We are grateful to Dr. Clowes for first developing and describing this method. We are also thankful to Dr. Tulis for his detailed protocol which has been fundamentally helpful to our previous, current and future work. This work was supported by grants R01HL097111 and R01HL123364 from the NIH to M.T., and by American Heart Association grant 14GRNT18880008 to M.T.
We would like to thank Rachel Newton for her expert technical support and for her valuable help during the filming process.

Not: Aşağıdaki deneyler için hayvanların kullanımı gözden ve Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Kurulu (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1. Ameliyat öncesi Prosedürler <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Kullanmadan önce cerrahi aletler sterilize. <ol><li> Tüm cerrahi enstrümanlarını ameliyattan önce 24 saat ya da daha az otoklavlayın. Birden ameliyatlar aynı gün yapılırsa, ameliyatlar arasında kuru boncuk sterilizatör tarafından aletleri sterilize. </li></ol></li><li> -Filtre sterilize kullanmadan önce tuzlu su çözeltisi. </li><li> Sıçan tartılır ve anestezi ilaçlarının (ketamin 80 mg / kg ketamin hidroklorid ve 7 mg / kg) dozu hesaplamak. </li><li> Intra-peritoneal (ip) anestezi ilaçları yönetme. <ol><li> 5-10 dakika içinde ayak tutam tarafından sedasyon yeterliliğini doğrulayın. Sedasyon tam değilse, ilaç (ketamin 7 mg / kg ve ksilazin, 0.6 mg / kg) ilave küçük doz uygulayın. </li><li> Emin olun iğne teslim ilaçlar içi başına yeterli derinitoneally periton boşluğuna tüm ilaç çözüm sunmak için başarısızlık yetersiz sedasyon neden olacaktır çünkü. NOT: Enjeksiyon yerinde deride Ülser ve saç dökülmesi nedeniyle yanlışlıkla subkutan (sc) ilaç solüsyon enjekte ameliyattan sonra görünür birkaç gün olacak. </li></ol></li><li> 3 ml steril tuzlu su çözeltisi deri altından (sc) enjekte edilir. Steril bir pamuklu çubuk kullanarak, kurumasını önlemek için kornealar hem gözlere oftalmik merhem küçük bir miktar uygulayın. </li><li> Isıtma cihazları hazırlayın. Mikrodalga veya su banyosu öncesi sıcak ısı pedleri. </li><li> Cerrahi platformda supinely hayvan koyun. <ol><li> Ventral boyun bölgesinde saç çıkarın. Bir pamuklu çubukla saç çıkarıcı uygulayın 30 saniye bekleyin ve gazlı bez ile tamamen silin. </li><li> Povidon-İyot fırçalayın ve% 70 etanol ile boyun çubukla. </li></ol></li><li> Cüppe, saç kapağı, cerrahi maske ve gözlük gibi kişisel koruyucu donanımlar, giyin. Ster koyunSteril cerrahi aletler ve malzemeleri dokunmadan önce sonunda cerrahi eldiven Ile. </li><li> Maruz kalan sadece boyun bölgesi ile steril bir cerrahi örtü ile sıçan örter. </li></ol> 2. Cerrahi İşlemleri <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Cerrahi işlem sırasında, her 15 dakikada ayak tutam tarafından hayvan sedasyon derinliğini kontrol edin. Hayvan ayak tutam yanıt verirse, ketamin ve ksilizin ek küçük doz (başlangıç ​​dozunun% 10) ekleyin. </li><li> Sol ortak karotid arteri teşrih (CCA) <ol><li> Boyun ortasında düz bir uzunlamasına bir kesi yapmak için bir neşter kullanın. cilt kesisi yaklaşık uzunluğu arterin 1.5-2 cm bölümünü izole amacıyla, 1.5-2 cm. değişebilir uzunluğu çalışmanın amacına bağlıdır. </li><li> Açık açık cilt bağ dokusunu incelemek. Forseps ipuçları tutun ve deri ya da altta yatan doku delinme değil emin olun. </li><li> Uzunlamasına alon kas katmanları teşrihg trakea sol tarafında. </li><li> Kas tabakası yukarı açarken, yakından bağlı vagus siniri ile sol CCA görselleştirmek. Çok dikkatli sol karotis arter az germe ile vagus siniri ayırmak için yanında açık açık teşrih. </li><li> Çatallanma kadar distalde CCA ayır. Internal karotis arter (ICA) ve dış karotid arter (ECA) - dikkatlice çatallanma ve iki şube teşrih. </li><li> Arterin 1.5-2 cm yaklaşık bir kısmı çevreleyen dokulardan izole kadar, CCA etrafında diseksiyon tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Balon yaralanması <ol><li> Kalıcı yaklaşık 5 mm uzaklıkta bifurkasyonundan ECA bir ligatürün yapmak. Kalıcı ECA ve ICA çatallanma yakın ECA oksipital dalı Arter. Ayrıca kalıcı çatallanma ve ECA dikilen arasındaki yerini, diğer dalları bağlayan varsa - örneğin, üstün tiroid dalı. Tüm ligatures için kullanılan dikiş 4-0 siyahipek. CCA proksimal ucu ve ICA uzak ucunda Clip. NOT: Şimdi, kan akımı durduruldu ya kalıcı ligasyon yoluyla (ECA on) veya geçici (CCA ve ICA üzerine) kırpma yoluyla. Çatallanma bölgesinde lümen içeriği sistemik dolaşımdan izole edilmiştir. </li><li> Küçük mikro makas ile ECA bir arteriyotomi kesi yapmak. Kesi uzak dikiş düğüm yakın olduğundan emin olun. Tuzlu ve pamuklu temiz kan. </li><li> ECA lümen içine Şişirilmemiş 2F balon kateteri yerleştirin. CCA lümen proksimal balon kateteri ilerletin. Klip kalır nerede ucu ulaşana kadar proksimal kateter ilerleyen tutun. </li><li> 3-yollu bir dişi luer kilit balon şişirme cihazı bağlayın ve balon kateter 3-yollu erkek luer kilit takın. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş çapının 1.5 kat karotid arteri gerilmek üzere, yaklaşık 1.5 atm basınçta balon şişirmek. </li&gt; <li> Yavaşça dönerek geri çatallanma Balonu çekin. </li><li> Balon havasını ve yakın ucuna geri ilerlemek. Tekrar şişirmek ve çekerek geri prosedür iki kez daha tekrarlayın. </li><li> Arter lumeninden balon kateteri. </li></ol></li><li> Reaktiflerin intralüminal uygulaması (örneğin, siRNA ilaçlar) Not: Burada kullanılan reaktif ya da shRNA stromal etkileşim Molekül 1 (STIM1) ya da olmayan hedefleme shRNA kontrol hedef kodlayan lentiviral parçacıkları ihtiva eden bir çözelti olmaktadır. STIM1 plazma zarı Ca 2 + kanal aktivasyonu kontrol eden ER Ca 2 + sensör ve bir proliferatif göçmen fenotip 12,30-33 içine damar düz kas dediferansiyasyon sırasında regüle kadar tek bir transmembran endoplazmik retikulum (ER) proteindir. <ol><li> Bir şırınga (24 g, 1.6 cm) bir damar aşırı iğne kateter takın. Test Reag aspire 30 ul çözümühastalar. ECA aynı kesi içine kateter yerleştirin. </li><li> CCA içine kateter ucu Advance ve kateter düzeltmek ve geçici kesi kapatmak için ECA tek düğüm ile sütür bir parça kravat. </li><li> CCA lümenine test ayıracı çözeltisi enjekte edilir. 30 dakika damar lümeninde çözüm tutun. Tuzlu su ile nemli maruz doku tutun ve ıslak bir gazlı bez parçası ile örtün. </li><li> İnkübasyondan sonra, kalan çözelti aspire. Bu tek düğüm gevşetin ve kateteri. </li><li> Arteriyotomi kesi proksimalde dikiş bir parça ile ECA Kravat. Çatallanma mümkün olduğunca yakın düğüm yapın. </li></ol></li><li> Yarayı kapatın. <ol><li> Balon yaralanma ve kateter giriş kan damarının bir sızıntı veya delinme neden olabileceğinden, ICA klibi kaldırmak ve herhangi bir sızıntı olup olmadığını kontrol edin. Kanama görülürse, gazlı bez parçası uygulamak ve kanamayı durdurmak için hafif bir baskı uygulayın. </li><li> KaldırCCA diğer klip. </li><li> Kanama belirtisi olmadığından emin olun ve daha sonra tüm kelepçeler ve diğer cerrahi aletler kaldırın. Aşırı sütür kes. </li><li> Kapat yara kullanarak cilt sütür (4-0 siyah ipek). Povidon-İyot veya diğer anti-septik / bakterisit / virüsit maddesi ile kapalı yara her tarafta bezi. Steril tuzlu sc 3 ml enjekte </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Ameliyat sonrası Prosedürler <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li> Ameliyat sonrası ısı yastığı sıçan tutun. Fareye intramüsküler enjeksiyon (im) ile 0.05 mg / kg buprenorfin bir dozunun tatbik edilmesi. Kurtarma işlemi sırasında, nemli hayvanların gözleri ve ağzı tutmak. Uyanık ve ayakta kadar hayvan izleyin. </li><li> Tamamen iyileşti kadar herhangi yatak olmadan temiz bir kafeste hayvan yerleştirin. İyileştikten sonra, hayvan, hayvan odasına döndü ve tek tek yer olacak. </li></ol>

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American journal of physiology.</a> Cell Physiology. 295, C779-C790 (2008).</li><li>Bisaillon, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+for+STIM1/Orai1-mediated+calcium+influx+in+PDGF-induced+smooth+muscle+migration.+American+journal+of+physiology.">Essential role for STIM1/Orai1-mediated calcium influx in PDGF-induced smooth muscle migration. American journal of physiology.</a> Cell Physiology. 298, C993-C1005 (2010).</li><li>Tulis, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+carotid+artery+balloon+injury+model.">Rat carotid artery balloon injury model.</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 1-30 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, W., Trebak, M., Szallasi, A., B&#237;r&#243;, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balloon+Injury+in+Rats+as+a+Model+for+Studying+TRP+Channel+Contribution+to+Vascular+Smooth+Muscle+Remodeling.">Balloon Injury in Rats as a Model for Studying TRP Channel Contribution to Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling.</a> T TRP Channels in Drug DiscoveryMethods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. , 101-111 (2012).</li><li>Tulis, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+morphometric+analyses+for+rat+carotid+balloon+injury+model).">Histological and morphometric analyses for rat carotid balloon injury model).</a> Methods In Molecular Medicine. 139, 31-66 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

fare karotid balon zedelenmesi de. 2007 34 Tulis tarafından tarif edilmiştir Bu kapsamlı Dr Tulis bu işlemin tüm ayrıntılarını tartışılmıştır. Bu yordamı gerçekleştirmek isteyen okuyucular oldukça Tulis &#39;protokolü okumak için tavsiye edilir. Ancak, biz Dr Tulis ile kabul edilmez bir şey var: yerine tuzlu su veya herhangi bir sıvı ile balon şişirme, biz hava ile şişirmek için önerdi. Kişisel deneyim göre, sıvı ile şişirme pek hava kabarcıkları önleyebilirsiniz. Buna ek olarak, bu esnek ya...

Balon kateter bir kan damarı içinde aterom ya da trombozun tıkanma yer (ler) genişletilmesi amacıyla, anjiyoplasti prosedüründe kullanılan tıbbi cihazlardır. daralmış damar lümen şişirilmiş balon ile açmak zorunda kalır ve kan temini gibi anjin, miyokard infarktüsü ve bacak ağrısı gibi mansap iskemi belirtileri, rahatlatmak için sırayla restore edilecek. Bununla birlikte, anjiyoplasti büyük başarı gibi damar lümen (restenoz) 1 yeniden daralma vasküler barotravma (balon yaralanması), yani damar duvarı yenileme neden olan kuvvetin sonuçları gibi birçok durumda post-operatif komplikasyonlar azalmıştır. Hayvan modellerinde bir dizi araştırmacılar balon-yaralanma ilgili damar duvarı yenileme 2 altında yatan mekanizmaları anlamak için anjiyoplasti işlemi taklit geliştirilmiştir. Modelleme için kullanılan tüm hayvan türleri arasında, sıçan, en sık kullanılan biridir. Ctavşanlar, köpekler, domuzlar grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, sıçan avantajları düşük maliyet kullanım görece kolaylığı ve sıçan fizyolojisi mevcut bilgi bulunmaktadır. Farenin Genetik olarak manipüle edilmiş suşların geniş bir aralıkta ek bir avantaja sahipse de, fareler damar balon kateter yerleştirmek üzere, çok küçüktür. Son üç yılda, deneysel sıçan araştırmacılar 3-6 remodeling neointima oluşumunu ve damar yatan moleküler ve hücresel mekanizmaların daha iyi anlayabilmek için izin vermiş. Balon yaralanma ötesinde, vasküler remodeling ayrıca ateroskleroz 7,8, hipertansiyon 9, ve anevrizma 10 gibi en büyük damar hastalıkları, katılmaktadırlar. Böylece, bilgi balon yaralanma modeli ile kazanılan genel olarak tüm damar duvar hastalığı çalışmaları için faydalıdır. Sıçan balon yaralanması modelinde genel amacı değil sadece daha fazla damar hastalıkları anlamak değil, aynı zamanda yeni ajanların gücünü test etmekhastalık kontrolü 11,12. Restenozla Güncel klinik ilaç tedavisi sağ anjiyoplasti sonrası damar lümen yoluyla yerleştirilen ilaç salınımlı stentler ile uygulanır. Hayvan modellerinde, yeni ajan test için verimli henüz daha ekonomik şekilde iyi gelişmiş yerel intraluminal perfüzyon yöntemidir. Bu yöntemle test edilmiştir Aday ajanlar küçük molekül uyuşturucuyu 13,14, sitokin içeren veya büyüme, 15,16 faktörleri gen manipüle ajanlar (cDNA klonları, siRNA&#39;nın, vb) 17-20 ve yeni farmasötik formülasyonlar 21,22. Şimdiye kadar, sıçan balon hasarı içeren model vasküler hastalıklar / bozuklukların araştırılması için en faydalı model biridir. Bu ilk adım in vivo in vitro hareket genellikle yatağa tezgah temel adım, ama sonuncusu olmamalıdır. fare deneylerinin sonuçları, kasıtlı ve ayrıca insan çevrilmesinden önce, özelliği gerekennedeniyle vasküler yatak ve damar anatomisi yanı sıra insan ve sıçan 23-26 arasındaki içsel tür farklar fark klinik kullanımı,. Yine, hala öteleme tıbbi araştırmalarda önemli bir araçtır. Böyle bir araştırma genetiği değiştirilmiş farelerde eksikliği ile sınırlı kullanılan iken, çinko-parmak gibi yeni genomik yaklaşımlar 29 nakavt fareler kolayca erişilebilir yaptık, 27 nükleazlara Talens 28 ve CRISPR-Cas yana, artık bir sorun olmuştur.

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vascular balloon injury and intraluminal administration in rat carotid artery

sıçanlarda karotis arter balon yaralanma modeli de iki yılı aşkın süredir kurulmuştur. Bu damar düz kas dediferansiyasyon neointima oluşumu ve vasküler yeniden katılan moleküler ve hücresel mekanizmaları incelemek için önemli bir yöntem olmaya devam etmektedir. Erkek Sprague-Dawley sıçanları bu model için en sık kullanılan hayvan bulunmaktadır. Kadın hormonları damar hastalıklarına karşı koruyucu ve dolayısıyla bu prosedür bir varyasyonu tanıtmak gibi dişi sıçanlar tercih edilmemektedir. Sol karotis tipik sağ karotid bir negatif kontrol olarak hizmet veren yaralandı. Sol karotis yaralanma endoteli denudes ve Cuz damar duvarını gerilmek şişirilmiş balon neden olur. Yaralanma sonrasında, bu tür farmakolojik bileşikler ve gen ya da shRNA transferi ya da kullanılması potansiyel terapötik stratejiler değerlendirilebilir. Tipik haliyle, gen ya da shRNA transferi için, damar lümeninin yaralı bölümü lokal olarak v 30 dakika içinde aktarılmasıyaralı damar duvarında teslimat ve ifade için bir protein veya shRNA ya kodlayan iral parçacıklar. Proliferatif vasküler düz kas hücrelerini temsil neointimal kalınlaşma genellikle yaralanma sonrası 2 hafta zirve. Gemiler, özellikle hücresel ve moleküler hücre sinyal yollarının analizi aynı zamanda gen ve protein ifadesi için bu zaman noktasında hasat edilir. Kaplar ayrıca amaçlanan deney amaçlarına bağlı olarak, özel bir protein ya da yolunun sentezlenmesi ve / veya aktivasyonu başlangıcını saptamak için, daha önceki zaman noktalarında hasat edilebilir. Kaplar histolojik lekeleme, immünohistokimya, bir protein / mRNA tahlilleri ve etkinlik tahlilleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiş ve değerlendirilebilir. Aynı hayvandan sağlam sağ karotis arter ideal iç kontrol edilmesidir. Moleküler ve hücresel parametreleri Yaralanma kaynaklı değişimler iç Sağ kontrol artere yaralı arter karşılaştırarak değerlendirilebilir. Benzer şekilde, tedavi seçenekleri yaralayabilir karşılaştırarak değerlendirilebilirKontrol d ve tedavi arter tek arter yaralandı.

İki hafta yaralanma sonrası, karotid arteri hasat kesit ve morfolojik analizine tabi tutulurlar. Arterler çapraz kesit ve H &amp; E ile boyanmış olan (Şekil 1, 2b, C ve 3). Sıçan karotid arter duvar pembe çizgiler olarak görünür elastik lamina dört katmanları içerir. dış lamina, dış elastik lamina (EEL) ve içteki lamina arasındaki alan, internal elastik lamina (IEL) medya düz kas tabakası (Şekil 1). iel bir iç bölge intima, sağlam damarlarında endotel hücrel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery at JoVE.com

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

Bu protokol, sıçan karotis arter üzerinde bir lümen içi yaralanmalara neden ve bundan sonra neointimal hiperplazi ortaya çıkarmak için bir balon kateter kullanır. Bu yaralanmaya yanıt olarak vasküler yeniden mekanizmalarını incelemek için iyi bilinen bir modeldir. Ayrıca yaygın potansiyel terapötik yaklaşımların geçerliliğini belirlemek için kullanılır.

Sıçan Karotis Arter Vasküler Balon Yaralanma ve intraluminal İdaresi

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

vascular-balloon-injury-intraluminal-administration-rat-carotid

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.3K Görüntüleme.  State University of New York College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (SUNY CNSE).  Bu protokol, sıçan karotis arter üzerinde bir lümen içi yaralanmalara neden ve bundan sonra neointimal hiperplazi ortaya çıkarmak için bir balon kateter kullanır. Bu yaralanmaya yanıt olarak vasküler yeniden mekanizmalarını incelemek için iyi bilinen bir modeldir. Ayrıca yaygın potansiyel terapötik yaklaşımların geçerliliğini belirlemek için kullanılır. 

Video: Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in peripheral arterial bypass surgery as well as in arteriovenous fistulas.1-5 The experimental procedure of vein graft interposition in the common carotid artery by using the cuff-technique has been applied in several research projects to examine the aetiology of neointimal hyperplasia and therapeutic options to address it. 6-8 The cuff prevents vessel anastomotic remodeling and induces turbulence within the graft and thereby the development of neointimal hyperplasia.
Using the superior caval vein graft is an established small-animal model for venous arterialization experiment.9-11 This current protocol refers to an established jugular vein graft interposition technique first described by Zou et al., 9 as well as others.12-14 Nevertheless, these cited small animal protocols are complicated.
To simplify the procedure and to minimize the number of experimental animals needed, a detailed operation protocol by video training is presented. This video should help the novice surgeon to learn both the cuff-technique and the vein graft interposition. Hereby, the right external jugular vein was grafted in cuff-technique in the common carotid artery of 21 female Sprague Dawley rats categorized in three equal groups that were sacrificed on day 21, 42 and 84, respectively. Notably, no donor animals were needed, because auto-transplantations were performed. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice. In addition, the graft patency rate was 60 % for the first 10 operated animals and 82 % for the remaining 11 animals. The blood flow at the time of sacrifice was 8&plusmn;3 ml/min. In conclusion, this surgical protocol considerably simplifies, optimizes and standardizes this complicated procedure. It gives novice surgeons easy, step-by-step instruction, explaining possible pitfalls, thereby helping them to gain expertise fast and avoid useless sacrifice of experimental animals.

Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary cause of stenosis in arterialized veins. We propose a new protocol whereby the right external jugular vein is grafted using the cuff technique in the common carotid artery of Sprague Dawley rats. The survival rate was 100 % at the time point of sacrifice.

Sıçanlarda Common Karotid Arter interpozisyon Harici Juguler Ven Greft: Gelişmiş Mikrocerrahi Tekniği Eğitimi

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

Tıp

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Intraluminar Orta Serebral Arter Tıkanıklığı ve Sıçan Strok Model Serebral Perfüzyon İzleme için Optimize Sistemi

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

Karotis Arter ve Ven Juguler kateterizasyon bir Bilinçli Rat Modelinde, İnfüzyonları ve Kan Örnekleme hemodinamik Tedbirleri Gerçekleştirme

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Farelerde Taksanlar Farmakokinetik ve Farmakodinamik Analiz Karotis Arter İnfüzyonlar

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

Ferric Klorür kaynaklı Karotis Arter ve Mezenter Gemi Tromboz Fare Modeli

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is also a valuable model system to test, and to evaluate therapeutics and drugs that negate maladaptive remodeling in the vessel. The injury, or barotrauma, in the vessel lumen caused by an inflated balloon via an inserted catheter induces subsequent neointimal growth, often leading to hyperplasia or thickening of the vessel wall that narrows, or obstructs the lumen. The method described here is sufficiently sensitive, and the results can be obtained in relatively short time (2 weeks after the surgery). The efficacy of the drug or therapeutic against the induced-remodeling can be evaluated either by the post-mortem pathological and histomorphological analysis, or by ultrasound sonography in live animals. In addition, this model system has also been used to determine the therapeutic window or the time course of the administered drug. These studies can leadto the development of a better administrative strategy and a better therapeutic outcome. The procedure described here provides a tool for translational studies that bring drug and therapeutic candidates from bench research to clinical applications.

The rat carotid balloon injury model described below allows researchers to evaluate drugs or therapeutics that negate injury-induced arterial hyperplasia. Detailed pre-surgical preparation, surgical procedure, and post-surgical cares of the animal are described.

Rat Karotis Balon Yaralanma Modeli Anti-vasküler Tadilat Therapeutics Test

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery at the time of surgical operation.

After puncturing the aorta through the inferior vena cava (IVC) to create an aorto-caval fistula in the mouse, solution containing a drug is infused into the IVC via the same needle, followed by incubation. This method enables more robust drug delivery to the venous endothelium compared to the external route.

Fare Arteriovenöz Fistül Endotelyumunun için intraluminal Drug Delivery

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

Tavşan modeli hızlandırılmış ateroskleroz: iliyak arter balon yaralanma bir metodolojik açıdan

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous studies have shown that abnormal blood flow may be associated with systemic vascular risk. Thus, PC-MRI can facilitate the translation of data obtained from animal models of cardiovascular diseases to pertinent clinical investigations. In this report, we describe the procedure for measuring blood flow in the common carotid artery (CCA) of rats using cine-gated PC-MRI and discuss relevant analysis methods. This procedure can be performed in a live, anesthetized animal and does not require euthanasia after the procedure. The proposed scanning parameters yield repeatable measurements for blood flow, indicating excellent reproducibility of the results. The PC-MRI procedure described in this article can be used for pharmacological testing, pathophysiological assessment, and cerebral hemodynamics evaluation.

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure the blood flow in the rat common carotid artery by using noninvasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

Faz kontrast manyetik rezonans görüntüleme sıçan ortak karotis arter

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

Ferrik klorid kaynaklı köpek karotid arter trombozu: Bir büyük hayvan modeli vasküler yaralanma

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...