Name: the 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents
Uploaded: 2014-08-10T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents at JoVE.com

这项工作是由卫生批授予TAP国家研究院​​（R15MH098246）的支持。

此程序需要使用的动物;这些程序批准了欧柏林大学实验动物管理和使用委员会，并按照指南实验动物46的护理和使用。 1 5CSRTT设备<ol><li>在5CSRTT装置的示意图如图1中提供。 <ol><li>该5CSRTT装置由一个操作性条件反射室（30.5 X 24.1点¯x29.2厘米）与2树脂玻璃侧壁，和一个不锈钢格栅地板。 </li><li>铝前壁是圆形的，并包含5鼻子戳孔（每2.5 X 2.2 X 2.2厘米）;每个孔都配有发光二极管（LED）和能够检测大鼠的鼻子的插入的红外线传感器。 </li><li>背面铝壁包含食品盒;这被连接到小球的分配器和装备有红外线传感器和一个小incandescenT灯。 </li><li>白炽房子光，能够照亮整个室内的固定邻近后壁的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>房子5CSRTT设备内的通风，降低噪音操作性条件反射腔。 </li><li>使用一台PC计算机控制操作性室和收集数据。 </li></ol> 2，动物房和准备<ol><li>该过程需要使用实验动物;获得来自机构动物照顾及使用委员会（IACUC）之前，在开始任何试验的批准。 </li><li>房子大鼠对。 <ol><li>大鼠保持在14时10光/暗周期（灯上7:00）在一个房间里的22±1℃的恒温</li><li>让大鼠自由饮水，同时在他们家的笼子，但食物限制他们。 </li><li>食物前两天至五天限制大鼠以它们的游离馈送重量85-90％，以杂志训练的开始和整个5CSRTT培训和测试。每天的训练课程后喂老鼠，每天衡量他们，以确保他们体重增加（〜5克/周）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3 5CSRTT程序<ol><li>一般5CSRTT培训工作的思考<ol><li>列车只在一天的标准时间，每周至少5天;发生在训练许多阶段（ 见表1）和需要几个星期。 </li><li>训练和测试大鼠在相同的操作性室（见第3.2-3.5下文）;在大鼠环境小的偏差会影响他们的表现。 </li><li>在每个会话的清洁腔室的水含有消毒剂次氯酸钠（或另一消毒剂与兽医协商之后）的所有表面的末端。 </li></ol></li><li>杂志社培训<ol><li>引入糖球（45毫克），以大鼠前的第一次会议的笼子。这最大限度地减少恐新症，并确保只将沤rieve糖颗粒从美食杂志。 </li><li>大鼠放置在操作性室（上风扇）与孔眼堵塞。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>兑现一个固定的时间间隔20秒（FI-20，1天）时间表或FI-30的时间表（2天）60糖颗粒到杂志。 注：houselight可继续点亮了会议的时间和该杂志在光球团交付应点亮，并能保持照明，直到沉淀检索。 </li><li>在会话音符糖粒料是否被消耗的结束;继续培养至少2天，或直至所有的颗粒都消耗。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT培训<ol><li> 图2提供了一个单一的5CSRTT试验的示意图。 </li><li>发生在一个操作性室各组大鼠与球迷。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>在驯化期间结束时，照亮杂志光，并提供øNE糖球。当这种沉淀检索一审开始。 </li><li>开始每个审判与审判之间的​​时间间隔（ITI），在此期间，只有房子指示灯亮起。在ITI的末端，伪随机地照亮的孔径灯的规定刺激持续时间之一。使大鼠的时间来刺激呈现响应;大鼠被允许响应时间是有限的保持（LH）。 </li><li>鼻子戳反应到照明光圈导致糖颗粒的杂志以及杂志的光照射的交付;这样的反应是正确的反应。熄灭灯光的杂志，并开始在颗粒检索下一个试验。 </li><li>鼻子捅成回应熄灭孔（不正确的反应）和失败的LH（疏忽）导致超时（TO）时作出回应。熄灭期间的houselight。通过点亮houselight信号在于：末尾的下一个试验的开始。 </li><li>在ITI过早反应过程中分数的鼻子戳反应;惩治与与周期这些反应。造成过早响应后重新开始的同一审判。 </li><li> 90试验或30分钟，以先到者为准结束后，每个会话。 </li><li>对于训练的第一阶段设定的刺激持续时间为30秒，左脑至30秒时，ITI〜2秒，向2秒。跨越训练调整这些参数，使得所述刺激持续时间为1秒和LH，ITI和TO均为5秒（ 见表1）。鼠移动到下一个训练阶段，一旦他们达到建议的培训标准。测试大鼠后它们表现出性能上的最后阶段稳定。 注意：Sprague-Dawley大鼠一般4-8周内达到标准性能（〜65％的准确度，&lt;20％遗漏）如果经过培训，每周5天。大鼠的不同菌株然而，有不同的能力，以执行任务。例如，李斯特连帽鼠可以达到很高的水平精确度（&gt; 80％）使用短刺激时间（0.5秒）减少遗漏（&lt;20％）（ 例如 ，巴里等人，2008; Mizra明亮，2001）。因此建议研究者调整刺激参数和标准性能以反映大鼠（或小鼠）的菌株中。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT测试<ol><li>计算基准性能（％准确度，％遗漏，过早的反应）通过在最后3-5会话平均每小节的性能（参见下文）。利用这些数据来划分大鼠分组（如果需要的话），或者作为一个单独的大鼠的基线。 </li><li>使用测试当天的挑战（ 表2），以进一步探测行为。 </li><li>对于中科设计，点缀以考试当日的挑战会话的培训课程。 注：考试当天的挑战，可以用来补充在标准工作检查的行为。这些操作可以揭示行为的微妙变化，是看不出来的经过广泛在标准的任务和/或培训被用来更好地了解一个性能缺陷的性质。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT绩效衡量<ol><li>用电脑来计算绩效指标。 </li><li>回应（％精度）精度：按正确的和不正确的反应总鸿沟的正确反应的次数。这是关注的主要措施。 [＃正确反应/（＃正确答案+＃不正确的响应）]×100 </li><li>遗漏：除试验中，大鼠未通过试验完成的总数响应的数目。 ％疏漏反映的关注，但也可以用镇静，动机和运动能力的影响，从而遗漏的解释取决于其他措施的表现。 [＃遗漏/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>正确答案：通过试验可比总数除以正确反应数leted。 [＃正确反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>不正确的反应：通过试验完成总数除以不正确的响应数。 [＃不正确的反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>过早的回应：确定的ITI期间所做的响应数。这是对冲动行为的主要措施。 </li><li>固着回应：确定鼻子戳响应数到任何光圈后大鼠做出了正确的反应，但在糖球团的检索之前。这是强迫行为的措施。 </li><li>杂志条目：确定鼻子戳反应到该杂志的数量。这是积极性的措施。 </li><li>延迟到正确的回应：从刺激到正确的反应发作计算的平均时间;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>晚NCY到不正确的回应：计算从刺激发病的平均时间是不正确的响应;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>奖励检索延迟：计算的平均时间为大鼠检索糖球团奖励;能反映动力。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该5CSRTT是一种广泛使用的任务，以评估在啮齿类动物的关注和冲动控制。注意的是最常见的反应1,7,10的精度测量。因为响应不包括遗漏，并因为正确和不正确响应的准确性具有相同的反应条件（ 即 ，在开口的鼻子戳），精度不运动能力，动机或镇静的影响。在％疏漏，也可作为关注的指标，因为训练有素的啮齿动物往往会隐瞒的回应，而不是&#39;想&#39;如果他们不确?...

5选择序列反应时任务（5CSRTT）是由特雷弗·罗宾斯和同事在剑桥大学以了解的人诊断出患有注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）1,2显示的行为缺陷的发展。它是基于用于研究人类3注意连续执行任务;注意力被定义为分配和维持认知资源集中在特定的刺激或信息，而忽略了其他信息4的能力。虽然任务最初是设计用于大鼠1,2使用，鼠标的版本也已经开发了5,6。 基本5CSRTT要求大鼠扫描五个孔，用于简要光刺激（线索）中的孔中的一个的呈现一水平阵列;一旦检测大鼠的刺激，必须鼻子戳在照明光圈收到糖颗粒的奖励。因此，，该任务需要大鼠分为两种注意力跨越5空间不同孔径和维持注意力，直到刺激是在一个给定的试验并在多个临床试验中的会话1,7。注意通常评估的响应的准确性。虽然5CSRTT最初被设计来评估注意力，它也被用来评估冲动行为或反应抑制1,7,8：扣压预烈性或不适当响应9的能力。在该任务中，大鼠必须截留响应的间试间隔的持续时间（ITI），并且仅当刺激呈现在孔1中的一个响应。因此过早的反应，那些ITI前刺激呈现过程中发生，为冲动行为的有用指标。 该5CSRTT是一个令人难以置信的灵活的任务，也有一些基本任务的修改（ 即考试当天的挑战）可实现更仔细地研究如何操作实验影响行为。例如，减少刺激持续时间或缩短ITI是不同的机制来提高任务的注意力的负荷，并且可以被用来系统地评估注意力1,7,10-12子域。相反，增加的刺激持续时间最小化任务的注意力需求;这可以被用来确定是否操纵干扰来执行任务12的基本响应要求的能力。增加了ITI的持续时间可用于确定特定的操作是否会影响脉冲响应1,7,8,13-15。此外，使用测试一天的挑战，如刚才所述，可以揭示赤字10或16,17的增强行为是不是训练有素的大鼠视测试使用标准的测试参数。 重要的是，5CSRTT是经得起吨有许多不同的技术Ø结合;例如认知进行了研究离散脑区10,18-20以下病变，或选择性神经递质耗竭2,21,22。行为药理学研究已经使用，也可以全身16,17,23-28或分立颅内药物29-32管理。而且表现的急性12,16,17,29-32和慢性药物管理局13,14,23,33后容易评估。任务绩效对神经递质释放34和代谢活动35分立的大脑区域的影响也进行了评估。此外，在该任务的性能可用于大鼠分成基于基线的注意力表现30,31或冲动15,32的水平基团。最后，随着5CSRTT 5,6鼠标版本的出现，该任务已经被用来研究对注意力和IMP的遗传贡献ulse控制5,36-39。 因为5CSRTT同时评估多种认知功能，并且是适合于对具有多种药理，分子和遗传方法已经常规地用于评估的精神和神经障碍的动物模型的上下文中的认知功能障碍的组合来使用。例如，5CSRTT已被用于研究神经生物学的认知干扰在注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）37,40,41，精神分裂症23,33,42，药物成瘾13,14,43-45，阿尔茨海默氏病18基本39，帕金森氏病36，和亨廷顿氏病37。 该协议规定了训练大鼠的5CSRTT准则。由于多项措施性能可以收集，我们描述resul如何共同模式TS应当解释。除了常见的几种变型的基本协议中，测试天的挑战，进行说明。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Five Hole Nose Poke Wall Chamber Package</td><td>Med-Associates</td><td>MED-NP5L-D1</td><td>Alternatively one could use the standard package (Catalog #:MED-NP5L-B1)&lt;br/&gt; Deluxe</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Precision Pellet</td><td>Bio-Serv</td><td>F0021</td><td>45 mg Purified</td></tr></tbody></table>

the 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，修改标准的任务，可以被用来系统地征税的神经系统控制或者注意力或冲动控制。重要的是，这些挑战对行为的跨实验室完整的动物一致的效果，并可以揭示既增强或缺陷的认知功能是看不出来的，当大鼠只考了标准的任务。对各种收集的行为测量可以被用来确定是否有其他因素（ 即 ，镇静，动机缺乏，运动障碍）正在促进性能变化。该5CSRTT的通用性进一步提高，因为它是适合于与药理学，分子和遗传技术的组合。

在5CSRTT的探头视觉空间注意的操纵 一种方法中，以不同任务的注意力需求是改变刺激的持续时间。作为刺激持续时间减少，％精度降低（ 图3A）和％遗漏的增加（ 图3B;改编自12）。由此较短的刺激持续时间增加任务的注意力需求和更长的刺激持续时间的减少任务的注意力需求。改变刺激的持续时间不能可靠地影响过早响应和响应延迟（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents at JoVE.com

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

the-5-choice-serial-reaction-time-task-task-attention-impulse-control

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

45.9K 次观看.  Oberlin College. 这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。 

视频: The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

神经科学

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

An Open-Source, Fully Customizable 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task Toolbox for Automated Behavioral Training of Rodents

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task requires animals to allocate attention to a horizontal array of five small apertures equipped with light sources and, within a limited time window, nose-poke one illuminated target aperture to get a food reward at the food magazine located in the opposite wall of the chamber. The task considers behavioral control measures such as response accuracy and reaction times and allows to infer selective attention and impulsivity. Task difficulty can be controlled by modifying the stimulus duration and task design in general. Commercially available apparatus usually consists of an experimental chamber and particular software to specify task parameters, but due to fixed hard- and software, they pose many limitations on changes in the general experimental design and specific task requirements and the related data output. This article explains a fully customizable alternative based on an easy-to-use single-board microcontroller and standard electrotechnical components, an open-access Arduino script, and a Matlab-toolbox for hardware control and behavioral task specifications, respectively. The toolbox includes an optional staircase procedure, enabling automated behavioral training. The complete hardware setup, which can be installed in customized chambers, and the freely adaptable software encourage non-standardized task and chamber design. The design of the system and the open-source code for hardware control and experimental setup are described.

The present protocol describes the development of an open-source 5-choice serial reaction time task toolbox for rodent animal models, using Arduino and related hardware and a versatile Matlab toolbox, including an optional script for automated behavioral training. The scripts are customizable and facilitate the implementation of different trial-and-test designs.

一个开源的，完全可定制的5选择串行反应时间任务工具箱，用于啮齿动物的自动行为训练

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is a behavioral test often used to study visuospatial attention and impulsiveness in rodents. The task ...

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves other aspects of cognition and is disrupted in certain neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is clinically important to identify mechanisms that impair and improve sustained attention. Such mechanisms are often first discovered using rodent models. Therefore, several behavior procedures for testing aspects of sustained attention have been developed for rodents. One, first described by McGaughy and Sarter (1995), called the sustained attention task (SAT), trains rats to distinguish between signal (i.e., brief light presentation) and non-signal trials. The signals are short and thus require careful attention to be perceived. Attentional demands can be increased further by introducing a distractor (e.g., flashing houselight). We have modified this task for touchscreen operant chambers, which are configured with a touchscreen on one wall that can present stimuli and record responses. Here we detail our protocol for SAT in touchscreen chambers. Additionally, we present standard measures of performance in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparable performance on this task in both sexes highlights its use for attention studies, especially as more researchers are including female rodents in their experimental design. Moreover, the easy implementation of SAT for the increasingly popular touchscreen chambers increases its utility.

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Sustained attention, or continuously monitoring situations for intermittent and unpredictable events, is a critical aspect of cognition. Here we detail how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. We demonstrate comparable performance in male and female rats, making this task useful for studying attention in both sexes.

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...