这项工作是由一个转化医学和治疗学研究所的奖学金，并从医学和工程（T32HL007954）研究所的培训补助金，在美国宾夕法尼亚大学和马琳L.科恩和Jerome H. Fleisch学者格兰特在康涅狄格大学卫生中心（LHS）和国立卫生研究院NS - 029331（一汽）。

1。制备设备<ol><li>擦拭的立体框架，用75％乙醇和泵，以尽量减少细菌污染。 </li><li>消毒汉密尔顿注射器和熔融石英针。 注意：如果使用化学灭菌，使用前一定要在无菌水冲洗数次。 </li><li>石蜡纸的表面，并用75％乙醇擦拭，晾干。 </li></ol> 2。制备注射鼠标注意：有交付给你的动物设施在手术前至少7天，让他们适应环境，以新的环境和减轻压力的小鼠。 <ol><li>权衡手术前的基线象征。 </li><li>与氧气30％，70％的一氧化二氮和4％，直到响应尾巴捏异氟醚诱导麻醉</li><li>注射丁丙诺啡为0.1mg/kg腹腔手术后镇痛的鼠标</li><li>剃的头皮</li><li>用无菌凡士林大衣的眼睛</li><li>准备与x 3优碘擦拭头皮，然后让头皮干燥</li><li>设为1厘米中线矢状切开头皮，使用无菌手术手术刀 注：一位慷慨的切口，将允许头骨的标志性建筑的完整曝光。 </li><li>剃须开始从底部1厘米的尾巴腹面1厘米，并准备与优碘× 3湿巾</li><li>将鼠标放置在立体框架 注：重要的是要确保鼠标的安全与颅骨表面平行框架的基础框架与优秀暴露前囟和至少3毫米的前囟权。 </li></ol> 3。脑出血手术注：鼠标在整个手术麻醉，30％的氧气，70％的一氧化二氮，和1-3％异氟醚，连续保持在37 ± 0.5 ° C程序中使用的热敏电阻控制的电热垫和直肠体温计的监测。 <ol><li>装上1帧40cc的注射器无菌27克针。 </li><li>调整立体的手臂，直到针，完全超过前囟。 </li><li>调整臂，使针头在2.5毫米，外侧，前囟门和颅骨表面是。 </li><li>手动旋转注射器同时应用帧照顾温柔向下运动并不能完全穿孔头骨，颅骨表面的毛刺孔。 </li><li>手动删除针和完整的毛刺孔用注射器/针 注：通过手工完成的毛刺孔立即承认允许当你有穿孔的头骨和风险降至最低无意中推入脑实质针内表。 </li><li>腹尾部使用无菌手术刀片表面上横切口，并允许动脉血2-3大滴掉落到石蜡纸。然后迅速停止出血，用无菌纱布压力。 </li><li>撤柜17μL到汉密尔顿在泵的注射器和注射器的地方血液。 </li><li>调整立体ARM点5 °，内侧相对垂直轴。 </li><li>仔细调整立体臂，使针尖在毛刺孔头骨，然后低针3.5毫米。 </li><li>等待2分钟，然后退出针0.5毫米（这样的提示是3毫米深） </li><li>等待5分钟，让大脑重新展开周围的针和减少血液回流在注射针插入轨道的风险。 </li><li>注入7.5μL的血1微升/分钟。 </li><li>等待5分钟，让最初的血液凝固和组织的变化发生，以减低颅内压力升高。 </li><li>余下的7.5μL注入1μL/分钟</li><li>允许针保持25分钟到位，让血液凝固 注：不退出针时，等待会导致血液凝固的血液回流针插入部位</li><li>慢慢地退出针，并立即用热水冲洗，以防止凝血任何残血针，确保针重用。 </li><li>从框架中取出鼠标和密切与兽医外科胶尾巴和头皮切口。 </li><li>关闭麻醉。 </li><li>允许鼠标唤醒免费访问蘸食品不断升温而。 </li><li>返回鼠标笼窝时完全清醒。放在笼底湿的食物颗粒，以帮助动物获取食物。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果： <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2618/2618fig1.jpg" alt="图1"/> 图1脑出血手术15分钟后鼠脑冠状切面。大脑的非物质文化遗产成功的基础上针插入部位在冠状断面总检查检查后立即牺牲。出血，追查了过去的胼胝体，或入脑室针跟踪大脑底部，被视为不成功，老鼠是从消除所有分析。总体ICH的帅客SS率分别为75％-85％0％的死亡率在50只。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2618/2618fig2.jpg" alt="图2"/> 图2。缸测试演示后，右侧基底节脑出血左侧偏瘫。 （一）样本脑出血手术后的鼠标后部。注意筒壁只有右前肢的位置后，左基底节脑出血。 （二）缸测试图1结果从队列后的小鼠脑出血手术治疗（N = 5）相比，假手术组（n = 4）。深水小鼠血液的注入（针插入到大脑）之外的所有程序。每个鼠标被放置在一个直径12厘米的透明玻璃圆筒，并观察20后轮。每后方取得筒壁的前肢的初始位置。随后的动作（如横向探索）没有进球，直到鼠标返回到地面和未来后方得分。偏侧指数计算公式为（＃右前肢拆放圆柱体的侧面 - ＃左前肢配售）/（＃右+左+＃两者），其中0表示没有前肢的偏好和1表示只有右前肢。

<ol>
	<li>Hua, Y., Schallert, T., Keep, R. F., Wu, J., Hoff, J. T., Xi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+Tests+After+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage+in+the+Rat.">Behavioral Tests After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Rat.</a> Stroke. 33, 2478-2484 (2002).</li><li>James, M., Warner, D., Laskowitz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+Models+of+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage:+A+Translational+Perspective.">Preclinical Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Translational Perspective.</a> Neurocritical Care. 9, 139-152 (2008).</li><li>Foerch, C., Arai, K., Jin, G., Park, K. -. P., Pallast, S., van Leyen, K., Lo, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Model+of+Warfarin-Associated+Intracerebral+Hemorrhage.">Experimental Model of Warfarin-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage.</a> Stroke. 39, 3397-3404 (2008).</li><li>Nakamura, T., Xi, G., Hua, Y., Schallert, T., Hoff, J. T., Keep, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracerebral+hemorrhage+in+mice:+model+characterization+and+application+for+genetically+modified+mice.">Intracerebral hemorrhage in mice: model characterization and application for genetically modified mice.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 24, 487-494 (2004).</li><li>Rynkowski, M. A., Kim, G. H., Komotar, R. J., Otten, M. L., Ducruet, A. F., Zacharia, B. E., Kellner, C. P., Hahn, D. K., Merkow, M. B., Garrett, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+intracerebral+hemorrhage+using+autologous+blood+infusion.">A mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using autologous blood infusion.</a> Nat. Protocols. 3, 122-128 (2008).</li><li>Wang, J., Fields, J., Dor&#233;, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+an+improved+preclinical+mouse+model+of+intracerebral+hemorrhage+using+double+infusion+of+autologous+whole+blood.">The development of an improved preclinical mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage using double infusion of autologous whole blood.</a> Brain Research. 1222, 214-221 (2008).</li><li>Zhao, X., Sun, G., Zhang, J., Strong, R., Song, W., Gonzales, N., Grotta, J. C., Aronowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematoma+resolution+as+a+target+for+intracerebral+hemorrhage+treatment:+Role+for+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+&#947;+in+microglia/macrophages.">Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: Role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &#947; in microglia/macrophages.</a> Annals of Neurology. 61, 352-362 (2007).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

这在小鼠的自发性基底节出血重现模型中使用自体尾动脉的血液结果脑出血的手术模型。在小鼠的脑出血模型提供的转基因动物研究病理生理学的可用性的优势，但其体积小，使神经外科手术技术上更比在较大的动物困难。 胶原酶模型和自体血液的注入模型实验性脑出血的两个行之有效的模型。虽然胶原酶模型提供了一个简单的过程和高度重现性出血 2，使用细菌蛋?...

鼠标神经外科立体定向框架（51925 Stoelting，） Microinfusion泵和处理器（UMP - 3和Micro4，世界精密仪器，萨拉索塔，佛罗里达州） 鼠标温暖（50300 Stoelting，） 鼠标吸入性麻醉（布伦特里科学，EZ - AF9000） 25μL，气密性高硼硅汉密尔顿涂层柱塞注射器和无针 （汉密尔顿公司，里诺，内华达州，1702RN注射器：765401，套圈：30949，垫片：30946） 熔融石英针切成2厘米长（汉密尔顿，17739） *注汉密尔顿注射器和熔融石英针可以重复使用多次手术，如果每次手术前消毒。这些材料是至关重要的，以避免血液凝固。 无菌手术手套手术衣，帽子和口罩优碘 75％的乙醇克针（一次性使用无菌27日） 无菌1毫升注射器（一次性使用） 无菌手术刀片 CIDEX 无菌水丁丙诺啡和异氟醚无菌纱布石蜡纸广场兽医外科胶（Vetbond，3M，明尼苏达州圣保罗）

autologous blood injection to model spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in mice

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model. While ICH
accounts for 10-15% of all strokes, there remains no specific
effective therapy. The autologous blood injection model in mice
involves the stereotaxic injection of arterial blood into the basal
ganglia mimicking a spontaneous hypertensive hemorrhage in man. The
response to hemorrhage can then be studied in vivo and the
neurobehavioral deficits quantified, allowing for description of the
ensuing pathology and the testing of potential therapeutic agents. The
procedure described in this protocol uses the double injection
technique to minimize risk of blood reflux up the needle track, no
anticoagulants in the pumping system, and eliminates all dead space
and expandable tubing in the system.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice at JoVE.com

Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

自体血注射在本议定书中所描述的小鼠脑出血模型，采用双色注塑技术，以最大限度地减少了针轨道，在泵送系统中没有抗凝血剂的血液回流的风险，并消除了所有死在空间和系统扩展的油管。

自体血液的注入模型小鼠自发性脑出血

Investigation of the pathophysiology of injury after intracerebral
hemorrhage (ICH) requires a reproducible animal model.  While ICH
accounts for 10-15% ...

autologous-blood-injection-to-model-spontaneous-intracerebral

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.6K 次观看.  University of Connecticut Health Center. 自体血注射在本议定书中所描述的小鼠脑出血模型，采用双色注塑技术，以最大限度地减少了针轨道，在泵送系统中没有抗凝血剂的血液回流的风险，并消除了所有死在空间和系统扩展的油管。

视频: Autologous Blood Injection to Model Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, primarily in the substantia nigra. The disease causes motor deficiencies, which present as rigidity, tremors and dementia in humans. Rotenone is an insecticide that causes oxidative damage by inhibiting the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It is also used to model Parkinson&#8217;s disease in the Drosophila. Flies have an inherent negative geotactic response, which compels them to climb upwards upon being startled. It has been established that rotenone causes early mortality and locomotion defects that disrupt the flies&#8217; ability to climb after they have been tapped downwards. However, the effect of rotenone on spontaneous movement is not well documented. This study outlines two sensitive, reproducible, and high throughput assays to characterize rotenone-induced deficiencies in short-term startle-induced locomotion and long-term spontaneous locomotion in Drosophila. These assays can be conveniently adapted to characterize other Drosophila models of locomotion defects and efficacy of therapeutic agents.

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, causing locomotion defects. Rotenone models Parkinson&#8217;s disease in Drosophila. This paper outlines two assays that characterize both spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion deficiencies caused by rotenone.

方法来描述自发和惊吓引起的步态中的鱼藤酮诱导的帕金森病模型<em&gt;果蝇</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

科研

神经科学

Establishing Mouse Models for Zika Virus-induced Neurological Disorders Using Intracerebral Injection Strategies: Embryonic, Neonatal, and Adult

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly and additional brain abnormalities. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of ZIKV in the developing brain remains unclear. Intracerebral surgical methods are frequently used in neuroscience research to address questions about both normal and abnormal brain development and brain function. This protocol utilizes classical surgical techniques and describes methods that allow one to model ZIKV-associated human neurological disease in the mouse nervous system. While direct brain inoculation does not model the normal mode of virus transmission, the method allows investigators to ask targeted questions concerning the consequence after ZIKV infection of the developing brain. This protocol describes embryonic, neonatal, and adult stages of intraventricular inoculation of ZIKV. Once mastered, this method can become a straightforward and reproducible technique that only takes a few hours to perform.

Here we describe a method for establishing a model of Zika virus-induced microcephaly in mouse. This protocol includes methods for embryonic, neonatal, and adult-stage intracerebral inoculation of the Zika virus.

应用脑注射策略建立小鼠 Zika 病毒诱发神经系统疾病模型: 胚胎、新生儿和成人

The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus currently endemic in North, Central, and South America. It is now established that the ZIKV can cause microcephaly ...

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and death, caused by white matter lesions in the spinal cord and cerebellum, as well as by demyelination in grey matter. Whilst conventional models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are suitable for the investigation of the cell-mediated inflammation in the spinal and cerebellar white matter, they fail to address grey matter pathologies. Here, we present the experimental protocol for a novel rat model of cortical demyelination allowing the investigation of the pathological and molecular mechanisms leading to cortical lesions. The demyelination is induced by an immunization with low-dose myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in an incomplete Freund&#39;s adjuvant followed by a catheter-mediated intracerebral delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The catheter, moreover, enables multiple rounds of demyelination without causing injection-induced trauma, as well as the intracerebral delivery of potential therapeutic drugs undergoing a preclinical investigation. The method is also ethically favorable as animal pain and distress or disability are controlled and relatively minimal. The expected timeframe for the implementation of the entire protocol is around 8 - 10 weeks.

The protocol presented here allows the reproduction of a widespread grey matter demyelination of both cortical hemispheres in adult male Dark Agouti rats. The method comprises of intracerebral implantation of a catheter, subclinical immunization against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and intracerebral injection of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mixture through the implanted catheter.

由亲炎细胞因子的内脑注射诱导的广度脑皮质脱叶的鼠模型

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressively leads to physical disability and ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.

The goal of this article is to present a method that allows a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree in mice after micro computed tomography and determination of volumes of entire vessel segments that can be used to quantify cerebral vasospasm in murine models of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型脑血管痉挛量化的容积法

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based treatment options for this devastating disease process. In the past decade, a number of minimally invasive surgeries have emerged to address this issue, one of which is endoscopic evacuation. Stereotactic ICH Underwater Blood Aspiration (SCUBA) is a novel endoscopic evacuation technique performed in a fluid-filled cavity using an aspiration system to provide an additional degree of freedom during the procedure. The SCUBA procedure utilizes a suction device, endoscope, and sheath and is divided into two phases. The first phase involves maximal aspiration and minimal irrigation to decrease clot burden. The second phase involves increasing irrigation for visibility, decreasing aspiration strength for targeted aspiration without disturbing the cavity wall, and cauterizing any bleeding vessels. Using the endoscope and aspiration wand, this technique aims to maximize hematoma evacuation while minimizing collateral damage to the surrounding brain. Advantages of the SCUBA technique include the use of a low-profile endoscopic sheath minimizing brain disruption and improved visualization with a fluid-filled cavity rather than an air-filled one.

This paper details the surgical protocol for minimally invasive endoscopic intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation using the SCUBA technique.

微创内窥镜内腹出血疏散

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and poor functional outcomes, largely because there are no evidence-based ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

在Vivo直接重新编程居民胶质细胞到内神经通过病毒载体的脑内注射

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Among strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) consecutive to the rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm represents 5-9% but is responsible for about 30% of the total stroke-related mortality with an important morbidity in terms of neurological outcome. A delayed cerebral vasospasm (CVS) may occur most often in association with a delayed cerebral ischemia. Different animal models of SAH are now being used including endovascular perforation and direct injection of blood into the cisterna magna or even the prechiasmatic cistern, each exhibiting distinct advantages and disadvantages. In this article, a standardized mouse model of SAH by double direct injection of determined volumes of autologous whole blood into the cisterna magna is presented. Briefly, mice were weighed and then anesthetized by isoflurane inhalation. Then, the animal was placed in a reclining position on a heated blanket maintaining a rectal temperature of 37 &#176;C and positioned in a stereotactic frame with a cervical bend of about 30&#176;. Once in place, the tip of an elongated glass micropipette filled with the homologous arterial blood taken from carotid artery of another mouse of the same age and gender (C57Bl/6J) was positioned at a right angle in contact with the atlanto-occipital membrane by means of a micromanipulator. Then 60 &#181;L of blood was injected in the cisterna magna followed by a 30&#176; downward tilt of the animal for 2 minutes. The second infusion of 30 &#181;L of blood into the cisterna magna was performed 24 h after the first one. The individual follow-up of each animal is carried out daily (careful evaluation of weight and well-being). This procedure allows a predictable and highly reproducible distribution of blood, likely accompanied by intracranial pressure elevation that can be mimicked by an equivalent injection of an artificial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and represents an acute to mild-model of SAH inducing low mortality.

We described in this protocol a standardized subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) mouse model by a double injection of autologous whole-blood into the cisterna magna. The high degree of standardization of the double-injection procedure represents a middle-to-acute model of SAH with relative safety regarding mortality.

双直接注射血液到西斯特纳麦格作为苏巴拉奇内德出血的模型

Among strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) consecutive to the rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm represents 5-9% but is responsible for about 30% ...

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood

We provide a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat. Rats weighing about 250 grams were used in this study. One hundred microliters of autologous blood was taken from the tail vein and stereotaxically injected into the pons. The injection process was divided into 2 steps: First, 10 &#181;L of blood was injected into a specific location, anteroposterior position (AP) -9.0 mm; lateral (Lat) 0 mm; vertical (Vert) -9.2 mm, followed by a second injection of the residual blood located at AP -9.0 mm; Lat 0 mm; Vert -9.0 mm with a 20-minute interval. The balance beam test, limb placement test, and the modified Voestch neuroscore were used to evaluate neurological function. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to assess the volume of hemorrhage in vivo. The symptoms of this model were in line with patients with massive pontine hemorrhage.

We present a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat via dual injection of autologous blood.

大量庞廷出血通过双注射自体血

We provide a protocol to establish a massive pontine hemorrhage model in a rat. Rats weighing about 250 grams were used in this study. One hundred ...

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely afflicting a fairly young population. Several animal models of SAH have been developed to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms behind SAH and to test pharmacological interventions. The pre-chiasmatic, single injection model in the rat presented in this article is an experimental model of SAH with a predetermined blood volume. Briefly, the animal is anesthetized, intubated, and kept under mechanical ventilation. Temperature is regulated with a heating pad. A catheter is placed in the tail artery, enabling continuous blood pressure measurement as well as blood sampling. The atlantooccipital membrane is incised and a catheter for pressure recording is placed in the cisterna magna to enable intracerebral pressure measurement. This catheter can also be used for intrathecal therapeutic interventions. The rat is placed in a stereotaxic frame, a burr hole is drilled anteriorly to the bregma, and a catheter is inserted through the burr hole and placed just anterior to the optic chiasm. Autologous blood (0.3 mL) is withdrawn from the tail catheter and manually injected. This results in a rise of intracerebral pressure and a decrease of cerebral blood flow. The animal is kept sedated for 30 min and given subcutaneous saline and analgesics. The animal is extubated and returned to its cage. The pre-chiasmatic model has a high reproducibility rate and limited variation between animals due to the pre-determined blood volume. It mimics SAH in humans making it a relevant model for SAH research.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to carry a high burden of mortality and morbidity in man. To facilitate further research into the condition and its pathophysiology, a pre-chiasmatic, single injection model is presented.

视交叉前，单次注射自体血以诱导大鼠模型中实验性蛛网膜下腔出血

Despite advances in treatment over the last decades, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to carry a high burden of morbidity and mortality, largely ...

Intracranial Pressure Monitoring In Nontraumatic Intraventricular Hemorrhage Rodent Model

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage animal models is essential. In this study, we sought out ways to measure intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage in rats. The experimental design included three Sprague Dawley groups: sham, standard 200 &#181;l intraventricular hemorrhage, and vehicle control groups. By introducing an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor, precise intracranial pressure measurements were obtained in all groups. Cerebral perfusion pressures were calculated with the knowledge of intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure values. As expected, the intraventricular hemorrhage and vehicle control groups both experienced a rise in the intracranial pressure and subsequent decline in cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular injection of autologous blood and artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The addition of an intraparenchymal fiberoptic pressure sensor is beneficial in monitoring precise intracranial pressure changes.

Monitoring intracranial pressure in rodent&#160;models of nontraumatic intraventricular hemorrhage is not common in the current literature. Herein, we demonstrate a technique for measuring intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure during intraventricular hemorrhage in a rat&#160;animal model.

非创伤性脑室内出血啮齿动物模型中的颅内压监测

Survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage are often left with significant long-term memory impairment; thus, research utilizing intraventricular hemorrhage ...