We are grateful to Dr. Clowes for first developing and describing this method. We are also thankful to Dr. Tulis for his detailed protocol which has been fundamentally helpful to our previous, current and future work. This work was supported by grants R01HL097111 and R01HL123364 from the NIH to M.T., and by American Heart Association grant 14GRNT18880008 to M.T.
We would like to thank Rachel Newton for her expert technical support and for her valuable help during the filming process.

注意:利用动物进行下面的实验已经进行了审查和批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）。 1.术前手续<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>在使用前消毒手术器械。 <ol><li>高压灭菌所有手术器械24小时或更少的手术前。如果多次手术均在同一天进行的，通过在手术之间的干珠灭菌消毒的器械。 </li></ol></li><li>过滤消毒后再使用盐溶液。 </li><li>称量大鼠和计算的麻醉药物（氯胺酮80 mg / kg和赛拉嗪7毫克/千克）的剂量。 </li><li>施用麻醉药物腹膜内（IP）。 <ol><li>验证在5-10分钟镇静由脚趾捏是否足够。管理的附加的小剂量的药物（氯胺酮7 mg / kg和赛拉嗪0.6毫克/千克）如镇静是不完整的。 </li><li>确保针头是深足交付药物内每itoneally因为未交付的全部药液进入腹膜腔会引起镇静不足。 注:溃疡和脱发在皮肤注射部位会在手术后可见几天，由于无意皮下（sc）药液注入。 </li></ol></li><li>注入3毫升无菌生理盐水溶液皮下（SC）。用无菌棉签，将少量眼药膏对两眼以防止角膜干燥。 </li><li>准备加热设备。预温热垫通过微波或水浴。 </li><li>把动物仰起的手术台上。 <ol><li>去除头发在颈部腹侧区。用棉签涂于头发卸妆，等待30秒，完全擦去，用纱布。 </li><li>涂上碘伏擦洗和70％乙醇的脖子。 </li></ol></li><li>穿上个人防护设备，包括礼服，头发罩，口罩，眼镜。放在STER处理无菌手术器械和用品前ILE在结束手术手套。 </li><li>悬垂用无菌手术片的大鼠与只露出的颈部区域。 </li></ol> 2.外科手术<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>在手术过程中，检查动物镇静深度在每15分钟脚趾捏。如果动物响应脚趾捏，添加氯胺酮和赛拉嗪的额外的小剂量（初始剂量的10％）。 </li><li>解剖左颈总动脉（CCA） <ol><li>用手术刀做一个直的纵向切口在颈部的中部。的皮肤切口的近似长度为1.5-2厘米，用于隔离动脉的1.5-2厘米部的目的。的长度可以变化取决于研究的目的。 </li><li>直截了当地解剖从皮肤的结缔组织。保持钳提示并确保不刺破皮肤或皮下组织。 </li><li>解剖肌肉层纵向ALON克气管的左侧。 </li><li>当打开了肌肉层，可视化的左CCA与迷走神经紧密相连。说白了剖析沿着左侧颈动脉非常谨慎，以最小的伸展分离迷走神经。 </li><li>解剖CCA到远端分叉。仔细剖析分岔和两个分支 - 颈内动脉（ICA）和颈外动脉（ECA）。 </li><li>保持周围的CCA解剖，直到1.5-2厘米的动脉大致一部分从周围组织中分离。 </li></ol></li><li>球囊损伤<ol><li>永久做出的ECA一个连字在约5mm远离分叉。永久结扎ECA的枕支，接近非洲经委会和ICA分叉。还永久结扎等分支机构，如果有的话，分叉和ECA结扎的定位 - 例如，甲状腺分支。缝合了用于所有连字是黑色4-0丝绸。夹在CCA的近端和ICA的远端。 注:现在，血流量已经停止或者通过永久结扎（非洲经委会）或临时通过削波（在CCA和ICA）。在分叉管腔面积内容已经分离从全身循环。 </li><li>就ECA的动脉切开术切口小，微型剪刀。确保该切口靠近远侧缝合线结。净血用生理盐水和棉签。 </li><li>将未充气2F球囊导管插入ECA流明。近端推进球囊导管的CCA流明。继续推进导管近端，直到它的末端到达那里的夹子保持。 </li><li>气囊充气装置连接到阴路厄锁在一个3路活塞和活塞3路的阳鲁尔锁定连接​​到气囊导管。 </li><li>慢慢膨胀时大约1.5个大气压压力的气球，以扩张颈动脉，以1.5倍的直径。 </l我&gt; <li>轻轻拉球旋转回分叉。 </li><li>放气的气球，并推进它回到近端。再次膨胀，并重复该拉回过程两次以上。 </li><li>从动脉管腔撤回球囊导管。 </li></ol></li><li>试剂腔内管理（ 例如，siRNA的药物） 注意:在此，使用的试剂是含有编码shRNA的任靶向基质相互作用分子1（STIM1）或非靶向shRNA的对照慢病毒颗粒的溶液。 STIM1是一个单一的跨膜内质网（ER）的蛋白质是一个ER的Ca 2+传感器控制质膜的Ca 2+通道的活化，是在血管平滑肌分化上调成增殖表型的洄游12,30-33。 <ol><li>附加一个血管内过度的注射针型导管到注射器（24克，1.6厘米）。测试REAG的吸30微升的解决方案经济需求测试。插入导管插入ECA同一切口。 </li><li>推进导管尖端进入CCA和领带一块缝合上的ECA单结固定导管，并暂时关闭切口。 </li><li>注入检测试剂溶液进入CCA的内腔中。保持在容器内腔中的溶液30分钟。保持暴露组织湿润用盐水和用一块湿纱布覆盖。 </li><li>孵育后，吸出剩余的溶液。松开单结，收回导管。 </li><li>领带ECA用一块缝合近端的动脉切开术的切口。使结尽可能接近分叉。 </li></ol></li><li>特写伤口。 <ol><li>由于球囊损伤和导管引入可能导致血管的泄漏或穿刺，卸下ICA的剪辑，并检查是否有泄漏。如果出血观察，申请一块纱布，并应用温和的压力止血。 </li><li>拆除CCA上的其他剪辑。 </li><li>确保有出血的迹象，然后删除所有夹具和其他手术器械。切掉多余的缝线。 </li><li>关闭伤口用皮肤缝合（4-0黑丝）。拭子上闭合伤口用聚烯吡酮碘或其它的抗感染性/杀菌剂/杀病毒剂剂的所有侧面。注资30毫升无菌生理盐水SC </li></ol></li></ol> 3.术后程序<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>手术后继续隔热垫鼠。管理通过肌肉注射（IM）的大鼠0.05毫克/公斤丁丙诺啡一剂。在恢复过程中，保持动物的眼睛和嘴巴湿润。监测动物，直到它是清醒和走动。 </li><li>放在一个干净的笼子里的动物没有任何床上用品，直到其完全恢复。恢复后，将动物将被返回到动物室和单独圈养。 </li></ol>

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American journal of physiology.</a> Cell Physiology. 295, C779-C790 (2008).</li><li>Bisaillon, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+for+STIM1/Orai1-mediated+calcium+influx+in+PDGF-induced+smooth+muscle+migration.+American+journal+of+physiology.">Essential role for STIM1/Orai1-mediated calcium influx in PDGF-induced smooth muscle migration. American journal of physiology.</a> Cell Physiology. 298, C993-C1005 (2010).</li><li>Tulis, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+carotid+artery+balloon+injury+model.">Rat carotid artery balloon injury model.</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 1-30 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, W., Trebak, M., Szallasi, A., B&#237;r&#243;, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balloon+Injury+in+Rats+as+a+Model+for+Studying+TRP+Channel+Contribution+to+Vascular+Smooth+Muscle+Remodeling.">Balloon Injury in Rats as a Model for Studying TRP Channel Contribution to Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling.</a> T TRP Channels in Drug DiscoveryMethods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. , 101-111 (2012).</li><li>Tulis, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+morphometric+analyses+for+rat+carotid+balloon+injury+model).">Histological and morphometric analyses for rat carotid balloon injury model).</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 31-66 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤一直深受Tulis在2007年34说明，它已全面通过Tulis博士讨论了此过程的所有细节。谁是有意执行此过程的读者强烈推荐阅读Tulis"协议。然而，有一件事我们不Tulis博士同意:除了充气用生理盐水或任何液体的气球，我们建议与空气膨胀了。根据我们的个人经验，液体膨胀难以避免气泡。此外，它更难以灵活调整损伤过程中的压力，并可能导致额外的压力和伤害到动脉。另一个技术技巧是使?...

气囊导管在血管成形术的过程中使用，以扩大或动脉粥样硬化血栓阻塞网站，在血管的目的的医疗器械。变窄的血管腔被强制由膨胀的气球，以开放和血液供应将被顺序地恢复到解除下游局部缺血症状，例如心绞痛，心肌梗塞，和腿痛。然而，血管成形术的巨大成功已经减少了术后并发症如力结果引起血管气压伤（球囊损伤），即血管壁重塑，在很多情况下，再狭窄的血管腔（再狭窄）1。 已经开发了许多动物模型模仿血管成形术，以帮助研究人员了解球囊损伤有关的血管壁重塑2背后的机制。在所有的用于建模的动物物种，鼠是最经常使用的一个。 Çompared到兔，狗和猪，鼠的优势是其成本低，其相对的易用性和大鼠生理学的现有知识。虽然小鼠具有一个额外的优势在广泛基因操作的菌株，小鼠容器太小，插入气囊导管。在过去的三十年里，实验组大鼠已使研究人员能够更好地了解支撑内膜增生及血管重塑3-6的分子和细胞机制。超越球囊损伤，血管重塑也参与大多数主要血管疾病，如动脉粥样硬化7,8，高血压9和动脉瘤10。因此，知识通过球囊损伤模型，获得了在一般的整体血管壁病变的研究是有益的。 大鼠球囊损伤模型的总体目标是不仅要进一步理解的血管疾病，而且，以测试新的药剂的效力为疾病控制11,12。目前临床药物治疗再狭窄是由血管成形术后右经血管腔放置药物洗脱支架应用。在动物模型中，一个高效而更经济的方式为新代理的测试是一个发达的地方腔内灌注的方法。已通过这种方法进行了测试候选药物包括小分子药物13,14，细胞因子或生长因子15,16，基因操纵剂（cDNA克隆，的siRNA 等 ）17-20，以及新颖的药物制剂21,22。 到目前为止，大鼠球囊损伤模型仍然是研究血管疾病/病症的最有用的模型之一。它是从台架的基本步骤到床头，通常作为第一步骤，从体外移动到体内 ，但它不应该是最后一个。大鼠实验的结果需要被审议和进一步的特征在于转换到人体之前临床使用时，由于在血管床和容器解剖学以及人和大鼠23-26之间的内在物种差异的差异。尽管如此，它仍然是在转化医学研究的重要工具。虽然这种研究用于因缺乏转基因鼠的限制，它已不再是一个问题，因为新的基因组的方法，如锌指核酸酶27，TALENS 28和CRISPR-CAS 29取得淘汰赛大鼠方便。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fogarty balloon embolectomy catheters, 2 French&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Edwards Lifesciences, Germany</td><td>&amp;nbsp;120602F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deltaphase Operating Board - Includes 2 Pads &amp;amp; 2 Insulators</td><td>Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td><td>39OP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED light source</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-563-501&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hartmann Mosquito Forceps 4&amp;rdquo; curved</td><td>Apiary Medical, Inc. San Diego, CA</td><td>gS 22.1670</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crile Retractor 4&amp;rdquo; double ended</td><td>Apiary Medical, Inc.</td><td>gS 34.1934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other surgical instruments</td><td>Roboz Surgical Instrument Company, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peripheral Intravenous (I.V.) Cannula, 24 G</td><td>BD</td><td>381312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine HCl, 100 mg/ml, 10 ml</td><td>Ketaset- Patterson Vet</td><td>07-803-6637&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine (AnaSed), 20 mg/ml, 20 ml</td><td>Ketaset- Patterson Vet</td><td>07-808-1947</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenex, 0.3 mg/1 ml (5 Ampules/Box)</td><td>Ketaset- Patterson Vet</td><td>07-850-2280</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nair Baby Oil Hair Removal Lotion - 9 oz</td><td>Amazon/Walmart/CVS</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inflation Device</td><td>Demax Medical</td><td>DID30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D300 3-way Stopcock</td><td>B.Braun Medical Inc.</td><td>4599543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Artificial Tears Ointment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rugby Laboratories, Duluth, GA</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

vascular balloon injury and intraluminal administration in rat carotid artery

大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型已经确立了二十多年。它仍然是学习与之相关的血管平滑肌分化，形成内膜和血管重塑的分子和细胞机制的重要方法。雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠是最经常使用的动物为这种模式。雌性大鼠不优选的，因为雌激素是保护性防止血管疾病，因而引入一个变化成此过程。左颈通常受伤与右颈动脉作为阴性对照。左颈损伤是由膨胀的气球是滥伐内皮和扩张S中的血管壁造成的。损伤后，潜在的治疗策略，例如使用药物化合物和任一基因或shRNA转移的进行评估。典型地，对于基因或shRNA转移，血管腔的受伤部分被局部转30分钟，用viral粒子交付和表达了受伤的血管壁或者编码蛋白质或shRNA。新内膜增厚较增殖的血管平滑肌细胞通常损伤后峰值在2周。船只大多收获用于细胞和分子的细胞信号转导途径的分析以及基因和蛋白表达该时间点。容器也可收获在较早时间点，以确定一个特定的蛋白质或途径的表达和/或活化的发作，这取决于预期的实验目的。容器可以被表征和评价使用组织染色，免疫组织化学，蛋白质/表达测定法，和活性测定。来自同一动物的完整右颈动脉是一种理想的内部控制。在分子和细胞损伤的参数引起的变化可以通过动脉受伤比较内部右控制动脉进行评估。同样地，治疗方法可以通过比较损伤进行评估D和治疗动脉控制只受伤的动脉。

伤后两周内，颈动脉被收获，切片并进行形态分析。动脉是横切片并用H＆E（ 图1，图2B，C和3）。大鼠颈动脉壁包含四层弹性膜，它显示为粉色系。最外层片材，外弹性膜（EEL）和最内层椎板之间的区域，内弹性膜（IEL）是媒体平滑肌层（ 图1）。在IEL的内侧的区域为内膜，内皮细胞完好容器的单层;或内膜增生血管损伤。在受损的颈动脉中，媒体比因平滑肌细胞增殖的控?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

该协议使用球囊导管引起的大鼠颈动脉腔内损伤，从此引起内膜增生。这是一个公认的模型用于研究在响应损伤的血管重塑的机制。它也被广泛使用，以确定潜在的治疗方法的有效性。

血管球囊损伤和腔内管理在大鼠颈动脉

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

vascular-balloon-injury-intraluminal-administration-rat-carotid

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.3K 次观看.  State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (SUNY CNSE). 该协议使用球囊导管引起的大鼠颈动脉腔内损伤，从此引起内膜增生。这是一个公认的模型用于研究在响应损伤的血管重塑的机制。它也被广泛使用，以确定潜在的治疗方法的有效性。 

视频: Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. 6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., 9 as well as others.12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.
To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8&plusmn;3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary cause of stenosis in arterialized veins. We propose a new protocol whereby the right external jugular vein is grafted using the cuff technique in the common carotid artery of Sprague Dawley rats. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice.

培养一个精密的显微外科技术在大鼠颈总动脉，颈外静脉移植：介入

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

科研

医学

2-Vessel Occlusion/Hypotension: A Rat Model of Global Brain Ischemia

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ischemia produces damage to specific brain regions shown to be highly sensitive to ischemia 1. Hippocampal neurons have higher sensitivity to ischemic insults compared to other cell populations, and specifically, the CA1 region of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion 2.
The design of therapeutic interventions, or study of mechanisms involved in cerebral damage, requires a model that produces damage similar to the clinical condition and in a reproducible manner. Bilateral carotid vessel occlusion with hypotension (2VOH) is a model that produces reversible forebrain ischemia, emulating the cerebral events that can occur during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. We describe a model modified from Smith et al. (1984) 2, as first presented in its current form in Sanderson, et al. (2008) 3, which produces reproducible injury to selectively vulnerable brain regions 3-6. The reliability of this model is dictated by precise control of systemic blood pressure during applied hypotension, the duration of ischemia, close temperature control, a specific anesthesia regimen, and diligent post-operative care. An 8-minute ischemic insult produces cell death of CA1 hippocampal neurons that progresses over the course of 6 to 24 hr of reperfusion, while less vulnerable brain regions are spared. This progressive cell death is easily quantified after 7-14 days of reperfusion, as a near complete loss of CA1 neurons is evident at this time.
In addition to this brain injury model, we present a method for CA1 damage quantification using a simple, yet thorough, methodology. Importantly, quantification can be accomplished using a simple camera-mounted microscope, and a free ImageJ (NIH) software plugin, obviating the need for cost-prohibitive stereology software programs and a motorized microscopic stage for damage assessment.

Bilateral carotid occlusion coupled with systemic hypotension produces global brain ischemia in the rat, resulting in damage to the hippocampus with reproducible severity. Animal subjects are impaired with predictable patterns of brain damage, they recover expediently, and mortality rates are comparatively low.

2血管闭塞/低血压：全脑缺血模型大鼠

Cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation often results in dramatic brain damage caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the brain. Global brain ...

Vascular Gene Transfer from Metallic Stent Surfaces Using Adenoviral Vectors Tethered through Hydrolysable Cross-linkers

In-stent restenosis presents a major complication of stent-based revascularization procedures widely used to re-establish blood flow through critically narrowed segments of coronary and peripheral arteries. Endovascular stents capable of tunable release of genes with anti-restenotic activity may present an alternative strategy to presently used drug-eluting stents. In order to attain clinical translation, gene-eluting stents must exhibit predictable kinetics of stent-immobilized gene vector release and site-specific transduction of vasculature, while avoiding an excessive inflammatory response typically associated with the polymer coatings used for physical entrapment of the vector. This paper describes a detailed methodology for coatless tethering of adenoviral gene vectors to stents based on a reversible binding of the adenoviral particles to polyallylamine bisphosphonate (PABT)-modified stainless steel surface via hydrolysable cross-linkers (HC). A family of bifunctional (amine- and thiol-reactive) HC with an average t1/2 of the in-chain ester hydrolysis ranging between 5 and 50 days were used to link the vector with the stent. The vector immobilization procedure is typically carried out within 9 hr&#160;and consists of several steps: 1) incubation of the metal samples in an aqueous solution of PABT (4 hr); 2) deprotection of thiol groups installed in PABT with tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (20 min); 3) expansion of thiol reactive capacity of the metal surface by reacting the samples with polyethyleneimine derivatized with pyridyldithio (PDT) groups (2 hr); 4) conversion of PDT groups to thiols with dithiothreitol (10 min); 5) modification of adenoviruses with HC (1 hr); 6) purification of modified adenoviral particles by size-exclusion column chromatography (15 min) and 7) immobilization of thiol-reactive adenoviral particles on the thiolated steel surface (1 hr). This technique has wide potential applicability beyond stents, by facilitating surface engineering of bioprosthetic devices to enhance their biocompatibility through the substrate-mediated gene delivery to the cells interfacing the implanted foreign material.

These studies report on reversible attachment of adenoviral gene vectors to coatless metal surfaces of stents and model mesh disks. Sustained release of transduction-competent viral particles contingent upon hydrolysis of cross-linkers used for vector immobilization results in a durable site-specific transgene expression in vascular cells and in stented arteries.

从金属支架表面使用的腺病毒载体栓通过水解的交联剂血管基因转移

In-stent restenosis presents a major complication of stent-based revascularization procedures widely used to re-establish blood flow through critically ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型试验抗血管重建治疗

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

小鼠加速动脉硬化的诱导:"电线损伤"模型

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

重复性的动脉剥脱损伤腹主动脉阻断在小鼠模型

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

主动脉阻塞后脊髓缺血大鼠模型中的可再生电机缺陷

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

A Rat Carotid Artery Pressure-Controlled Segmental Balloon Injury with Periadventitial Therapeutic Application

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the luminal surface area in arteries thereby reducing adequate blood flow to organs and distal tissues. Clinically, revascularization procedures such as balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement aim to restore blood flow. Although these procedures reestablish blood flow by reducing plaque burden, they damage the vessel wall, which initiates the arterial healing response. The prolonged healing response causes arterial restenosis, or re-narrowing, ultimately limiting the long-term success of these revascularization procedures. Therefore, preclinical animal models are integral for analyzing the pathophysiological mechanisms driving restenosis, and provide the opportunity to test novel therapeutic strategies. Murine models are cheaper and easier to operate on than large animal models. Balloon or wire injury are the two commonly accepted injury modalities used in murine models. Balloon injury models in particular mimic the clinical angioplasty procedure and cause adequate damage to the artery for the development of restenosis. Herein we describe the surgical details for performing and histologically analyzing the modified, pressure-controlled rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Additionally, this protocol highlights how local periadventitial application of therapeutics can be used to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Lastly, we present light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a novel approach for imaging and visualizing the arterial injury in three-dimensions.

The rat carotid artery balloon injury mimics the clinical angioplasty procedure performed to restore blood flow in atherosclerotic vessels. This model induces the arterial injury response by distending the arterial wall, and denuding the intimal layer of endothelial cells, ultimately causing remodeling and an intimal hyperplastic response.

大鼠胡萝卜动脉压力控制段气球损伤与腹腔ventit 治疗应用

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, in part due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque narrows the ...

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of coronary artery disease. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is determined by an excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue within the stent and limits the long-term success of stents. A variety of animal models have been used to elucidate pathophysiological processes underlying in-stent restenosis (ISR), with the porcine coronary and the rabbit iliac artery models being the most frequently used. Murine models provide the advantages of high throughput, ease of handling and housing, reproducibility, and a broad availability of molecular markers. The apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/- ) mouse model has been widely used to study cardiovascular diseases. However, stents must be miniaturized to be implanted into mice, involving important changes of their mechanical and (potentially) biological properties. The use of apoE-/- rats can overcome these shortcomings as apoE-/- rats allow for the evaluation of human-sized coronary stents while at the same time providing an atherogenic phenotype. This makes them an excellent and reliable model to investigate ISR after stent implantation. Here, we describe, in detail, the implantation of commercially available human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access.

This protocol describes the implantation of human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access. Compared with other animal models, murine models carry the advantages of high throughput, reproducibility, ease of handling and housing, and a broad availability of molecular markers.

使用跨女性访问将人类大小的冠状动脉支架植入大鼠腹主动脉

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...

用于深静脉治疗研究的啮齿动物静脉成形术球囊模型

Rodent Inferior Vena Cava Venoplasty Balloon Model

Balloon venoplasty is a commonly used clinical technique to treat deep vein stenosis and occlusion as a consequence of trauma, congenital anatomic abnormalities, acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or stenting. Chronic deep venous obstruction is histopathologically characterized by thrombosis, fibrosis, or both. Currently, no direct treatment is available to target these pathological processes. Therefore, a reliable in vivo animal model to test novel interventions is necessary. The rodent survival inferior vena cava (IVC) venoplasty balloon model (VBM) allows the study of balloon venoplasty in non-thrombotic and post-thrombotic conditions across multiple time points. The local and systemic effect of coated and uncoated venoplasty balloons can be quantified via tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, whole blood and plasma assays, and histological analysis. The VBM is reproducible, replicates surgical human interventions, can identify local vein wall-thrombi protein changes, and allows multiple analyses from the same sample, decreasing the number of animals required per group.

作者聚焦:在啮齿动物中利用静脉成形术球囊模型模拟深静脉的手术干预

The protocol presents a survival rodent model to test venoplasty balloon (VB) interventions in non-thrombotic, thrombotic, and post-thrombotic deep veins.