Name: endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope
Uploaded: 2014-04-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope at JoVE.com

A Merit Grant from the Department of Veteran Affairs and a T32-HL098062 grant from the NHLBI of the National Institutes of Health supported this work. We wish to gratefully acknowledge the advice of Randolph H. Hasting, M.D., Ph.D. and the advice and support of the Veterinary Medical Unit of the VA San Diego Healthcare System.

1. Animal Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Obtain mice that are older than 8 weeks and more than 20 g&#160;(smaller mice can be intubated by an expert).</li>
	<li>Anesthesia
	<ol>
		<li>Inject mice with&#160; 20 mg/kg, each, of ketamine and xylazine intraperitoneally as a preanesthetic. (This dose is insufficient to fully anesthetize the mouse, but facilitates the safe transfer, after intubation, to mechanical ventilation.)&#160;However, adjustment of the dosages may be necessary according to the anesthetic response in consultati...

<ol>
	<li>Rockman, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+atrial-specific+and+inducible+expression+of+an+atrial+natriuretic+factor+transgene+in+an+in+vivo+murine+model+of+cardiac+hypertrophy.">Segregation of atrial-specific and inducible expression of an atrial natriuretic factor transgene in an in vivo murine model of cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Proc. natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 8277-8281 (1991).</li><li>Watanabe, A., Hashimoto, Y., Ochiai, E., Sato, A., Kamei, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+confirming+correct+endotracheal+intubation+in+mice.">A simple method for confirming correct endotracheal intubation in mice.</a> Lab. Anim. 43, 399-401 (2009).</li><li>Orebaugh, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Succinylcholine:+adverse+effects+and+alternatives+in+emergency+medicine.">Succinylcholine: adverse effects and alternatives in emergency medicine.</a> Am. J. Emerg. Med. 17, 715-721 (1999).</li><li>Hastings, R. H., Summers-Torres, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Laryngoscopy+in+Mice.">Direct Laryngoscopy in Mice.</a> Contemp. Lab. Anim. Sci. 38, 33-35 (1999).</li><li>Berul, C. I., Aronovitz, M. J., Wang, P. J., Mendelsohn, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+cardiac+electrophysiology+studies+in+the+mouse.">In vivo cardiac electrophysiology studies in the mouse.</a> Circulation. 94, 2641-2648 (1996).</li><li>Ewart, S. L., Gavett, S. H., Margolick, J., Wills-Karp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclosporin+A+attenuates+genetic+airway+hyperresponsiveness+in+mice+but+not+through+inhibition+of+CD4++or+CD8++T+cells.">Cyclosporin A attenuates genetic airway hyperresponsiveness in mice but not through inhibition of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14, 627-634 (1996).</li><li>Ewart, S. L., Mitzner, W., DiSilvestre, D. A., Meyers, D. A., Levitt, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+hyperresponsiveness+to+acetylcholine:+segregation+analysis+and+evidence+for+linkage+to+murine+chromosome+6.">Airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine: segregation analysis and evidence for linkage to murine chromosome 6.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14, 487-495 (1996).</li><li>Spoelstra, E. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+and+simple+method+for+endotracheal+intubation+of+mice.">A novel and simple method for endotracheal intubation of mice.</a> Lab. 41, 128-135 (2007).</li><li>Boll, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+single-breath-hold+micro-computed+tomography+of+thoracic+and+abdominal+structures+in+mice+using+a+simplified+method+for+intubation.">High-speed single-breath-hold micro-computed tomography of thoracic and abdominal structures in mice using a simplified method for intubation.</a> J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 34, 783-790 (2010).</li><li>Brown, R. H., Walters, D. M., Greenberg, R. S., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+endotracheal+intubation+and+pulmonary+functional+assessment+for+repeated+studies+in+mice.">A method of endotracheal intubation and pulmonary functional assessment for repeated studies in mice.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 87, 2362-2365 (1999).</li><li>Vergari, A., Polito, A., Musumeci, M., Palazzesi, S., Marano, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-assisted+orotracheal+intubation+in+mice.">Video-assisted orotracheal intubation in mice.</a> Lab. Anim. 37, 204-206 (2003).</li><li>Vergari, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+of+orotracheal+intubation+in+mice.">A new method of orotracheal intubation in mice.</a> Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 8, 103-106 (2004).</li><li>Hamacher, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic+wire+guide-based+orotracheal+mouse+intubation:+description,+evaluation+and+comparison+with+transillumination.">Microscopic wire guide-based orotracheal mouse intubation: description, evaluation and comparison with transillumination.</a> Lab. Anim. 42, 222-230 (2008).</li><li>Rivera, B., Miller, S., Brown, E., Price, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+endotracheal+intubation+of+mice+and+rats+used+in+imaging+studies.">A novel method for endotracheal intubation of mice and rats used in imaging studies.</a> Cont. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 44, 52-55 (2005).</li><li>MacDonald, K. D., Chang, H. Y., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+simple+method+of+mouse+lung+intubation.">An improved simple method of mouse lung intubation.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 984-987 (2009).</li><li>De Vleeschauwer, S. p. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+invasive+lung+function+measurements+in+intubated+mice:+an+approach+for+longitudinal+lung+research.">Repeated invasive lung function measurements in intubated mice: an approach for longitudinal lung research.</a> Lab. Anim. 45, 81-89 (2011).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+retrograde+intubation+in+mice.">A technique for retrograde intubation in mice.</a> Lab. Anim. 35, 39-42 (2006).</li><li>Singer, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-sided+mouse+intubation:+description+and+evaluation.">Left-sided mouse intubation: description and evaluation.</a> Exp. Lung Res. 36, 25-30 (2010).</li></ol>

In this report we describe a simple, reliable technique to intubate mice that is nontraumatic and can be used repeatedly in the same animal. This technique can be accomplished with simple laboratory or medical equipment that can be purchased for a modest sum. The technique of direct laryngoscopy, originally reported by Hastings and colleagues4, can also be used for a variety of purposes, but mainly to accurately deliver test substances to the lower respiratory tract. We have found this technique superior to th...

The laboratory mouse has supplanted virtually all species as the principal mammalian model of biology and pathobiology. The laboratory mouse is the smallest mammalian species that has been clearly and extensively shown to be of value as a model of human disease and has proven invaluable in advances of our understanding of human biology and disease. The short gestation time and substantially lower cost has allowed the development and study of null and transgenic mice as a commonplace tool in biomedical research. However, the size of the average laboratory mouse (20-25 g) has limited their study in physiologically or surgically based studies and, consequently, some investigators study larger mammalian species. An impediment to using mice in these studies is the difficulty encountered with intubation techniques that would allow physiological measurements or extensive surgical procedures under deep anesthesia. Tracheostomy 1 has been used as a standard technique instead of intubation because of the greater ease of performing this technique and modest skill required. However, tracheostomy is not conducive to chronic or recovery surgery studies; thus, it is limited to acute experiments. Tracheostomy can also be a confounding variable in research in which inflammation or sensitive physiologic reflexes are important.
Our laboratory has tried most of the techniques described by other investigators and found them inadequate for a variety of reasons. Tracheostomy is too traumatic and induces bleeding and airway inflammation. Much more problematic is that it cannot be feasibly repeated. Many relatively noninvasive techniques that require a modest investment in equipment are not sufficiently reliable. Other techniques require expensive equipment that is difficult to justify without knowing if the equipment will work in a specific application. Thus, we sought to develop a nontraumatic technique that required no more than a modest investment in specialized equipment, could be accomplished quickly and reliably, could be repeated in chronic models, and could be used in large numbers of animals. Here we report such a technique.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="706">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:411px;">Operating Otoscope Head</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:83px;">21700</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">&#160;$188.98</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Otoscope Handle</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">71000</td>
			<td>&#160;$112.20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Reuseable Speculum</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">22002</td>
			<td>&#160;$ 3.98</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>18-779</td>
			<td>&#160;$107.18</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Small clamp stand to hold otoscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Optional Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane Vaporizer (multiple circuit with vacuum waste gas handling)</td>
			<td>Summit Medical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$3,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Flexivent (Animal Ventilator)</td>
			<td>SCIREQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$35,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Intravenous catheter (20 ga x 1 inch)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">381233</td>
			<td>&#160;$&#160; 9.62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Polyethylene tubing (PE10) (0.011 inch I.D., 0.024 inch O.D.) 100 ft</td>
			<td>Intramedic, Clay-Adams</td>
			<td align="right">427401</td>
			<td>&#160;$115.70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ketamine 100 mg/ml (10 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Butler</td>
			<td align="right">23061</td>
			<td>&#160;$10.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Xylazine (100 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td align="right">24105</td>
			<td>&#160;$20.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane (250 ml bottle)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;$15.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">vecuronium bromide 10 mg/10 ml</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>NDC 0069-0094-01</td>
			<td align="right">$15.00</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Intubation with the above technique is reliable and fast. The appropriate placement of the endotracheal tube is most easily verified by observing expired gas bubbling from the submerged expiratory limb of the of the ventilator circuit (usually in a PEEP trap) and negative deflections on an airway pressure tracing (Figure 1). The negative deflections on airway pressure tracing are the most reliable. Others have used movement of a small fluid droplet in intravenous tubing connected to the expiratory ventil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope at JoVE.com

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

endotracheal-intubation-mice-via-direct-laryngoscopy-using-an

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small babies will desaturate very quickly if ventilation is interrupted mainly to high metabolic rate. We describe guidelines to perform a safe fiberoptic intubation while maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the procedure. Steps requiring the use of propofol pump, fentanyl, glycopyrrolate, red rubber catheter, metal insuflation hook, afrin, lubricant and lidocaine spray are shown.

We describe guidelines to perform a safe and efficient elective fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients while maintaining spontaneous ventilation.

Fiberoptic intubation in pediatric patients is often required especially in difficult airways of syndromic patients i.e. Pierre Robin Syndrome. Small ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Allowing Reperfusion via Common Carotid Artery Repair in Mice

The ischemic stroke is a major cause of adult long-term disability and death worldwide. The current treatments available are limited, with only tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as an approved drug treatment to target ischemic strokes. Current research in the field of ischemic stroke focuses on better understanding the pathophysiology of stroke, to develop and investigate novel pharmaceutical targets. Reliable experimental stroke models are crucial for the progression of potential treatments. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is clinically relevant and the most frequently used surgical model of ischemic stroke in rodents. However, the outcomes of this model, such as lesion volume, are associated with high levels of variability, particularly in mice. The alternative MCAO model described here allows the reperfusion of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the increased perfusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, using a tissue pad with fibrinogen-based sealant to repair the vessel, and the improved welfare of the mice by avoiding external carotid artery (ECA) ligation. This reduces the reliance on the Circle of Willis, which is known to be highly anatomically variable in mice. Representative data show that using this alternative surgical approach decreases the variability in lesion volumes between the traditional MCAO approach and the alternative approach described here.

Intraluminal filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is the most frequently used in vivo model of experimental stroke in rodents. An alternative surgical approach to allow common carotid artery repair is performed here, which allows the reperfusion of the common carotid artery and a full reperfusion to the middle cerebral artery territory.

The ischemic stroke is a major cause of adult long-term disability and death worldwide. The current treatments available are limited, with only tissue ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the increased universal phenomenon of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic problems. Bariatric surgery, such as SG, is currently one of the most effective and commonly used long-term treatment for obesity and T2D, but the association between them is not completely explored yet. The mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans can be investigated based on preclinical animal studies. The SG reduces body weight, glucose levels and many metabolic parameters, and is easy to perform with a low incidence of complications. The goal of this work is to provide a simple method and an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery in animals for researchers.

The prevalence of diabetes and obesity is continuously increasing worldwide. The mechanisms between diabetes, obesity and their associated mortality and co-morbidities need to be further investigated. Here, we present a protocol for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in animals as an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery.

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...