笔者想承认迈克尔·周，戴冰冰，梁萧此稿件提供数据。我们也承认约翰·格雷博士在这项研究中所使用的试剂厚礼。 PB是由国立癌症中心博士后奖学金支持。这项研究是由来自美国国立卫生研究院（R01AI68978 P01CA132681 RCA170820A），比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会，平移加速转化医学联合中心和加州艾滋病毒/艾滋病的资助赠款的资助拨款研究计划。

DC-LV稳定生产细胞构造基于对GPR包装细胞系11包含必要的慢病毒组件gagpol，转和TET关闭系统。首先，逆转录病毒转导是用来产生一个GPRS编码一个四面体依赖SVGmu的糖蛋白的包装细胞系。然后，连环体数组转染用于转染的GPRS慢病毒载体的转基因如GFP细胞系。指定为LV-mGFP的这种稳定的生产细胞系，可在体外和体内进行测试，它能够产生一个DC-LV疫苗的GFP。 1。生成一个春节依赖SVGmu的细胞系质粒PRX-SVGmu是一个构建体，其中被克隆的DC-特异性糖蛋白SVGmu的的下游启动子的逆转录病毒质粒pRetroX四环素销1（ 图1C），tTA的先进。文化293T细胞在D10（Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基与10％胎牛血清，2mM L-谷氨酰胺）。文化GPR与多西环素（1毫微克/毫升）和嘌呤霉素（2微克/毫升）在D10的包装细胞系。所有细胞培养在5％CO 2，饱和湿度37℃培养箱。 <ol><li>瞬时转染前16-18小时，板2×10 6 293T细胞在4ml的D10在6厘米的组织培养皿中，例如，细胞在转染时的接近90％汇合。 </li><li> 逆转录病毒质粒转染 ：混合100微升1.25M的CaCl 2的溶液，无菌Milli-Q水和下列质粒：5微克PRX-SVGmu的，2.5微克pGag聚合物，2.5微克pVSV-G。最终体积为500微升。 5毫升聚苯乙烯圆底管，加入500μl2X HBS（50毫米HEPES，氯化钾10毫米，12毫米葡萄糖，氯化钠280毫米，1.5毫米的Na 2 HPO 4 * 7H 2 O，pH值7.05）。添加质粒进入2X HBS缓冲区的混合物滴鼓泡缓冲区的同时大力巴斯德玻璃吸管。添加英里后夹具，继续冒泡另一个30秒。然后，将整个混合物添加到293T细胞在6厘米培养皿中，在37℃下</li><li> 4小时后，转染，仔细更换介质在培养皿中，用4毫升预热D10。 </li><li> 自旋感染 ：在转染后48小时，收获SVGmu编码，在上清液中的逆转录病毒颗粒的上清液通过0.45μm的过滤器通过。 GPR包装板在24孔板中的细胞在2×10 4个细胞/孔。添加过滤上清液GPR包装细胞中的菜（2毫升/孔），离心细胞90分钟，以1050×g，25℃下更改介质到新鲜的D10与强力霉素（1纳克/毫升）后旋感染（2毫升/）。 </li><li>转染后72小时，扩大文化转D10用强力霉素（1纳克/毫升）和嘌呤（2毫微克/毫升）包装细胞。 </li><li>要确认SVGmu，培养细胞的表达没有强力霉素48小时。测量表面前的SVGmu PRESSION流式细胞仪，使用抗辛德毕斯血清。这些细胞被指定为GPRS包装细胞系。 </li></ol> 2。构建DC LV生产者细胞连环阵转慢病毒转移质粒TL20-GFP的是一个自失活慢病毒转移载体质粒基于pCL20c MSCV-GFP一个霉素调节的病毒RNA基因组的表达系统和巨细胞病毒（CMV）的增强子与7 四面体运营商（ 图1C）11更换，12,15。质粒PGK-BLE是一种抗博莱霉素（BLE）盒式磁带驱动由弱PGK启动子2。 <ol><li>月刊20微克质粒TL20 SFII GFP用限制性内切酶在50℃下精华20微克质粒PGK-BLE PflMI位在37°C。 </li><li>通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳纯化DNA片段（PGK表盒1011 bp和矢量TL20-GFP为6861碱基对）。 </li><li>结扎TL20-GFP载体和PGK-表盒（NEB的T4 DNA连接酶）的摩尔比为25:1。在室温下孵育过夜。 </li><li>隔夜后结扎，纯化DNA连接混合物（Qiagen公司的DNeasy血液和组织工具包）。确保纯化的DNA的量为约5微克。 </li><li>转染前16-18小时，板GPRS包装细胞在6厘米的组织培养皿中，使得将约90％汇合的转染时。 </li><li>使用在步骤1.2中所述的纯化的concatemeric DNA转染5微克到GPRS包装细胞在6厘米的组织培养皿中的磷酸钙转染方法。 4小时后，转染，小心取出介质，并更换有4毫升预热D10采用强力霉素（1纳克/毫升）。 </li><li>转染后48小时，更改到D10中的介质与多西环素（1毫微克/毫升）和嘌呤霉素（2微克/毫升）。吉欧霉素（50微克/毫升）在培养基中加入转染克隆的选择。培养细胞约2周，直到细胞科洛尼ES可以看出底部的菜肴。 </li><li>标记的细胞集落，在底部的菜肴。径24孔组织培养皿中，数量的孔，并加至各孔中的2毫升D10含有Zeocin的（50微克/毫升），多西环素（1毫微克/毫升），嘌呤霉素（2微克/毫升）。吸媒介转染细胞，然后添加一个胰蛋白酶下降到不到一分钟，每个殖民地。然后，添加一个或多个下降的D10相同的菌落。拿起菌落逐个用吸管，并将它们传送到单独的井24孔细胞培养板。 </li><li>文化和扩大D10含有Zeocin的（50微克/毫升），多西环素（1毫微克/毫升）和嘌呤霉素（2微克/毫升）中的所有细胞克隆的病毒产生能力的评价。 </li></ol> 3。评估病毒生产的每一个细胞克隆<ol><li>胰蛋白酶消化的生产者细胞和板周围4×10 6 6-D10厘米的组织培养皿中的细胞在没有强力霉素等汇合超过90％。每天用新鲜预热D10更换介质和收集介质滴度检测72小时，取出后DOX。 </li><li>收获的病毒上清用0.45微米的过滤器通过过滤介质。 </li><li>板靶细胞表达DC-SIGN受体（ 如 293T.hDC-SIGN或小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞的16）和293T细胞作为阴性对照，在96孔培养皿中，1×10 4个细胞/孔。 2倍系列稀释的病毒上清添加到各孔中（100μl/孔）。 ，6-8的稀释度一般足以达到在其中转导的GFP阳性细胞是在添加的病毒量成线性关系的范围内。 </li><li>离心细胞，更换介质，在步骤1.4中所述。 DC培养上清应培养在RPMI培养基中含10％FBS和GM-CSF（1:20 J558L条件培养基）。 </li><li>测量GFP表达的转染细胞，通过流式细胞仪检测转导后4-6天。慢病毒的VECTO的ŗ滴度计算向量中的稀释范围内时，GFP阳性细胞的百分比和矢量量的线性关系。具有最高的病毒生产用于后续的应用中选择的细胞克隆。 </li></ol> 4。生产和集中慢病毒载体<ol><li>文化生产者细胞系（LV-mGFP的），在15厘米的组织培养皿。 </li><li>胰蛋白酶消化的的生产者细胞和板细胞在15厘米的组织培养皿中，在大于90％汇合在多西环素的新鲜D10无。更改介质每日新鲜的，预先加热D10。 </li><li>峰值病毒生产（由用户确定）的时间，收获病毒上清，用0.45微米的过滤器过滤。装入过滤上清液成厚壁32.5毫升超速离心管，封口的封口膜和离心机以50,000 xg，4°C，90分钟。彻底将沉淀重悬于50μl或适当体积的PBS或HBSS中，根据不同的应用。&lt;/ LI&gt; </ol> 5。免疫小鼠体内，并分析抗原特异性免疫反应<ol><li>第4节所述产生高滴度的病毒。 </li><li>通过载体悬浮（25微升每脚垫）脚垫路由注入BALB / c小鼠（6-8周龄，女）。 </li><li>免疫后2周，隔离健脾和收获脾。培养脾细胞用GFP的表位肽和分析GFP特异的CD8 + T细胞，使用细胞内细胞因子染色的存在下，如前面所述17（ 图3B）。 </li></ol>

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<p class="jove_content"&gt;作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。</p

在这里，我们已经提出了一个方法生产大量使用慢病毒载体293T细胞稳定转关监管制度下TET所有慢病毒组件。至目前为止，大多数协议产生慢病毒载体依赖于标准的磷酸钙瞬时转染（见18）。这种方法已成功地在一个临床范围，但它可能遭受的一些限制，不太可能是存在于扩大生产的稳定细胞株。例如，与大量的LV质粒的共转染理论上可以增加复制能力的慢病毒19的发展机会。此外?...

已经开发了许多载体系统的基因传递。基于慢病毒载体已跻身研究最常用的病毒系统。这些载体是有利的，因为他们可以高效转染分裂和非分裂细胞1，由于整合到宿主基因组实现长期表达，表现出低的天然抗载体在大多数人群的免疫力，并具有低潜力从插入突变3,4的遗传毒性。 慢病毒的生产安全问题一直着色。慢病毒载体一般是来自于HIV-1，艾滋病的病原体。单个元件的慢病毒（转让，外壳和包装质粒）的瞬时转染是一种常见的和灵活的方法，在实验室设置中提供的遗传物质。然而，扩大规模的临床应用瞬时转染是繁琐和马的Ÿ导致复制能力的慢病毒5,6的发展。要克服这些障碍，稳定的包装和生产细胞系已开发6-11。这些线路之一，探地雷达的包装生产线11，受四环素有吸引力的优势。在本文中，我们将演示如何适应这种系统产生自我失活的慢病毒载体，是专门面向树突状细胞（DC-LVS）12。 树突状细胞（DC）是最强大的抗原呈递细胞的免疫系统。他们已经在癌症疫苗开发的主题极大的兴趣，因为它们直接启动，程序和规范肿瘤特异性免疫反应13。装有包括区议会有可能引出更强的抗肿瘤免疫反应比肽或DNA疫苗的接种方案。最近，我们已经开发出一种慢病毒载体，specificallÝ针对树突状细胞，通过修改辛德毕斯病毒糖蛋白，SVGmu 14。这些载体是独特的，他们表现出高特异性树突状细胞，并产生更强的免疫反应比特异性，VSVG假型载体。 在这里，我们报告的方法产生大量的这些直流针对性的慢病毒载体。我们表明，这些DC-LVS可以感染区议会和产生强烈的CD8 + T细胞的免疫反应。所有程序涉及动物的人道待遇，执行下USC Intitutional动物护理和使用委员会批准。为了执行在体内和临床实验，这是至关重要的建立的细胞系，可以制作高滴度的病毒。执行转导和转染与所述的相同的步骤，将产生这样的克隆的机会最大化。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Mediatech Inc.</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Mediatech Inc.</td>
			<td>25-005-Cl</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Doxycycline</td>
			<td>Clontech Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>631311</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Zeocin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R250-01</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8833</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DNeasy Blood &amp; Tissue Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69506</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

a tetracycline-regulated cell line produces high-titer lentiviral vectors that specifically target dendritic cells

慢病毒载体（逻辑卷）是许多类型的细胞提供遗传材料的有力手段。由于相关的安全问题与这些HIV-1的衍生载体，产生大量的LVS是具有挑战性的。在本文中，我们报道了一种用于生产高滴度自我失活LVS的。逆转录病毒转导的tet过稳定线GPR生产细胞产生的细胞系，GPRS，它可以表示所有的病毒组分，包括树突状细胞特异性糖蛋白，SVGmu。然后，我们使用concatemeric的LV的转移质粒编码DNA转染，转染报道基因GFP的组合用一个可选择的标记。得到的克隆可以制作LV上面滴度大于10倍的我们实现与瞬时转染的。另外，这些病毒高效转染树突状细胞在体外和产生强烈的T细胞免疫反应向本报记者抗原。这种方法可能是一个不错的选择FOŗ强LV为基础的疫苗，癌症或传染病的临床研究。

在该方法中所述的稳定的细胞系，可以专门针对树突状细胞的慢病毒载体，大批量地生产。 图1B中所示，分离单个克隆，得到的稳定细胞株的不同的质量12。在测试的26个克隆中，有8产生的慢病毒颗粒滴度大于10 6转导单位每毫升（TU /毫升），这是一个典型的为SVG的假型化慢病毒载体瞬时转染产生的基准。在同一时间，几个克隆产生小于10 4 TU /毫升，隔离是很?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Tetracycline-regulated Cell Line Produces High-titer Lentiviral Vectors that Specifically Target Dendritic Cells at JoVE.com

A Tetracycline-regulated Cell Line Produces High-titer Lentiviral Vectors that Specifically Target Dendritic Cells

这里，我们用逆转录病毒转导和concatemeric的转染建立的细胞系中能表达的慢病毒载体（LV）的组件在没有四环素。此LV编码绿色荧光蛋白是一种糖蛋白，SVGmu，这是具体的树突状细胞上的受体与假。

四环素调节细胞株产生高滴度的慢病毒载体，专门针对树突状细胞

Lentiviral  vectors (LVs) are a powerful means of delivering genetic material to many types  of cells. Because of safety concerns associated with these ...

a-tetracycline-regulated-cell-line-produces-high-titer-lentiviral

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.4K 次观看.  University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 这里，我们用逆转录病毒转导和concatemeric的转染建立的细胞系中能表达的慢病毒载体（LV）的组件在没有四环素。此LV编码绿色荧光蛋白是一种糖蛋白，SVGmu，这是具体的树突状细胞上的受体与假。

视频: A Tetracycline-regulated Cell Line Produces High-titer Lentiviral Vectors that Specifically Target Dendritic Cells

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection of pathogenic antigen by na&iuml;ve DCs is through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are able to recognize specific conserved structures referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). Detection of PAMPs by DCs triggers an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in their activation and transformation to mature DCs. This process is typically characterized by production of type 1 interferon along with other proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell surface markers such as MHCII and CD86 and migration of the mature DC to draining lymph nodes, where interaction with T cells initiates the adaptive immune response2,3. Thus, DCs link the innate and adaptive immune systems. 
The ability to dissect the molecular networks underlying DC response to various pathogens is crucial to a better understanding of the regulation of these signaling pathways and their induced genes. It should also help facilitate the development of DC-based vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. However, this line of research has been severely impeded by the difficulty of transfecting primary DCs4.
Virus transduction methods, such as the lentiviral system, are typically used, but carry many limitations such as complexity and bio-hazardous risk (with the associated costs)5,6,7,8. Additionally, the delivery of viral gene products increases the immunogenicity of those transduced DCs9,10,11,12. Electroporation has been used with mixed results13,14,15, but we are the first to report the use of a high-throughput transfection protocol and conclusively demonstrate its utility.
In this report we summarize an optimized commercial protocol for high-throughput transfection of human primary DCs, with limited cell toxicity and an absence of DC maturation16. Transfection efficiency (of GFP plasmid) and cell viability were more than 50% and 70% respectively. FACS analysis established the absence of increase in expression of the maturation markers CD86 and MHCII in transfected cells, while qRT-PCR demonstrated no upregulation of IFN&beta;. Using this electroporation protocol, we provide evidence for successful transfection of DCs with siRNA and effective knock down of targeted gene RIG-I, a key viral recognition receptor16,17, at both the mRNA and protein levels.

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

高效转染树突状细胞的无细胞的成熟优化的协议

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

科研

免疫与感染

Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the initial and determining step of the pathogenesis. Although experimentally adhesion is mostly studied in static conditions adhesion actually takes place in the presence of flowing liquid. First encounters between bacteria and their host often occur at the mucosal level, mouth, lung, gut, eye, etc. where mucus flows along the surface of epithelial cells. Later in infection, pathogens occasionally access the blood circulation causing life-threatening illnesses such as septicemia, sepsis and meningitis. A defining feature of these infections is the ability of these pathogens to interact with endothelial cells in presence of circulating blood. The presence of flowing liquid, mucus or blood for instance, determines adhesion because it generates a mechanical force on the pathogen. To characterize the effect of flowing liquid one usually refers to the notion of shear stress, which is the tangential force exerted per unit area by a fluid moving near a stationary wall, expressed in dynes/cm2. Intensities of shear stress vary widely according to the different vessels type, size, organ, location etc. (0-100 dynes/cm2). Circulation in capillaries can reach very low shear stress values and even temporarily stop during periods ranging between a few seconds to several minutes 1. On the other end of the spectrum shear stress in arterioles can reach 100 dynes/cm2 2. The impact of shear stress on different biological processes has been clearly demonstrated as for instance during the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium 3. To take into account this mechanical parameter in the process of bacterial adhesion we took advantage of an experimental procedure based on the use of a disposable flow chamber 4. Host cells are grown in the flow chamber and fluorescent bacteria are introduced in the flow controlled by a syringe pump. We initially focused our investigations on the bacterial pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for septicemia and meningitis. The procedure described here allowed us to study the impact of shear stress on the ability of the bacteria to: adhere to cells 1, to proliferate on the cell surface 5and to detach to colonize new sites 6 (Figure 1). Complementary technical information can be found in reference 7. Shear stress values presented here were chosen based on our previous experience1 and to represent values found in the literature. The protocol should be applicable to a wide range of pathogens with specific adjustments depending on the objectives of the study.

During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.

在细菌粘附的研究剪应力

During bacterial infections a sequence of interactions occur between the pathogen and its host. Bacterial adhesion to the host cell surface is often the ...

Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the respiratory tract. At least three main subsets of lung dendritic cells have been described in mice: conventional DC (cDC) 4, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) 5 and the IFN-producing killer DC (IKDC) 6,7. The cDC subset is the most prominent DC subset in the lung 8. 
The common marker known to identify DC subsets is CD11c, a type I transmembrane integrin (&beta;2) that is also expressed on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and some B cells 9. In some tissues, using CD11c as a marker to identify mouse DC is valid, as in spleen, where most CD11c+ cells represent the cDC subset which expresses high levels of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). However, the lung is a more heterogeneous tissue where beside DC subsets, there is a high percentage of a distinct cell population that expresses high levels of CD11c bout low levels of MHC-II. Based on its characterization and mostly on its expression of F4&#47;80, an splenic macrophage marker, the CD11chiMHC-IIlo lung cell population has been identified as pulmonary macrophages 10 and more recently, as a potential DC precursor 11. 
In contrast to mouse pDC, the study of the specific role of cDC in the pulmonary immune response has been limited due to the lack of a specific marker that could help in the isolation of these cells. Therefore, in this work, we describe a procedure to isolate highly purified mouse lung cDC. The isolation of pulmonary DC subsets represents a very useful tool to gain insights into the function of these cells in response to respiratory pathogens as well as environmental factors that can trigger the host immune response in the lung.

A highly purified preparation of mouse lung dendritic cells is described. Specific emphasis is given to the isolation of conventional dendritic cell subset.

小鼠肺树突状细胞的分离

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the ...

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection.1-4 We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective.5-8 However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. 
In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of na&iuml;ve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus.9 At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15.10 At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. 
From 50x106 CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 106 virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation.11 These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.

Here we describe the first good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant method of producing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from umbilical cord blood, a source of predominantly na&#238;ve T cells.

扩大目标，脐血细胞毒性T淋巴细胞，巨细胞病毒，EB病毒，腺病毒

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

监测树突状细胞迁移<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H磁共振成像

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

Generation of a Novel Dendritic-cell Vaccine Using Melanoma and Squamous Cancer Stem Cells

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H mice using ALDEFLUOR/ALDH as a marker, and tested their immunogenicity using the cell lysate as a source of antigens to pulse dendritic cells (DCs). DCs pulsed with ALDHhigh CSC lysates induced significantly higher protective antitumor immunity than DCs pulsed with the lysates of unsorted whole tumor cell lysates in both models and in a lung metastasis setting and a s.c.&#160;tumor growth setting, respectively. This phenomenon was due to CSC vaccine-induced humoral as well as cellular anti-CSC responses. In particular, splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to CSC-DC vaccine produced significantly higher amount of IFN&#947; and GM-CSF than splenocytes isolated from the host subjected to unsorted tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC vaccine. These results support the efforts to develop an autologous CSC-based therapeutic vaccine for clinical use in an adjuvant setting.

Evaluated in syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, cancer stem cell (CSC) based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antitumor immunity than traditional DC vaccines pulsed with heterogeneous bulk tumor cells.

使用黑色素瘤和鳞状癌干细胞生成新型支气干细胞疫苗

We identified cancer stem cell (CSC)-enriched populations from murine melanoma D5 syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice and the squamous cancer SCC7 syngeneic to C3H ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

从人类胸腺髓样树突状细胞和上皮细胞的分离

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. The immune system is a constant balance in maintaining tolerance to self-molecules and reacting rapidly to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful professional antigen presenting cells that link the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system and balance the adaptive response between self and non-self. Depending on the maturation signals, immature dendritic cells can be selectively stimulated to differentiate into immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs. Immunogenic dendritic cells provide proliferation signals to antigen-specific T cells for clonal expansion; while tolerogenic dendritic cells regulate tolerance by antigen-specific T-cell deletion or clonal expansion of regulatory T-cells. Due to this unique property, dendritic cells are highly sought after as therapeutic agents for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells can be loaded with specific antigens in vitro and injected into the human body to mount a specific immune response both immunogenic and tolerogenic. This work presents a means to generate in vitro from monocytes, immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in surface marker expression, function and metabolic phenotypes.

Immature dendritic cells can be selectively differentiated into tolerogenic or mature dendritic cells to regulate the balance between immunity and tolerance. This work presents a means to generate from immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), in vitro tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in metabolic phenotypes.

不成熟，成熟和耐受性树突状细胞的生成与代谢不同表型

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. ...

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. Among them, reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most widely distributed in all domains of life. Although numerous mass spectrometry-based acetylome studies have been performed, further characterization of these putative acetylation targets has been limited. One possible reason is that it is difficult to generate purely acetylated proteins at desired positions by most classic biochemical approaches. To overcome this challenge, the genetic code expansion technique has been applied to use the pair of an engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase variant, and its cognate tRNA from Methanosarcinaceae species, to direct the cotranslational incorporation of acetyllysine at the specific site in the protein of interest. After first application in the study of histone acetylation, this approach has facilitated acetylation studies on a variety of proteins. In this work, we demonstrated a facile protocol to produce site-specifically acetylated proteins by using the model bacterium Escherichia coli as the host. Malate dehydrogenase was used as a demonstration example in this work.

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Genetic code expansion serves as a powerful tool to study a wide range of biological processes, including protein acetylation. Here we demonstrate a facile protocol to exploit this technique for generating homogeneously acetylated proteins at specific sites in Escherichia coli cells.

在大肠杆菌中生成特异的乙酰蛋白的简易协议

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&amp;#945;

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

人干扰素α超灵敏单分子阵列数字酶联免疫吸附试验的研制与验证

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...