Name: implantation of human-sized coronary stents into rat abdominal aorta using a trans-femoral access
Uploaded: 2020-11-19T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Mrs. Angela Freund for her invaluable technical assistance with embedding and slides production. We would also like to thank Mr. Tadeusz Stopinski at the Institute for Laboratory Animal Science &#38; Experimental Surgery for his insightful help with the veterinary work.

The experiments were performed in accordance with the German animal welfare law (TSchG) and Directive 2010/63/EU pertaining to the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The official approval for this study was granted by the Governmental Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol No.: AZ 87-51.04.2010.A065; Landesamt f&#252;r Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Germany). The study protocol complied with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Postoperative pai...

<ol>
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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS+2017+Appropriate+Use+Criteria+for+Coronary+Revascularization+in+Patients+With+Stable+Ischemic+Heart+Disease:+A+Report+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology+Appropriate+Use+Criteria+Task+Force,+American+Association+for+Thoracic+Surgery,+American+Heart+Association,+American+Society+of+Echocardiography,+American+Society+of+Nuclear+Cardiology,+Society+for+Cardiovasular+Angiography+and+Interventions,+Society+of+Cardiovascular+Computed+Tomography,+and+Society+of+Thoracic+Surgeons.">ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovasular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 69 (17), 2212-2241 (2017).</li><li>Virmani, R., Farb, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+of+in-stent+restenosis.">Pathology of in-stent restenosis.</a> Current Opinion in Lipidology. 10 (6), 499-506 (1999).</li><li>Buccheri, D., Piraino, D., Andolina, G., Cortese, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+and+managing+in-stent+restenosis:+a+review+of+clinical+data,+from+pathogenesis+to+treatment.">Understanding and managing in-stent restenosis: a review of clinical data, from pathogenesis to treatment.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 8 (10), 1150-1162 (2016).</li><li>Perkins, L. 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Deviation of man from the usual pattern.</a> Circulation Research. 25 (6), 677-686 (1969).</li><li>Lowe, H. C., James, B., Khachigian, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+model+of+in-stent+restenosis:+rat+aortic+stenting.">A novel model of in-stent restenosis: rat aortic stenting.</a> Heart. 91 (3), 393-395 (2005).</li><li>Unthank, J. L., Nixon, J. C., Lash, J. 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This protocol describes the implantation of human-sized coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of apoE-/- rats. Several technical points are worth emphasizing. First, a mismatch between the stent size and the size of the aorta should be avoided. Placing too small a stent can lead to stent malapposition, whereas implantation of a stent that is too large for the aorta can cause overstretch, tearing, and injury of the vessel. Therefore, we recommend using stents between 2.0 and 2.5 mm in diameter, and to keep i...

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of coronary artery disease1. The long-term success of stents, however, can be limited by the occurrence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) that is determined by an excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue within the stent2,3. ISR may require a re-intervention either with coronary artery bypass or re-PCI. A variety of animal models have been suggested for the study of ISR, each of them featuring advantages and shortcomings. The major drawbacks of the most commonly used porcine coronary and rabbit iliac artery models, albeit developing lesions markedly similar to humans after stent implantation4,5, are large animal and housing costs which brings up logistical difficulties especially in long-term studies, as well as limitations in handling and equipment. Furthermore, availability of antibodies to cellular proteins of swine and rabbits is limited. On the other hand, murine models provide the major advantages of high throughput and reproducibility, as well as ease of handling, housing, and therefore cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, a higher number of antibodies are available. However, while apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice have been broadly used for the study of atherosclerosis6,7,8, they are unsuitable for the study of ISR as stents have to be miniaturized to be implanted into mice, potentially changing the stents&#8217; mechanical properties. Moreover, the aortic wall of mice measures between 50 &#181;m in young mice and 85 &#181;m in old mice9, and stents have to be deployed using pressure levels as low as 2 atm, which might lead to malapposition of the stent10. Rats, however, allow for the implantation of commercially available human coronary stents, and demonstrate a vascular healing course similar to larger animals after aortic stent implantation, first reported by Langeveld et al.11. This technique originally required a trans-abdominal access, which necessitated a physical constriction of the aorta to achieve a temporary interruption of blood flow. To avoid the potentially associated vessel injury and inflammatory reactions, the technique was later refined by the introduction of a trans-iliac access, which additionally resulted in a higher survival rate of the animals12.
Because wildtype rats do not develop atherosclerotic lesions13, apoE-/- rats have been generated using nuclease techniques such as Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN)14, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9)15, and Zinc Finger (ZF)16. ApoE-/- rats have been commercially available since 2011. Providing an atherogenic background, apoE-/- rats allow for a more realistic evaluation of human-sized coronary stents, especially with regards to ISR.
Herein, we describe the method via the transfemoral access route and using a commercially available thin-strut cobalt-chromium drug-eluting stent (DES), however, it can also be applied for the study of other stent types, such as bare metal stents (BMS) or biodegradable stents.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Diet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SNIFF High Fat diet + Clopidogrel (15 mg/kg)</td>
			<td>SNIFF Spezialdi&#228;ten GmbH, Soest</td>
			<td>custom prepared</td>
			<td>Western Diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs and Anesthetics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Essex Pharma</td>
			<td>997.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISOFLO (Isoflurane Vapor) vaporiser</td>
			<td>Eickemeyer</td>
			<td>4802885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Forene Abbott</td>
			<td>B 506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution</td>
			<td>DeltaSelect GmbH</td>
			<td>PZN 00765145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer&#39;s lactate solution</td>
			<td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td>3775380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(S)-ketamine</td>
			<td>CEVA Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Medistar Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumable supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>4606108V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>4606027V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene suture</td>
			<td>ETHICON</td>
			<td>N-2719K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Seraflex</td>
			<td>IC 158000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen Eye and Nose Ointment</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>6029009.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Gauze swabs</td>
			<td>Fuhrmann GmbH</td>
			<td>32014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore silk tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1538-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-Alcohol Skin Desinfection Solution</td>
			<td>Antiseptica GmbH</td>
			<td>72PAH200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterican needle 18 G</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>304622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterican needle 27 3/4 G</td>
			<td>B.Braun</td>
			<td>4657705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Paper</td>
			<td>commercially available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps curved x1</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11151-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder Mathieu</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14074-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semken forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11008-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors curved</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14029-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14028-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard pattern forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica MZ9</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controlled heating pad</td>
			<td>Sygonix</td>
			<td>26857617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment for stent implantation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drug-eluting stent Xience 2,25mm x 8mm</td>
			<td>Abbott Vascular USA</td>
			<td>1009544-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guide wire Fielder XT PTCA guide wire: 0.014&#34; x 300cm</td>
			<td>ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD Japan</td>
			<td>AGP140302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inflation syringe system</td>
			<td>Abbott 20/30 Priority Pack</td>
			<td>1000186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue processing and analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% H2O2</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9681</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>K928.1</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsas Azur-Eosin-Methylenblau</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>109204</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphic Drawing Tablet</td>
			<td>WACOM Europe GmbH</td>
			<td>CTL-6100WLK-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti Histofix, Formaldehyd 4% buffered</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>P087</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Technovit 9100</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>12225.K1000</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implantation of human-sized coronary stents into rat abdominal aorta using a trans-femoral access

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of coronary artery disease. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is determined by an excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue within the stent and limits the long-term success of stents. A variety of animal models have been used to elucidate pathophysiological processes underlying in-stent restenosis (ISR), with the porcine coronary and the rabbit iliac artery models being the most frequently used. Murine models provide the advantages of high throughput, ease of handling and housing, reproducibility, and a broad availability of molecular markers. The apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/- ) mouse model has been widely used to study cardiovascular diseases. However, stents must be miniaturized to be implanted into mice, involving important changes of their mechanical and (potentially) biological properties. The use of apoE-/- rats can overcome these shortcomings as apoE-/- rats allow for the evaluation of human-sized coronary stents while at the same time providing an atherogenic phenotype. This makes them an excellent and reliable model to investigate ISR after stent implantation. Here, we describe, in detail, the implantation of commercially available human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access.

This protocol describes stent implantation in the abdominal aorta of rats using a trans-femoral access route (Figure 1). The first central point of this animal model is that it allows for the deployment of human-sized coronary stents. A commercially available crimped and balloon-mounted coronary stent can be placed into the abdominal aorta of rats. Thus, in addition, the same principle of stent deployment as in humans can be applied. Another advantage of the use of rats is the availability o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access at JoVE.com

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

This protocol describes the implantation of human coronary stents into the abdominal aorta of rats with an apoE-/- background using a trans-femoral access. Compared with other animal models, murine models carry the advantages of high throughput, reproducibility, ease of handling and housing, and a broad availability of molecular markers.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...

Research

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Medicine

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