支持这项研究是由来自美国国家科学基金会的授权号码1029547。笔者想承认DJ韦尔克从范式光学公司提供初始纤维分部和重绘，最终光纤。作者也承认史蒂芬哈德卡斯尔和Heather A.欧文SEM成像。

1。制造一个无序的聚合物光纤<ol><li>约200 PMMA链桌子上的传播和蔓延PMMA上相同数量的PS链。混合和重新包装链。重复此过程，直到40,000股40,000股，PS PMMA随机混合。 </li><li>随机混合股组装成一个正方形预制棒侧宽度约2.5英寸。 </li><li>绘制成直径为250μm的光纤预制棒。预制棒绘制在范式光学公司使用他们的标准程序16。 </li></ol> 2。成像无序光纤的折射率分布<ol><li>使用诸如ABT拓普康图像将所得的光纤的折射率分布的SEM。 </li><li>淹没的聚合物光学纤维样品在液氮中约10分钟，然后打破了一半。 </li><li>浸没在乙醇中的样品的破碎提示。柯EP该溶液在约65℃的温度样品留在溶液中约3分钟，直至乙醇溶解在纤维聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的网站。 </li><li>大衣每个样品与10纳米厚的金/钯放样品室的SEM。 </li></ol> 3。准备纤维样品光学特性<ol><li>准备5厘米长的纤维样品。 </li><li>弯曲的刀片加热到65°C，纤维到37℃。使用合适的温度，可以防止纤维笔尖，可以发生在裂解过程中的变形。 </li><li>的前端对准的切割表面上的纤维，可以使一个干净的，垂直于切割。将刀片的一侧的纤维，然后迅速地滚过。 </li><li>检查使用光学显微镜，以确保纤维笔尖垂直切割的纤维侧的纤维笔尖。的刀片保持在裂解过程中的一个合适的角度，以防止倾斜次E提示。 </li><li>使用Thorlabs公司的LFG03P氧化铝抛光纸（0.3微米），如抛光纸来擦亮纤维样品。要研磨的纤维端部，使其保持在一副镊子，镊子夹持纤维的约1.5毫米相差的脸被抛光。画在纸上的一英寸长的图8字形的路径，大约8倍的纤维。图8字形路径确保，全程小费抛光。 </li></ol> 4。在纤维样品测量光束传播光束的档案<ol><li>夫妇He-Ne激光使用20X物镜和两个平面镜成SMF630hp纤维。将阶段的平面镜上有两个自由度。将上一阶段的目标具有三个自由度。最初的SMF光纤保持一个8毫米的距离，远离客观小费。使用在镜面上的旋钮的持有者和客观的持有人，照射的激光的光纤的前端。将S的另一侧连接MF功率计。夫妇电源到SMF使用旋钮上镜持有人以及横向旋钮的客观持有人。耦合的效率可以显着增加通过使用纵向定位旋钮上的客观的持有人。耦合1毫瓦的功率是足够的测量。 </li><li>夫妇的SMF630hp纤维聚合物光纤使用Thorlabs公司的MAX343机动阶段。电动载物台可以在三个笛卡尔方向移动。使用横向程度的自由，夫妇的SMF光纤的聚合物纤维笔尖的中心。使用阶段的纵向位移，将SMF光纤尽可能密切的聚合物纤维。一个较小的气隙之间的SMF和聚合物纤维减少光束的扩展。将整个的长度方向上设置的第二电动载物台移动。 4.4将描述的第二电动载物台用于成像。 </li><li>使用光学米的icroscope和一个直角反射镜，监控的SMF和聚合物纤维的位置，以确保SMF的耦合的聚合物纤维的中心，两种纤维之间的气隙尽可能小。裂开或抛光过程中的聚合物纤维在聚合物中的纤维笔尖的尖端或​​变形，因为一个小的倾斜，可以限制SMF和聚合物纤维之间的最小空气间隙。一个小的纤维之间的空隙是必需的，因为SMF光纤应该是可以左右移动的聚合物纤维的尖端处。将SMF仅使耦合过程更容易的聚合物纤维的中心。在实验过程中，横向扫出来横跨尖端的聚合物纤维的聚合物纤维在不同的区域来观察本地化的SMF与入射光束。 </li><li>使用CCD相机光束分析仪测量输出纤维使用40X的目标。首先，饱和CCD摄像机监视的聚合物纤维的边界。客观持有人使用上的旋钮，确保聚合物纤维边界可以观察到CCD上。 </li><li>使用移动整个安装（详见4.2），纵向，确保图像在CCD上聚焦移动设置或对40X目标而CCD和客观固定的机动阶段。作为度量标准，用于聚焦，在CCD上成像的档案中应具有的最小尺寸的焦点。光束集中的图像不应该是视觉上的绕组。 </li><li>在输入尖端移动的入射光束，测量输出光束强度不同的入射光束的位置。收集5个不同位置的入射光束的数据。 20纤维样品进行测量，共收集了100个不同的测量。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Anderson, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+diffusion+in+certain+random+lattices.">Absence of diffusion in certain random lattices.</a> Phys. Rev. 109, 1492-1505 (1958).</li><li>John, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+localization+of+photons+in+certain+disordered+dielectric+super+lattices.">Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric super lattices.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486-2489 (1987).</li><li>Anderson, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+question+of+classical+localization:+a+theory+of+white+paint?.">The question of classical localization: a theory of white paint?.</a> Phil. Mag. B. 52, 505-509 (1985).</li><li>Wiersma, D. S., Bartolini, P., Lagendijk, A., Righini, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+light+in+a+disordered+medium.">Localization of light in a disordered medium.</a> Nature. 390, 671-673 (1997).</li><li>Dalichaouch, R., Armstrong, J. P., Schultz, S., Platzman, P. M., McCall, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microwave+localization+by+two-dimensional+random+scattering.">Microwave localization by two-dimensional random scattering.</a> Nature. 354, 53-55 (1991).</li><li>Lagendijk, A. D., de Vries, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+localization+of+light.">Transverse localization of light.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 47 (1989).</li><li>Schwartz, T., Bartal, G., Fishman, S., Segev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+Anderson+localization+in+disordered+two+dimensional+photonic+lattices.">Transport and Anderson localization in disordered two dimensional photonic lattices.</a> Nature. 446, 52-55 (2007).</li><li>Szameit, A., Kartashov, Y. V., Zeil, P., Dreisow, F., Heinrich, M., Keil, R., Nolte, S., Tunnermann, A., Vysloukh, V. A., Torner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wave+localization+at+the+boundary+of+disordered+photonic+lattices.">Wave localization at the boundary of disordered photonic lattices.</a> Opt. Lett. 35, 1172-1174 (2010).</li><li>Martin, L., Giuseppe, G. D., Perez-Leij, A. a., Keil, R., Dreisow, F., Heinrich, M., Nolte, S., Szameit, A., Abouraddy, A. F., Christodoulides, D. N., Saleh, B. E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anderson+localization+in+optical+waveguide+arrays+with+off-diagonal+coupling+disorder.">Anderson localization in optical waveguide arrays with off-diagonal coupling disorder.</a> Opt. Express. 19, 13636-13646 (2011).</li><li>Lahini, Y., Avidan, A., Pozzi, F., Sorel, M., Morandotti, R., Christodoulides, D. N., Silberberg, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anderson+localization+and+nonlinearity+in+one-dimensional+disordered+photonic+lattices.">Anderson localization and nonlinearity in one-dimensional disordered photonic lattices.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 013906 (2008).</li><li>Karbasi, S., Mirr, C. R., Yarandi, P. G., Frazier, R. J., Koch, K. W., Mafi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+transverse+Anderson+localization+in+an+optical+fiber.">Observation of transverse Anderson localization in an optical fiber.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 2304-2306 (2012).</li><li>Karbasi, S., Mirr, C. R., Frazier, R. J., Yarandi, P. G., Koch, K. W., Mafi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+investigation+of+the+impact+of+the+fiber+design+parameters+on+the+transverse+Anderson+localization+of+light+in+disordered+optical+fibers.">Detailed investigation of the impact of the fiber design parameters on the transverse Anderson localization of light in disordered optical fibers.</a> Opt. Express. 20, 18692-18706 (2012).</li><li>Karbasi, S., Koch, K. W., Mafi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple-beam+propagation+in+an+Anderson+localized+optical+fiber.">Multiple-beam propagation in an Anderson localized optical fiber.</a> Opt. Express. 21, (2013).</li><li>Abdi, O., Wong, K. C., Hassan, T., Peters, K. J., Kowalsky, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaving+of+solid+single+mode+polymer+optical+fiber+for+strain+sensor+applications.">Cleaving of solid single mode polymer optical fiber for strain sensor applications.</a> Opt. Commun. 282, 856-861 (2009).</li><li>Karbasi, S., Koch, K. W., Mafi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modal+perspective+on+the+transverse+Anderson+localization+of+light+in+disordered+optical+lattices.">A modal perspective on the transverse Anderson localization of light in disordered optical lattices.</a> arXiv. 1301.2385v1, (2013).</li><li>Karbasi, S., Hawkins, T., Ballato, J., Koch, K. W., Mafi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+Anderson+localization+in+a+disordered+glass+optical+fiber.">Transverse Anderson localization in a disordered glass optical fiber.</a> Opt. Mater. Express. 2, 1496-1503 (2012).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。

在光纤拉制过程中的折射率分布不保持恒定的一米以上的，一方面是因为跨接的原纤维线，还因为在拉伸过程中纤维直径的变化。我们预期更稳定的抽奖过程，将有助于制造光学纤维是不变的纤维长度较长，与这里相比。 在制备样品的扫描电镜成像的纤维尖端，我们需要确保样本一直保持在70％E thyl酒精溶液足够长的时间（约3分钟），并保持在合适的温度（65°C） 。?...

PW安德森1中的理论工作的，它表明，在量子电子系统紊乱的存在下，扩散过程停止和局域电子态的发展。安德森本地化是一个波的现象，也可能发生如光的经典波。光学2,3安德森本地化的理论预测以来，已经有许多的努力实现这一实验现象与电磁波4,5。然而，它一直是非常困难的，因为光的散射截面往往太小，由于对比度低折射率光学材料，以实现强大的本地化。在1989年，德Raedt 等[6]表明，这是可能的观察安德森本地化的一个准二维无序与低折射率对比的光学系统。他们发现，如果这种疾病被限制在一个道具的横向平面的纵向不变介质agating波，光束可以保持密闭较强的横向散射，由于在横向方向上的一个小区域。横向安德森局域第一次观察到的干涉条纹，光折射晶体7所建立的二维波导。熔融二氧化硅的其它介质，已被用于横向安德森本地化8,9无序波导用飞秒脉冲沿样品的观察。在上面提到的系统的无序网站折射率差为10 -4的顺序，所以本地化半径是相当大的。此外，典型的波导通常不超过几厘米长，因此，他们可能是不实际的导波应用。我们指出，在一个一维无序波导的横向观察Anderson局域此前有报道称在ReF 10。 这里开发的光纤安德森局域横向比上年变卖导波应用11,12有几个优点。首先，大的折射率差为0.1的查询结果在一个小的可比较的常规的光纤的光束半径的本地化束的纤维之间的障碍的网站。第二，该聚合物可制成无序光纤更长的时间比写入到外部光折变晶体或熔融石英无序波导。我们可以观察到横向安德森定位在一个60厘米长的纤维11。三，聚合物光纤无序是灵活的，让在实际的现实世界的设备级的应用程序依赖于运输光波纤维13。 为了制造混乱的光纤，PMMA及40,000股，40,000股，PS随机混合，其中每一个STR8英寸长，直径为250微米。的随机混合的股线被组装成一个正方形的横截面的预成型体的侧宽度约2.5英寸。预成型体，然后绘制一个正方形的光纤约250μm（ 图1）的一侧的宽度。为了随机混合的原纤维束，我们铺一层PMMA纤维束一张大桌子上，加了一层PS纤维束，然后随机混合在一起。重复该过程多次，直至得到良好的随机混合物。 我们使用的扫描型电子显微镜（SEM）图像的无序的聚合物光纤的折射率分布。正常裂解技术，如使用急剧加热叶片不能被用于制备纤维样品的扫描电镜成像的映射它的折射率分布的光纤末端，因为刀片损坏的纤维端部的形态。抛光的纤维，具有类似的不利影响在thê的光纤端面质量。为了准备高品质的样品的扫描电镜成像，我们淹没每根纤维在液氮几分钟，然后打破了光纤;如果做足够的纤维样品，此方法会导致几个不错的纤维片（约15％的成功率率），扫描电镜成像具有非常高的质量和流畅的端面。然后，我们用70％乙醇溶液在60℃下约3分钟，以溶解PMMA后的纤维端部的网站;更长的曝光时间可以瓦解整个的纤维端部。我们再涂上金/钯的样品，并把他们安置在扫描电镜室。 图2所示的放大的SEM图像紊乱的聚合物光纤。浅灰色的站点是PS和黑暗的网站是聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。图像的总宽度为24微米，在此图像中的最小特征尺寸〜0.9微米，为单个网站的纤维线的大小相对应，后的拉伸过程中。 为了规律研究较早的无序光纤的波导特性，我们使用了在633 nm波长的He-Ne激光。 He-Ne激光被耦合到单模光纤的模场直径约4μm，然后将其对接耦合到无序的聚合物光纤，使用了高精度的电动载物台SMF630hp。然后将输出成像CCD相机光束分析仪使用40X的目标。 在第一组实验中，我们选择了20种不同的紊乱的纤维样品，每5厘米长，5厘米的长度的选择，以配合在数值模拟中的传播长度。数值模拟无序纤维一般都非常耗时，即使是在高性能计算集群有1,100元素。全横向安德森本地化的波长为633 nm仅约2.5厘米的传播11,12后发生，因此，我们决定，5厘米的长度足以满足我们的目的。由于STOC安德森局域hastic性质，我们需要重复实验和模拟100变卖，为了搜集足够的统计数据进行比较实验和数值平均光束直径。在实践中，有100个不同的测量是通过以下方式获得五个空间上分开的各20种不同的紊乱纤维样品的测量。 与玻璃光纤相比，这是相当难以制备无序聚合物进行测量的光纤。例如，一个不能使用先进的裂解和抛光工具和技术，以及开发基于标准硅纤维。阿卜迪等高雅的聚合物光纤切割和抛光程序已14，我们有一些小的修改，准备用他们的方法，我们的纤维样品。为了裂解的聚合物无序光纤，弯曲的X-雅图刀片加热到65℃C和纤维37°C。纤维的前端对准的切割表面上可以，让一个干净的，垂直切割。该刀片被放置在纤维的一侧，并迅速滚过。整个裂解过程中，应尽可能快地完成，以确保在叶片的温度和纤维不发生很大变化。裂解后的纤维，并在光学显微镜下检查，光纤端面进行研磨，使用标准光纤包片（0.3微米Thorlabs公司LFG03P氧化铝抛光皮），以确保任何轻微的缺陷被删除。要研磨的光纤端部，它被保持在一对镊子相差约1.5毫米的纤维端面被抛光用镊子。该纤维是在纸张上绘制一英寸长的图8字形的路径，大约8倍。在光学显微镜下检查，结果在平滑的边缘抛光纤维。此外，抛光便于正确耦合到一个位置lized点中的纤维，这反过来又降低了本地化点之前形成在耦合，并在最初的传播距离的衰减。 我们使用了CCD相机图像的输出光束强度的光束分析仪。近场强度分布，使用40X目标捕获。 ，以便找到的纤维的边界，饱和的CCD由增加输入光从SMF630hp纤维的力量。在我们检测本地化光束的强度分布的边界，设置CCD光束分析仪，自动曝光选项。我们使用的图像的强度分布图，以计算有效光束半径。为了消除环境噪声的影响，我们校准的图像处理方法，以确保得到预期的光束直径的SMF630hp纤维。平均测量值围绕平均值同意光束半径及其变化以及与努梅rical模拟所示，在参考文献11。输出光束分布在聚合物纤维明显改变入射光束的位置如下所示的文献。11,12,13。 如无序网站本地化束光束半径的大小和入射光波长的设计参数的影响，提出了一个全面的研究，在参考文献12,15。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polystyrene (PS)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethyl alcohol solution at 65 &deg;C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and characterization of disordered polymer optical fibers for transverse anderson localization of light

我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。所开发的聚合物光纤组成的80000链的聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）和聚苯乙烯（PS），随机混合并绘制成正方形横截面的侧宽度为250μm的光纤。最初，每一条链的直径为200μm，长8英寸。在混合过程中的原纤维原丝，纤维相互交叉，但是，一个大的拉伸比保证沿其长度为几十厘米的纤维的折射率分布是不变的。大折射率差为0.1，在本地化的光束半径小，是比较传统的光学纤维束半径之间的无序网站的结果。输入光从一个标准的单模光纤使用对接耦合方法和似地的推出使用40倍物镜和CCD照相机成像的r字段的输出光束从无序纤维。输出光束直径从数值模拟结果与预期一致。在这项工作中提出的无序光纤是第一种器件级实现二维安德森本地化，并可能会被用于图像运输和短途光通信系统。

抛光纤维的SEM图像示于图1。 SEM图像如图1所示，光纤头的大部分地区，抛光质量好。溶解在乙醇中的溶液中， 图2中 ，与它们的端部的纤维样品的SEM图像示出聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在颜色灰度在黑暗和PS的网站的站点。在图2的SEM图像被放大，在24微米的纤维宽度。对于扫描电镜成像，对Au / Pd的10 nm厚的层都涂有纤维样品。 本实验?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。这种微结构光纤可输送一个小的局部光束，这是与传统的光学纤维的光束半径的半径。

无序横向安德森本地化光聚合物光纤的制备和表征

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

fabrication-characterization-disordered-polymer-optical-fibers-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.3K 次观看.  University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 我们开发和表征无序的聚合物光纤，采用横向安德森本地化作为一种​​新型的波导机制。这种微结构光纤可输送一个小的局部光束，这是与传统的光学纤维的光束半径的半径。

视频: Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

光子晶体慢光波导和腔体的制备与表征

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

科研

工程学

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing of the signals is done in the electrical domain. Direct storage in the optical domain would avoid the transfer of the packets to the electrical and back to the optical domain in every network node and, therefore, increase the speed and possibly reduce the energy consumption of telecommunications. However, light consists of photons which propagate with the speed of light in vacuum. Thus, the storage of light is a big challenge. There exist some methods to slow down the speed of the light, or to store it in excitations of a medium. However, these methods cannot be used for the storage of optical data packets used in telecommunications networks. Here we show how the time-frequency-coherence, which holds for every signal and therefore for optical packets as well, can be exploited to build an optical memory. We will review the background and show in detail and through examples, how a frequency comb can be used for the copying of an optical packet which enters the memory. One of these time domain copies is then extracted from the memory by a time domain switch. We will show this method for intensity as well as for phase modulated signals.

The article describes a procedure to store optical data packets with an arbitrary modulation, wavelength, and data rate. These packets are the basis of modern telecommunications.

准光存储光学数据包

Today's telecommunication is based on optical packets which transmit the information in optical fiber networks around the world. Currently, the processing ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

写布拉格光栅在多核纤维

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

紧凑的镜头少数字全息显微镜的MEMS检测与表征

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Free-form Light Actuators &#8212; Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted researchers&#39; attention in many fields. Most of the studies focused on macroscopic LCE structures (films, fibers) and their miniaturization is still in its infancy. Recently developed lithography techniques, e.g., mask exposure and replica molding, only allow for creating 2D structures on LCE thin films. Direct laser writing (DLW) opens access to truly 3D fabrication in the microscopic scale. However, controlling the actuation topology and dynamics at the same length scale remains a challenge.
In this paper we report on a method to control the liquid crystal (LC) molecular alignment in the LCE microstructures of arbitrary three-dimensional shape. This was made possible by a combination of direct laser writing for both the LCE structures as well as for micrograting patterns inducing local LC alignment. Several types of grating patterns were used to introduce different LC alignments, which can be subsequently patterned into the LCE structures. This protocol allows one to obtain LCE microstructures with engineered alignments able to perform multiple opto-mechanical actuation, thus being capable of multiple functionalities. Applications can be foreseen in the fields of tunable photonics, micro-robotics, lab-on-chip technology and others.

Free-form Light Actuators &amp;#8212; Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Here, we fabricate 3D polymeric micro/nano structures in which both the shape and the molecular alignment can be engineered with nanometer scale accuracy by the use of direct laser writing. Light induced deformation of several types of liquid crystalline elastomer microstructures can be controlled in the microscopic scale.

自由形式的光驱动器 - 制作和开动控制在微观尺度

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

制备与表征超导谐振器的

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...