silver nanocubes and a gold film. By controlling the size of the nanocubes or the gap thickness, the plasmon resonance can be tuned from about 500 nm to 700 nm. Next, we demonstrate how to incorporate organic sulfo-cyanine5 carboxylic acid (Cy5) dye molecules into the dielectric polymer gap region of the nanopatch antennas. Finally, we show greatly enhanced fluorescence of the Cy5 dyes by spectrally matching the plasmon resonance with the excitation energy and the Cy5 absorption peak. The method presented here enables the fabrication of plasmonic nanopatch antennas with well-controlled dimensions utilizing colloidal synthesis and a layer-by-layer dip-coating process with the potential for low cost and large-scale production. These nanopatch antennas hold great promise for practical applications, for example in sensing, ultrafast optoelectronic devices and for high-efficiency photodetectors.

A protocol for the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and fabrication of plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas with sub-10 nm gaps is presented.

在等离子体激元和纳米光子学应用Nanopatch天线的合成胶体

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic ...

Femtosecond Laser Filaments for Use in Sub-Diffraction-Limited Imaging and Remote Sensing

Probing remote matter with laser light is a ubiquitous technique used in circumstances as diverse as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and barcode scanners. In classical optics, the intensity that can be brought to bear on a remote target is limited by the spot size of the laser at the distance of the target. This spot size has a lower bound determined by the diffraction limit of classical optics. However, amplified femtosecond laser pulses generate intensity sufficient to modify the refractive index of the ambient air and undergo self-focusing. This self-focusing effect leads to the generation of highly intense laser filaments which maintain their intensity and small sub-millimeter diameter size at distances well beyond the classical Rayleigh length. Such intensity provides the capability of remote scanning, imaging, sensing, and spectroscopy with enhanced spatial resolution. We describe a technique for generating filaments with a femtosecond regenerative chirped-pulse amplifier, and for using the resulting filament to conduct imaging and spectroscopic measurements at remote distances of at least several meters.

High-intensity femtosecond pulses of laser light can undergo cycles of Kerr self-focusing and plasma defocusing, propagating an intense sub-millimeter-diameter beam over long distances. We describe a technique for generating and using these filaments to perform remote imaging and sensing beyond the classical diffraction limits of linear optics.

飞秒激光丝在亚衍射有限成像和遥感中的应用

Probing remote matter with laser light is a ubiquitous technique used in circumstances as diverse as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and barcode ...

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species in the ppm-to-single-percent range. The main purpose of the method is the spatially resolved detection of low-concentration species, which have no transitions in the visible or near-IR spectral range that could be used for detection. IR-DFWM is a nonintrusive method, which is a great advantage in combustion research, as inserting a probe into a flame can change it drastically. The IR-DFWM is combined with upconversion detection. This detection scheme uses sum-frequency generation to move the IR-DFWM signal from the mid-IR to the near-IR region, to take advantage of the superior noise characteristics of silicon-based detectors. This process also rejects most of the thermal background radiation. The focus of the protocol presented here is on the proper alignment of the IR-DFWM optics and on how to align an intracavity upconversion detection system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform sensitive, spatially resolved gas spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region, using degenerate four-wave mixing combined with upconversion detection.

用于定量气体传感的红外退化四波融合与上转换检测

We present a protocol for performing gas spectroscopy using infrared degenerated four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM), for the quantitative detection of gas species ...

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Fusogenic Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Oligonucleotide Delivery

With the advent of gene therapy, the development of an effective in vivo nucleotide-payload delivery system has become of parallel import. Fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles (F-pSiNPs) have recently demonstrated high in vivo gene silencing efficacy due to its high oligonucleotide loading capacity and unique cellular uptake pathway that avoids endocytosis. The synthesis of F-pSiNPs is a multi-step process that includes: (1) loading and sealing of oligonucleotide payloads in the silicon pores; (2) simultaneous coating and sizing of fusogenic lipids around the porous silicon cores; and (3) conjugation of targeting peptides and washing to remove excess oligonucleotide, silicon debris, and peptide. The particle&#8217;s size uniformity is characterized by dynamic light scattering, and its core-shell structure may be verified by transmission electron microscopy. The fusogenic uptake is validated by loading a lipophilic dye, 1,1&#39;-dioctadecyl-3,3,3&#39;,3&#39;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), into the fusogenic lipid bilayer and treating it to cells in vitro to observe for plasma membrane staining versus endocytic localizations. The targeting and in vivo gene silencing efficacies were previously quantified in a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, in which the targeting peptide is expected to help the F-pSiNPs to home to the site of infection. Beyond its application in S. aureus infection, the F-pSiNP system may be used to deliver any oligonucleotide for gene therapy of a wide range of diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

We demonstrate the synthesis of fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles for effective in vitro and in vivo oligonucleotide delivery. Porous silicon nanoparticles are loaded with siRNA to form the core, which is coated by fusogenic lipids through extrusion to form the shell. Targeting moiety functionalization and particle characterization are included.

用于寡核苷酸传递的可生多孔硅纳米粒子的合成、功能化和表征

With the advent of gene therapy, the development of an effective in vivo nucleotide-payload delivery system has become of parallel import. Fusogenic ...

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, irrigation, and mechanical weed control. Extending this research, we introduce here a novel methodology to manipulate the directional growth of plants via their natural mechanisms for signaling and hormone distribution. An effective methodology of robotic stimuli provision can open up possibilities for new experimentation with later developmental phases in plants, or for new biotechnology applications such as shaping plants for green walls. Interaction with plants presents several robotic challenges, including short-range sensing of small and variable plant organs, and the controlled actuation of plant responses that are impacted by the environment in addition to the provided stimuli. In order to steer plant growth, we develop a group of immobile robots with sensors to detect the proximity of growing tips, and with diodes to provide light stimuli that actuate phototropism. The robots are tested with the climbing common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, in experiments having durations up to five weeks in a controlled environment. With robots sequentially emitting blue light-peak emission at wavelength 465 nm-plant growth is successfully steered through successive binary decisions along mechanical supports to reach target positions. Growth patterns are tested in a setup up to 180 cm in height, with plant stems grown up to roughly 250 cm in cumulative length over a period of approximately seven weeks. The robots coordinate themselves and operate fully autonomously. They detect approaching plant tips by infrared proximity sensors and communicate via radio to switch between blue light stimuli and dormant status, as required. Overall, the obtained results support the effectiveness of combining robot and plant experiment methodologies, for the study of potentially complex interactions between natural and engineered autonomous systems.

Distributed robot nodes provide sequences of blue light stimuli to steer the growth trajectories of climbing plants. By activating natural phototropism, the robots guide the plants through binary left-right decisions, growing them into predefined patterns that by contrast are not possible when the robots are dormant.

机器人传感和刺激为引导植物生长提供

Robot systems are actively researched for manipulation of natural plants, typically restricted to agricultural automation activities such as harvest, ...

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing (CCM) System

The automated tape placement and the automated fiber placement (AFP) machines provide a safer working environment and reduce the labor intensity of workers than the traditional manual fiber placement does. Thus, the production accuracy, repeatability and efficiency of composite manufacturing are significantly improved. However, the current AFP systems can only produce the composite components with large open surface or simple revolution parts, which cannot meet the growing interest in small complex or closed structures from industry.
In this research, by employing a 1-degree of freedom (DoF) rotational stage, a 6-RSS parallel robot, and a 6-DoF serial robot, the dexterity of the AFP system can be significantly improved for manufacturing complex composite parts. The rotational stage mounted on the parallel robot is utilized to hold the mandrel and the serial robot carries the placement head to mimic two human hands that have enough dexterity to lay the fiber to the mandrel with complex contour.
Although the CCM system increases the flexibility of composite manufacturing, it is quite time-consuming or even impossible to generate the feasible off-line path, which ensures uniform lay-up of subsequent fibers considering the constraints like singularities, collisions between the fiber placement head and mandrel, smooth fiber direction change and keeping the fiber placement head along the norm of the part&#39;s surface, etc. Moreover, due to the existing positioning error of the robots, the on-line path correction is needed. Therefore, the on-line pose correction algorithm is proposed to correct the paths of both parallel and serial robots, and to keep the relative path between the two robots unchanged through the visual feedback when the constraint or singularity problems in the off-line path planning occur. The experimental results demonstrate the designed CCM system can fulfill the movement needed for manufacturing a composite structure with Y-shape.

Operation of the Collaborative Composite Manufacturing CCM System

A collaborative composite manufacturing system is developed for robotic lay-up of composite laminates using the prepreg tape. The proposed system allows the production of composite laminates with high levels of geometrical complexity. The issues in the path planning, coordination of the robots and control are addressed in the proposed method.

协同复合制造 （CCM） 系统的操作

The automated tape placement and the automated fiber placement (AFP) machines provide a safer working environment and reduce the labor intensity of ...