This work was supported by the American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant and the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (MLJ). We would like to thank Talaignair N. Venkatraman PhD for his assistance with magnetic resonance imaging.

伦理声明：此协议已获得杜克大学实验动物管理和使用委员会，遵循一切为道德地使用动物的指导方针。 设备1。准备<ol><li>高压灭菌器在手术之前的外科手术工具。 </li><li>用70％乙醇消毒的立体定向装置。 </li><li>打开水浴，保持水温在42℃。 </li><li>溶于生理盐水IV型-S梭菌胶原酶在0.075ü每0.4微升的浓度。 </li></ol> 2，胶原酶注射模型<ol><li>权衡鼠标。 </li><li>在30％O 2/70％氮气 5％异氟醚麻醉鼠标感应室。后，当鼠标呼吸已经放缓至1每秒约2分钟的麻醉信号。 </li><li>插管气管与30毫米的20 G静脉导管。 </li><li>导管连接到啮齿动物呼吸机和机械通气肺与1.6％异氟醚30％ O 2/70％N 2和在每分钟105次呼吸用0.75毫升输送潮气量的比率.. </li><li>刮头皮与电子剃须刀。一旦小鼠被麻醉和插管，将其移动到一个不同的工作站，剃须，然后返回到手术台上。 </li><li>固定头在立体定位框架，并与两个冠状面和矢状缝作为参考点平头。 </li><li>适用眼药膏眼睛。 </li><li>插入直肠温度探头。使用车底循环水床维持肛温在37.0±0.2°C。 </li><li>擦拭用聚乙烯吡咯酮碘手术区随后用70％乙醇，并重复3次。 </li><li>做1厘米的中线切开头皮，用无菌棉签暴露前囟门横向擦拭骨膜。 </li><li>钻1毫米直径的钻孔2.2毫米离开纬度ERAL到前囟与水冷式钻头。 </li><li>旋转胶原酶小瓶5次，然后用25号针头（附设于立体定位框架）与0.5μl的胶原酶溶液洗0.5微升注射器5倍（发布0.5微升的胶原酶溶液在注射器最后一次洗涤后）。 </li><li>使针尖与钻孔然后驱逐0.1微升的注射器和擦拭针头斜面与剃刀丢弃。 </li><li>用显微操作，推进针3毫米深，以皮质和离开一动不动，持续30秒。 </li><li>注入0.4微升超过90秒。 </li><li>异氟醚降低至1％，并留针不动5分钟。 </li><li>退出针头缓慢。 </li><li>应用1 - 2滴0.25％布比卡因和皮下缝合皮肤。 </li><li>关闭异氟醚蒸发器和立体定位框架中移除鼠标。 </li><li>让鼠标恢复自主呼吸，随后拔管。 </li><li>返回鼠标到一个干净的笼子里，并允许自由进入食物和水。 </li></ol> 3，自体血液注射模型<ol><li>按照步骤2.1 - 2.11的胶原酶注入模型。 </li><li>绘制50微升的无菌生理盐水成30 G 50微升注射器。 </li><li>连接微升​​注射器用70厘米PE10管。 </li><li>驱逐所有的生理盐水从微升注射器插入PE10管完全去空气管。 </li><li>拉微升注射器活塞从1毫米到使气泡在PE10管微升注射器装置的远端开口，以避免在以后的程序盐水和血的混合物。 </li><li>擦拭鼠标的前端中央尾动脉区域用70％乙醇，并用剃刀切割的动脉在0.5至1厘米至尾尖。 </li><li>收集40微升的血液从切入PE10管微升注射器设备的尾巴。注意：肝素没有在针，套管，或鼠标使用。 </li><li>附上微升注射器到麟蹄CTION泵。 </li><li>一个27号针头的金属插管部分连接到PE10管的端部，并固定针到立体定位框架上的微操作。 </li><li>驱逐2微升的血掉的27号针头擦拭针头斜面与剃刀丢弃。 </li><li>使针尖与钻孔和插入针3毫米深皮质。 </li><li>注入35微升的自体血液以每分钟2微升的速度。 </li><li>减少异氟烷，以1％和离开针不动10分钟。 </li><li>退出针在30秒内。 </li><li>应用1 - 2滴0.25％布比卡因和皮下缝合皮肤。 </li><li>关闭异氟醚蒸发器和立体定位框架中移除鼠标。 </li><li>让鼠标恢复自主呼吸，随后拔管。 </li><li>返回鼠标到一个干净的笼子里，并允许自由获取食物和水。 </li></ol> 4，假手术<ol><li>遵循同样的程序，胶原酶注射液n模型，除了没有注射针插入后。 </li></ol> 5，手术后护理<ol><li>注入0.5毫升生理盐水皮下注射的在动物的脖子后面的手术过程的晚上。 </li><li>提供软化的食物与水和凝胶食品在小塑料杯中放置在笼子的地板上。每天更换食物7天。 </li><li>每天检查体重下降，伤口愈合和不舒服的迹象7天。 </li><li>如果大于7天的时间间隔恢复是必需的，拆线可根据光吸入麻醉（约1％的异氟醚中的30％O 2/70％N2）进行，如果必要的。 </li></ol>

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Lei, Sheng, Wang, Lascola, Warner, and Laskowitz have no conflicts of interest to declare. James received grant funding by American Heart Association, National Institutes of Health, and Cephalogics.

尽管新兴的临床前研究和由此产生的大量临床试验有前途的治疗15-18，也有表现，以改善脑出血预后无药物干预，并照顾在很大程度上仍然支持。可通过高通量技术，如转录组和蛋白质组的工作产生的可能的治疗的列表。虽然这些技术继续推进潜在的治疗靶点我们的知识，前进的希望的目标向后平移可通过使用临床相关临床前模型19-22最好的检验。因为它们允许快速吞吐选定的候?...

脑出血（ICH）是脑血管病的30日内1折磨的患者中，约有40-50％死于一种比较常见的形式。不幸的是，很少有改善的死亡率在过去的20年2。卫生3和全国学院从美国心脏协会4指引报告强调了发展非物质文化遗产的临床相关模型，以延长病理生理的认识和发展目标，新的治疗方法的重要性。 几种模式的存在是为了模仿人类非物质文化遗产5。由于脑出血病理生理的成熟的认识，它已成为明显的是，有多种型号可用于研究疾病的不同方面。以前使用的模型包括小鼠淀粉样血管病6，脑实质微球插入和通胀7，并直接动脉血浸润8,9。从淀粉样血管病脑叶出血进行了建模与使用转基因小鼠，代表了独特的非物质文化遗产亚型。微球模型模拟急性占位效应的血肿形成，但无法捕捉到大脑的血液存在细胞反应。最后，直接的动脉血液渗受试者大脑从股动脉的动脉压力。因此，该模型模拟动脉压和血液的存在，但不受到大脑由小血管破裂微血管损伤。此外，该模型具有固有的高变异性。有趣的是，自发性高血压大鼠10自发发展非物质文化遗产因为他们的年龄。脑出血后发展研究这些动物可能模​​仿这种疾病的主要合并症诱发人类非物质文化遗产之一的存在。虽然这些其他车型存在，纹状体内注射胶原酶梭菌11或instrastiatal注射液的中utologous全血12顷 ，目前，用于临床前研究的ICH最常见的两种模型。 脑出血模型的选择应根据实验的问题，包括品种选择，诱导形成血肿的方法的目标进行。举例来说，猪是大动物与比较大脑白质大脑体积相对于小鼠。因此，猪模型适合于研究脑白质病理生理以下非物质文化遗产。相比之下，啮齿动物的大脑在很大程度上是灰质，但转基因系统，使有用的啮齿动物脑出血后，评估损伤和恢复的分子机制。每个模型都有其固有的优势和劣势（ 表1），这应前实验慎重考虑。 以下协议证明在小鼠体内的自体血和胶原酶注射模型。这些模型已分别被翻译从最初在大鼠模型13,14和允许使用广泛使用转基因技术探索脑出血后与细胞死亡相关的分子机制。都代表人类非物质文化遗产明显不同损伤的机制，并且都具有明显不同的预期结果中的行为和组织措施方面。因此，某些假设可能会借给自己一个模型比其他，但很多想法可能需要验证在两个模型。 表1比较胶原酶和自体血注射脑出血模型的特点。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width:197px;"></td><td style="width:80px;">注射胶原酶</td><td style="width:66px;">注血</td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">易于使用</td><td style="width:80px;"> + + + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + </td></tr><tr&gt; <td style="width:197px;">再生性</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + </td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">出血的大小控制</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + + + </td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">血液返流</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + </td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">模拟人类疾病</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> - </td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">简单</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + </td></tr><tr><td style="width:197px;">使用多个物种</td><td style="width:80px;"> + </td><td style="width:66px;"> + </td></tr></tbody></table>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="416">
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			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Name</td>
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			<td style="width:88px;">Comments</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">51603</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">Probe holder with corner clamp</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Stoelting Co.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">51631</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Mini grinder</td>
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			<td style="width:88px;">Model 60100002</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">0.5 &#181;l Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Hamilton Co.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">86259</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">25 gauge needle</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">50 &#181;l Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Hamilton Co</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">7637-01</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">26G Hamilton needle</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Hamilton Co</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">7804-03</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Syringe pump</td>
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			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">Heat therapy water pump</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Gaymar Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Model# TP650</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Circulating waterbed</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">CMS Tool &#38; Die, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Rodent ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Model 683</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Drager</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Vapor 19.1</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">Air flowmeter</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Cole Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Model PMR1-010295</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Induction chamber</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Self made</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Otoscope</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Welch Allyn</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">22820</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">intravenous catheter</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">381534</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">20-gauge, 1.16 inch Insyte-W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:152px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Baxter Healthcare Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">NDC10019-360-69</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Collagenase Type IV-S</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">C1889</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Polyethylene tubing PE20</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">427406</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">Polyethylene tubing PE10</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">427401</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">30G 1 inch needle</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">305128</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:152px;">27G 1 1/4 inch needle</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">305136</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">21-539</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">17-307</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Needle holder</td>
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			<td style="width:88px;">RS-7840</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Monofilament suture</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">8698</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Size 5-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:152px;">Indicating controller</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">YSI</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">73ATD</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intrastriatal injection of autologous blood or clostridial collagenase as murine models of intracerebral hemorrhage

脑出血（ICH）是脑血管疾病的一种常见的形式，并与显著发病率和死亡率相关联。缺乏针对止血和血栓清除大型临床试验有效的治疗和失败表明，有必要对非物质文化遗产的机制，进一步推动调查。这项研究可能通过临床前模型提供的框架下进行。两种小鼠模型中普遍使用包括纹状体（基底节区）注射要么自体全血或梭菌胶原酶。因为，每一个模型代表与非物质文化遗产明显不同的病理生理特点，使用一个特定的模式，可能基于什么方面的病是需要研究来选择。例如，自体血注入最准确地代表了大脑的反应的实质内血液的存在，并可能最为密切复制脑叶出血。梭菌胶原酶注射最准确地代表的S商场血管破裂和出血深部血肿的演变特征。因此，每个模型的结果在不同的血肿形成，神经炎症反应，减轻脑水肿的发展，以及神经行为的结果。一名自称是治疗干预的鲁棒性可以使用这两种模式是最好的评估。在这个协议中，诱导非物质文化遗产的利用这两种模式，立即手术示范损伤和早期术后护理技术论证。这两款机型导致重复性的伤害，血肿体积和神经行为缺陷。由于人类非物质文化遗产的异质性，需要多个临床前模型，彻底探讨的病理生理机制，并测试潜在的治疗策略。

由于血肿形成（ 图1）的差异，同侧转动显示醒来自体血注入小鼠体内后，立刻在2 -胶原酶注射后4小时，如血肿扩大发生（ 图2）。同侧转动的情况下应提高关注没有显著的伤害。在第一篇文章伤天，老鼠在这两种模式应该表现出显著神经功能缺损（ 图3）。在注射后24小时，患侧半球显示稳定的血肿量（ 图4）;进一步地，在注射后24小时，脑含水...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrastriatal Injection of Autologous Blood or Clostridial Collagenase as Murine Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage at JoVE.com

Intrastriatal Injection of Autologous Blood or Clostridial Collagenase as Murine Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage are utilized to mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. Thus, mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic strategies may be explored. In this protocol, two models of intracerebral hemorrhage are described, intrastriatal (basal ganglia) injections of autologous blood or collagenase.

自体血液或梭菌胶原酶脑内注射为脑出血的小鼠模型

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common form of cerebrovascular disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Lack of effective ...

intrastriatal-injection-autologous-blood-or-clostridial-collagenase

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.6K 次观看.  Duke University. Preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage are utilized to mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. Thus, mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic strategies may be explored. In this protocol, two models of intracerebral hemorrhage are described, intrastriatal (basal ganglia) injections of autologous blood or collagenase. 

视频: Intrastriatal Injection of Autologous Blood or Clostridial Collagenase as Murine Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

It is common knowledge that severe blood loss and traumatic injury can lead to a cascade of detrimental signaling events often resulting in mortality. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 These signaling events can also lead to sepsis and/or multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). 6, 7, 8, 9 It is critical then to investigate the causes of suppressed immune function and detrimental signaling cascades in order to develop more effective ways to help patients who suffer from traumatic injuries. 10 This fixed pressure Hemorrhagic Shock (HS) procedure, although technically challenging, is an excellent resource for investigation of these pathophysiologic conditions. 11, 12, 13 Advances in the assessment of biological systems, i.e. Systems Biology have enabled the scientific community to further understand complex physiologic networks and cellular communication patterns. 14 Hemorrhagic Shock has proven to be a vital tool for unveiling these cellular communication patterns as they relate to immune function. 15, 16, 17, 18 This procedure can be mastered! This procedure can also be used as either a fixed volume or fixed pressure approach. We adapted this technique in the murine model to enhance research in innate and adaptive immune function. 19, 20, 21 Due to their small size HS in mice presents unique challenges. However due to the many available mouse strains, this species represents an unparalleled resource for the study of the biologic responses. The HS model is an important model for studying cellular communication patterns and the responses of systems such as hormonal and inflammatory mediator systems, and danger signals, i.e. DAMP and PAMP upregulation as it elicits distinct responses that differ from other forms of shock. 22, 23, 24, 25 The development of transgenic murine strains and the induction of biologic agents to inhibit specific signaling have presented valuable opportunities to further elucidate our understanding of the up and down regulation of signal transduction after severe blood loss, i.e. HS and trauma 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. 
There are numerous resuscitation methods (R) in association with HS and trauma. 31, 32, 33, 34 A fixed volume resuscitation method of solely lactated ringer solution (LR), equal to three times the shed blood volume, is used in this model to study endogenous mechanisms such as remote organ injury and systemic inflammation. 35, 36, 38 This method of resuscitation is proven to be effective in evaluating the effects of HS and trauma 38, 39.

The Hemorrhagic Shock model has been a reliable and reproducible resource facilitating the identification and understanding of signaling cascades associated with inflammation and end-organ damage after trauma. This article provides a step-by-step description of surgical and mechanical aspects associated with the Hemorrhagic Shock experimental procedure in mice.

固定体积或固定压力：失血性休克的小鼠模型

It is common knowledge that severe blood loss and traumatic injury can lead to a cascade of detrimental signaling events often resulting in mortality. 1, ...

科研

医学

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo. With the advent of genetic modifications to the whole organism or the myocardium and an array of biological and/or synthetic materials, there is great potential for any combination of these to assuage the extent of acute ischemic injury and impede the onset of heart failure pursuant to myocardial remodeling. 
Here we present the methods and materials used to reliably perform this microsurgery and the modifications involved for temporary (with reperfusion) or permanent coronary artery occlusion studies as well as intramyocardial injections. The effects on the heart that can be seen during the procedure and at the termination of the experiment in addition to histological evaluation will verify efficacy. 
Briefly, surgical preparation involves anesthetizing the mice, removing the fur on the chest, and then disinfecting the surgical area. Intratracheal intubation is achieved by transesophageal illumination using a fiber optic light. The tubing is then connected to a ventilator. An incision made on the chest exposes the pectoral muscles which will be cut to view the ribs. For ischemia/reperfusion studies, a 1 cm piece of PE tubing placed over the heart is used to tie the ligature to so that occlusion/reperfusion can be customized. For intramyocardial injections, a Hamilton syringe with sterile 30gauge beveled needle is used. When the myocardial manipulations are complete, the rib cage, the pectoral muscles, and the skin are closed sequentially. Line block analgesia is effected by 0.25% marcaine in sterile saline which is applied to muscle layer prior to closure of the skin. The mice are given a subcutaneous injection of saline and placed in a warming chamber until they are sternally recumbent. They are then returned to the vivarium and housed under standard conditions until the time of tissue collection. At the time of sacrifice, the mice are anesthetized, the heart is arrested in diastole with KCl or BDM, rinsed with saline, and immersed in fixative. Subsequently, routine procedures for processing, embedding, sectioning, and histological staining are performed. 
Nonsurgical intubation of a mouse and the microsurgical manipulations described make this a technically challenging model to learn and achieve reproducibility. These procedures, combined with the difficulty in performing consistent manipulations of the ligature for timed occlusion(s) and reperfusion or intramyocardial injections, can also affect the survival rate so optimization and consistency are critical.

Numerous genetic manipulations and/or intramyocardial injections of genes, proteins, cells, and/or biomaterials are superimposed upon the dimension of time in studies of acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury and chronic remodeling in mice. This video illustrates the microsurgical procedures for ischemia/reperfusion, permanent coronary artery ligation, and intramyocardial injection studies.

结扎冠状动脉内注射在小鼠模型梗死

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Injection of Autologous Blood or Bacterial Collagenase

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related hospitalizations and for which no effective treatments are available to date1,2. Because of the heterogeneity of ICH in humans, various preclinical models are needed to thoroughly explore prospective therapeutic strategies3. Experimental ICH is commonly induced in rodents by intraparenchymal injection of either autologous blood or bacterial collagenase4. The appropriate model is selected based on the pathophysiology of hemorrhage induction and injury progression. The blood injection model mimics a rapidly progressing hemorrhage. Alternatively, bacterial collagenase enzymatically disrupts the basal lamina of brain capillaries, causing an active bleed that generally evolves over several hours5. Resultant perihematomal edema and neurofunctional deficits can be quantified from both models. In this study, we described and evaluated a modified double injection model of autologous whole blood6 as well as an ICH injection model of bacterial collagenase7, both of which target the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of male CD-1 mice. We assessed neurofunctional deficits and brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after ICH induction. Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood (30 &mu;l) or bacterial collagenase (0.075U) caused reproducible neurofunctional deficits in mice and significantly increased brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after surgery (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, both models yield consistent hemorrhagic infarcts and represent basic methods for preclinical ICH research.

Clinically relevant animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are needed to extend our knowledge of hemorrhagic stroke and to examine novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we describe and evaluate two ICH models that implement unilateral injections of either autologous whole blood or bacterial collagenase into the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of mice.

在小鼠的脑出血模型：注射自体血液或细菌胶原酶

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

蛛网膜下腔出血的小鼠模型

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

白细胞亚群在暂时或永久的脑缺血模型体视学和流式细胞仪鉴定

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

蛛网膜下腔出血急性和后遗症的研究兔血分流型号：技术问题

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Murine Thrombosis Models

Arterial thrombosis (blood clot) is a common complication of many systemic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, cancer and chronic autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Thrombi are the cause of most heart attacks, strokes and extremity loss, making thrombosis an extremely important public health problem. Since these thrombi stem from inappropriate platelet activation and subsequent coagulation, targeting these systems therapeutically has important clinical significance for developing safer treatments. Due to the complexities of the hemostatic system, in vitro experiments cannot replicate the blood-to-vessel wall interactions; therefore, in vivo studies are critical to understand pathological mechanisms of thrombus formation. To this end, various thrombosis models have been developed in mice. Among them, ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation and aggregation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for the development of a thrombus that occludes blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular injury, platelet activation and aggregation that is relevant to thrombotic diseases. We have significantly refined this FeCl3-induced vascular thrombosis model, which makes the data highly reproducible with minimal variation. Here we describe the model and present representative data from several experimental set-ups that demonstrate the utility of this model in thrombosis research.

We report a refined procedure of the ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced thrombosis models on carotid and mesenteric artery as well as vein, characterized efficiently using intravital microscopy to monitor time to occlusive thrombi formation.

三氯化铁诱导小鼠模型的血栓形成

Arterial thrombosis (blood clot) is a common complication of many systemic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including atherosclerosis, ...

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunosuppressive potential and have been shown to suppress inflammation in mouse models of intestinal inflammation, even though the route of administration can limit their homing and effectiveness 1,3,4,5. Local application of MSCs to colonic injury models has shown greater efficacy at ameliorating inflammation in the colon. However, there is paucity of data on techniques to enhance the localization of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) to the small intestine, the site of inflammation in the SAMP-1/YitFc (SAMP) model of experimental Crohn&#39;s disease. This work describes a novel technique for the ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection of hMSCs in SAMP mice, a well-characterized spontaneous model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Sex- and age-matched, inflammation-free AKR/J (AKR) mice were used as controls. To analyze the biodistribution and the localization, hMSCs were transduced with a lentivirus containing a triple reporter. The triple reporter consisted of firefly luciferase (fl), for bioluminescent imaging; monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp), for cell sorting; and truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (ttk), for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The results of this study show that 24 h after the intracardiac administration, hMSCs localize in the small intestine of SAMP mice as opposed to inflammation-free AKR mice. This novel, ultrasound-guided injection of hMSCs in the left ventricle of SAMP mice ensures a high success rate of cell delivery, allowing for the rapid recovery of mice with minimal morbidity and mortality. This technique could be a useful method for the enhanced localization of MSCs in other models of small-intestinal inflammation, such as TNF&#916;RE6. Future studies will determine if the increased localization of hMSCs by intra-arterial delivery can lead to increased therapeutic efficacy.

Murine studies in models of colonic inflammation have demonstrated that a small percentage (1 - 5%) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) injected intravenously or intraperitoneally home to the inflamed colon1,2. This study shows that ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections of MSCs result in increased localization to the intestine.

超声引导下人骨髓间充质干细胞在实验性肠炎小鼠模型中的应用

Crohn&#39;s disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the small and large intestines. Murine and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have ...

Nerve Stimulator-guided Injection of Autologous Stem Cells Near the Equine Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent laryngeal nerve shows lesions of demyelination. The benefit of applying stem cells to demyelinated nerves has been demonstrated in various animal models. The aim of the study was to test the feasibility and safety of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in healthy horses by using an electrical nerve stimulator.
Muscle-derived stems cell are obtained from five healthy Standardbred horses by sampling 20 mg of muscle tissue with a semi-automatic 14 G biopsy needle from the triceps muscle. Movements of the larynx are monitored via upper-airway video endoscopy. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is approached with an insulated nerve block needle. Nerve stimulation is applied, starting at 2 mA, and the successful abduction of the left arytenoid is monitored. The stimulation intensity is reduced progressively. When a loss of the motor response is observed at 0.5 mA, 107 autologous muscle-derived stem cells are injected. Two examiners, who are blinded to the time point, score the laryngeal function of the horses prior to the treatment and at day 1, day 7, and day 28 after the injection of the cells. In a sixth horse, 1 mL of 2% lidocaine is injected to further confirm the correct positioning of the needle. This leads to a temporary paralysis of the left arytenoid cartilage.
This study proves that the recurrent laryngeal nerve can be approached with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator and that the electrical stimulation of the nerve is well tolerated by the horses. No modification of the laryngeal function was observed in any of the horses after the injection of the stem cells. Further studies should be conducted to describe the effects of a peri-neuronal injection of autologous muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells to horses suffering from RLN.

Here, we present a protocol to inject autologous muscle-derived stem cells in the proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the help of an electrical nerve stimulator. This novel technique may become useful for the treatment of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.

神经刺激器引导注射自体干细胞近马左喉返神经

Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) commonly affects horses and is characterized by abnormal respiratory sounds and exercise intolerance. The recurrent ...

Subclavian Vein Puncture As an Alternative Method of Blood Sample Collection in Rats

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful compared to other more aggressive methods such as retro-orbital plexus sample collection. However, this blood collection method is sometimes limited by an unsatisfactory success rate. Here, we introduce a method for blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture. The subclavian vein is located just under the clavicle and this vein is large enough to fulfill the volume requirements of blood collection. Our results show that this method is safe and applicable for blood collection sampling with the required blood volume. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture could serve as an alternative blood collection method in case of failed tail vein blood sampling in rats.

Here, we present a protocol to collect blood samples from the rat subclavian vein.

锁骨下静脉穿刺作为大鼠采血的一种替代方法

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful ...