从退伍军人事务部的优点格兰特和来自美国国立卫生研究院的NHLBI一个T32-HL098062资金支持这项工作。我们要衷心感谢兰多夫H.黑廷斯，医学博士，博士的意见以及建议和支持弗吉尼亚州圣迭戈医疗系统的兽医医疗单位。

1。动物的制备<ol><li>获得小鼠早于8周，超过20克（小老鼠可以由专家插管）。 </li><li>麻醉<ol><li>注入老鼠用20毫克/千克氯胺酮和赛拉嗪腹膜内作为麻醉前，每个。 （该剂量是不足以完全麻醉的小鼠，但有利于安全转移，气管插管后，机械通气。）但是，调整该剂量可根据与体制兽医会诊麻醉反应是必要的。） </li><li>麻醉诱导小鼠与3.5％异氟醚/氧气感应室为90-120秒。 </li><li>仔细观察呼吸频率。它应该逐步放缓至不低于45 BPM。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。对于插管的准备<ol><li>从感应腔中取出鼠标和浮渣紧密。 </li><li>用软垫细镊子GENTLY从嘴里伸出舌头。 </li><li>通过按住舌头两个手指之间和运用柔和的力保持伸展舌头的。 </li><li>拖动鼠标上带有垂直运动的耳镜的反射镜。 </li><li>期待通过耳镜的眼矿泉去油光的同时紧紧地和舌头和颈背拉动鼠标向上轻轻。 </li><li>仔细寻找声带。它们必须容易看到在这个时候。该laryngis aditus（喉口的结构）应该比较白。应该有每次呼吸的线的运动。如果线不动或可视化很差，稍微旋转动物，轻轻超伸了脖子。 </li><li>用优势手，保持20 G 1中的导管，通过所述导管的尖端延伸，像铅笔的PE10管1厘米的长度，并把它插入到反射镜的一侧。该PE管材作为探针或探条。 </li><li>直接PE10 TUBING（钢丝）通过声带，推进20 G导管（气管插管）在PE管材，直到枢纽是在下颚门齿的水平。快速去除这种钢丝。 </li><li>轻轻把动物关窥器的，并通过将动物的机械通气机上连续的2％异氟烷维持整个实验过程中全身麻醉核实管的位置。想象呼出的气体（气泡）经历一个PEEP陷阱，以确认气管插管。虽然食道插管可能会导致一些气泡，它不会像明显或气管插管的一致。此外，观察气道压力跟踪负偏差（ 图1）。这些确认管的妥善安置。另外，将少量的水进入输液管，并将其连接到ET管。验证动作和从鼠标随呼吸2。在食管插管时，p的情况下，ressure跟踪，就会发现显著更高的压力，没有负偏差。虽然呼气末二氧化碳将是有益的，在技术上给予小潮气量（约200微升）和设备做这将是非常昂贵的，这将是非常困难的。所描述的简单的技术是完全足够的和便宜得多。如异氟醚麻醉不可用，所有的程序，可以使用氯胺酮80-120毫克/千克与赛拉嗪10-20毫克/公斤为全身麻醉结合进行。 </li></ol> 3。替代技术：直接喉镜与耳镜技术对其他用途随便使用，主要用于直接滴入研究物质进入肺部。 <ol><li>与单纯异氟醚对动物麻醉诱导此过程在3.5％90-120秒在感应室。 </li><li>颈背动物紧紧地在颅底，延长舌尖轻轻用细镊子。 </li><li>轻轻地捧着舌头，拉动物直线上升的窥器（未修改），直到动物不能进一步拉升。 </li><li>声带可以经常可视化通过这种技术独自一人，但旋转动物和超扩展的脖子，使其完整视图。 </li><li>前进含有滴注到声门凝胶上样和灌输流体。因为窥器使密封与喉咽鼠标将吸残留液体，不经过线。这很容易通过在rhonchorous验证听起来鼠标现在呼吸时使得直到流体在肺部完全分布式的。 </li><li>或者，PE10管道连接至0.5ml注射器含有50微升的液体与液体背后的空气推注。通过声带对0.5厘米小心前进在PE管和内容物排放到气道慢。然而，偶尔的创伤下呼吸道发生ü唱这种技术没有更好的交付样品。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

在本报告中，我们描述一个简单的，可靠的技术来插管小鼠即非创伤性，并且可以在相同的动物反复使用。这种技术可以完成简单的实验室，或者被一个个​​小数目，可以购买医疗设备。直接喉镜的技术中，最初报告由Hastings和同事4，也可用于各种用途，但主要还是以准确递送试验物质到下呼吸道。我们发现这种技术，因为它的易用性，速度，简单，可靠，费用低，和潜在的重复测量?...

该实验室鼠标已经取代几乎所有的物种生物学和病理学的主要哺乳动物模型。该实验室的鼠标是已明确且全面证明是有价值的人类疾病的模型，并证明无价在我们人类生物学和疾病的认识的进步最小的哺乳动物。短期妊娠时间和大大降低了成本允许空和转基因小鼠的发展和研究，在生物医学研究的一个司空见惯的工具。然而，一般的实验室小鼠（20-25克）的大小限制了他们的研究在生理学或手术为基础的研究，因此，一些研究者研究大哺乳动物。妨碍利用老鼠在这些研究中是与插管技术，这将允许在深度麻醉下生理测量或广泛的外科手术中遇到的困难。气管切开1已被用作标准特chnique因为更容易利用这项技术并适度的技能需要的，而不是插管。然而，气管切开，不利于慢性或恢复手术研究;因此，它被限制在急性实验。气管造口术，也可以在研究一个混杂变量，其中炎症或敏感的生理反射是很重要的。 我们的实验室已尝试大部分由其他研究者描述的技术，并发现它们不足以用于各种原因。气管切开术是太痛苦并诱导出血及气道炎症。更成问题的是，它不能切实重复。许多需要适度的设备投资相对非侵入性的技术是不是足够可靠。其他技术需要昂贵的设备，是很难，如果不知道该设备将工作在一个特定的应用程序来证明。因此，我们试图开发一种非创伤性技术，它不需要更多的T汉适度的投资在专门的设备，可以迅速完成，并且可靠，可以重复在慢性模型中，并且可以在大量动物中使用。在这里，我们报告这样的技术。

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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:411px;">Operating Otoscope Head</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:83px;">21700</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">&#160;$188.98</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Otoscope Handle</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">71000</td>
			<td>&#160;$112.20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Reuseable Speculum</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">22002</td>
			<td>&#160;$ 3.98</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>18-779</td>
			<td>&#160;$107.18</td>
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		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Small clamp stand to hold otoscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Optional Equipment</td>
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		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane Vaporizer (multiple circuit with vacuum waste gas handling)</td>
			<td>Summit Medical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$3,000</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Flexivent (Animal Ventilator)</td>
			<td>SCIREQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$35,000</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Intravenous catheter (20 ga x 1 inch)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">381233</td>
			<td>&#160;$&#160; 9.62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Polyethylene tubing (PE10) (0.011 inch I.D., 0.024 inch O.D.) 100 ft</td>
			<td>Intramedic, Clay-Adams</td>
			<td align="right">427401</td>
			<td>&#160;$115.70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ketamine 100 mg/ml (10 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Butler</td>
			<td align="right">23061</td>
			<td>&#160;$10.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Xylazine (100 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td align="right">24105</td>
			<td>&#160;$20.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane (250 ml bottle)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;$15.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">vecuronium bromide 10 mg/10 ml</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>NDC 0069-0094-01</td>
			<td align="right">$15.00</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope

小鼠，无论是野生型和转基因，是主要的哺乳动物模型在生物医学研究当前。插管和机械通气是必要的，需要深麻醉下或肺功能测量整个手术的动物实验。气管切开术一直是插​​管气道在这些小鼠，使机械通气的标准。经口气管插管有报道由于大量的技术困难或高度专业化的和昂贵的设备的要求，但并没有在许多研究中得到成功应用。此处我们报告直接喉镜的使用配有2.0mm的窥器耳镜，并使用20 G静脉导管为气管内管的技术。我们已经用这种技术广泛和可靠的插管和小鼠进行肺功能的准确评估。这种技术已被证明安全的，有经验的人员基本上没有动物的损失。此外，这种技术可用于小鼠的慢性模型反复研究。

插管与上述技术是可靠和快速。气管内管的适当位置是最容易通过的水下呼气肢观察呼出气鼓泡验证了呼吸机回路（通常在PEEP陷阱）和上气道压力跟踪（ 图1）负偏差的。上气道压力跟踪的负偏差是最可靠的。其他人在使用静脉注射管连接到呼气呼吸机回路2的小液滴的运动。虽然我们没有使用这种技术广泛应用，它应该足以验证管的位置。一个有经验的操作者可以使用这个?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope at JoVE.com

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

我们已经开发出用耳镜用2.0mm的窥器通过直接喉镜气管插管在小鼠一个简单，可靠，且相对廉价的方法。这种技术是无创伤和可用于在慢性实验重复测量。我们发现它优于气管造口术或先前报道非手术技术。

气管插管小鼠<em&gt;通过</em&gt;直接喉镜使用耳镜

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

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Medicine

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

30.8K 次观看.  VA San Diego Healthcare System. 我们已经开发出用耳镜用2.0mm的窥器通过直接喉镜气管插管在小鼠一个简单，可靠，且相对廉价的方法。这种技术是无创伤和可用于在慢性实验重复测量。我们发现它优于气管造口术或先前报道非手术技术。 

视频: Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

科研

医学

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

一个简单的方法小鼠肺插管

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

异位黏膜移植程序直接给药到小鼠的大脑

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

在小鼠气管插管快速的改进方法

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

通过直接内切内脂多糖灌输诱导小鼠急性肺损伤

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

小鼠重复的奥内切管插管

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical characteristics, which is further complicated in the case of the newborn. Of the different methods of advanced airway management, endotracheal intubation is less aggressive than tracheostomy, and is more feasible than supraglottic management given the lack of supraglottic devices of such a small size. As direct glottis visualization is very difficult in animals this size, this blind intubation model is presented as an effective alternative, especially for experiments requiring prolonged anesthesia. Using this method, we performed blind intubations with a 90% success rate.

We describe a technique of endotracheal intubation in newborn rabbits after esophageal catheterization with a gastric tube.

新生儿兔子的盲内窥管插管

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical ...

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research field. Accumulation of drugs in certain organs may give rise to adverse and unwanted effects, depending on the nature of injectate. To minimize spillover and/or accumulation in other tissues, the herein described method directs the formulation into the renal artery bloodstream by inserting a catheter in the infra renal aorta, just below where it branches into the renal artery, resulting in the kidney as first reached organ and distributing of formulation throughout the kidney.
This manuscript provides a detailed description of the method, as well as its challenges and difficulties. It guides the experimenter to become skillful with this type of microsurgery that requires accuracy under sterile conditions. Speed is crucial for minimizing the ischemia and practicing the procedure will increase the chance of successful injections without adverse effects. By modulating the time between injection and reperfusion as well as the injected volume, the risk of spillover to other organs is mitigated. 
Note that this technique is suitable for single dosing strategies.

This manuscript describes a method for targeted delivery to a single kidney via a catheter placed in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse.

通过肾脏动脉直接向肾脏输送药物

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

使用柔性插管内窥镜作为猪安全气道管理的标准化模型的气管插管

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>基于气管切开术的气管插管方案，用于非存活大鼠模型

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that require controlled or high ventilation pressures or access to the thoracic cavity and organs. Conventional endoorotracheal intubation using the anatomically existing route through the mouth is well suited for survival experiments. However, this procedure poses some challenges, including generally higher levels of the required experience and technical skill, more advanced equipment, and greater time effort with relevant intubation failure rates and complications such as tracheal perforation, temporary systemic hypooxygenation, and relevant aerial leakage.
This manuscript, therefore, presents a detailed step-by-step protocol for endotracheal intubation through tracheotomy in non-survival rat models when guaranteed intubation success, constant oxygenation levels, high ventilation pressures, or open thoracotomy are required.
The protocol emphasizes the importance of meticulous surgical technique to ensure consistent and reliable outcomes, especially for researchers who are inexperienced or lack routine in the technique of endoorotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is, therefore, expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>大鼠气管切开术气管插管和随后的开胸术用于非存活应用

Here we introduce a standardized procedure for endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy followed by thoracotomy in rats, aimed at enhancing the precision and reproducibility of non-survival applications requiring invasive ventilation and exposure of thoracic organs in in vivo rat models.

大鼠气管切开术气管插管和随后的开胸术用于非存活应用

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that ...