我们感谢安德烈亚斯·拉德布鲁赫的有价值的讨论。我们感谢萨宾Gruczek，帕特里克Thiemann和曼努埃拉Ohde援助与动物护理和罗伯特·冈瑟优秀的技术援助。我们感谢我们训练有素的评价者劳拉OEHME，Jannike巴亚特（Bayat） - Sarmadi，Karolin模特肖像权，卡特琳·罗斯，佛罗伦萨帕什和卡塔琳娜喇叭的组织学样品的评估和兰迪·林德奎斯特的手稿校对。我们感谢J.和N·李，梅奥诊所，斯科茨代尔，亚利桑那州，美国的MBP特异性抗体。 这项工作是支持的DFG HA5354 / 4-1，以JIMI - 一个用于活体显微镜DFG核设施网络补助和TRR130 / TP17和DFG FOR 2165（HA5354 / 6-1），以AEHSZ由国际马克斯·普朗克支持学校传染病和免疫（次展示-IDI），柏林。

动物实验批准动物福利（Landesamt献给GESUNDHEIT UND Soziales，柏林）适当的状态委员会，并按照现行准则和条例（动物实验许可G0194 / 11）进行。 1.产生荧光骨髓嵌合体小鼠注：荧光骨髓嵌合小鼠的产生可视化的骨髓基质细胞被作为9之前所述进行。 <ol><li>开始治疗德尔-酶Cre X ROSA-tdRFP小鼠（小鼠表达串联红色荧光蛋白（tdRFP）无所不在11-13）让他们做好准备的照射。另外，使用任何其他菌株荧光蛋白无处不体现。照射前两天施用新霉素经由饮水1毫克/毫升和1毫克/毫升的维生素（A，D3，E，C）。 </li><li>小鼠照射两次3.8灰色与铯-137伽玛辐照无线瘦3小时的间隔。对于此，将小鼠在适合于各自的照射的照射馅饼笼。 注：对于小鼠的辐射，我们的研究所不需要麻醉。按照有关麻醉照射本地机构的政策。如果有疼痛的迹象的照射后治疗的动物用5mg / kg每天卡洛芬皮下（SC）的。 </li><li>第二天，通过静脉内注射，从长骨的C57BL / 6供体小鼠中转移缓冲器9中制备3×10 6个骨髓细胞重建的小鼠。继续新霉素小鼠和维生素长达2周，在此期间，监测他们的幸福和重量。等待至少4周，以允许免疫系统的重建开始具体实验处理之前（ 例如 ，免疫）9。 </li><li>牺牲老鼠，并把它们放在夹层板，消毒腿用70％乙醇。 EuthanizË小鼠按照当地机构的政策。我们的研究所进行颈椎脱位。 </li><li>使用镊子和剪刀，从大腿取出皮肤。除去肌肉组织以暴露股骨。 Luxate从髋关节和膝关节使用镊子和剪刀的股骨。小心不要折断或切骨。 </li><li>小心地取出剩余的大块肌肉组织和软骨的使用剪刀骨。通过摩擦与实验室棉纸骨除去剩余的肌肉组织。收集的清洗骨头在培养皿用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）。 </li><li>整个修复股骨头骨在4％多聚甲醛（PFA，电子显微镜级）4 - 6小时。 </li><li>放弃PFA和孵化骨头在PBS O / N 10％的蔗糖。第二天，孵化的骨头20％的蔗糖O / N。后的第二天，孵化的骨头30％的蔗糖O / N。 </li></ol> 2. Cryosectioning骨骼注：1后，6 - 24小时，在30％的蔗糖，冷冻骨骼和根据川本的磁带方法14,15冷冻切片它们。 <ol><li>准备一个大烧杯（2000毫升体积）用干冰和丙酮（约2：1的体积比， 例如400毫升无水冰和200毫升丙酮的）下一个通风柜。放置一个小烧杯（150 - 250 ml，此）用己烷内（30 - 50毫升约）。等待混合降温（大约10分钟，直到霜出现在大烧杯中的外侧）。 </li><li>充满超级Cryoembedding中等（SCEM）标记cryomold的¾;小心地将里面挑骨头，直到他们完全沉浸，小心他们不接触模具的边缘。与大钳握住cryomold与刚好接触己烷的表面的模具底部的烧杯中。 <ol><li>让SCEM冻结的外边缘（由不透明度表明，这需要大约15秒）。然后完全放下模具放入正己烷和让它FRE结1 - 2分钟。取出冷冻的样品和包装玻璃纸，然后铝箔（以保护样品，从干燥并避免暴露于光）。储存在-80°C，直到cryosectioning。 </li></ol></li><li>股骨骨头cryosectioning使用标准的切片机切片机和刀片硬组织。 </li><li>设置切片的样品和叶片温度至-24℃。让切割前的切片机内的样品静置约15分钟。 <ol><li>固定样本块与SCEM或最佳切削温度（OCT）中的金属样品架。必要时可以调节该块的方向。修剪的样品，直到骨完全打开和骨髓是可见的。调整部分厚度为7μm（丢弃所述第一部分）。 </li><li>修复了一块川本磁带上使用鹿皮革覆盖的木制压舌板样品块顶部的粘性的一面。接着，切取试样，并打开带，使得该节定位在顶侧。磁带传送到使用镊子载玻片。固定胶带将载玻片用透明胶带。 </li></ol></li><li>让切片干燥至少30分钟，并且将它们存储在-80℃直至使用。存放在塑料载玻片盒与单个幻灯片之间间隔物未染色和未安装的滑动，以避免它们粘在一起。染色并安装幻灯片可以存储长达一个星期在纸板幻灯片文件夹中，在4℃。 </li></ol> 3.图片集<ol><li>按照常理免疫协议9解冻和染色冰冻切片。包括核染色剂， 例如，4&#39;，6二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐（DAPI）的可视化的组织的完整性。 注：色漆，例如用于RFP形象化基质细胞（抗RFP生物素抗体和链霉抗的Alexa Fluor 555），染色嗜酸性粒细胞与大鼠抗主要碱性蛋白（MBP）抗体和抗鼠的Alexa Fluor 647抗体细胞，B细胞用大鼠抗B220-的Alexa Fluor 594抗体和PC用抗κ轻链荧光素异硫氰酸酯（FITC）和抗λ1轻链FITC抗体（染色过程的细节在9中描述）。 </li><li>贴装染色切片：放一滴fluoromount的上部分，然后盖上＃1盖玻片，同时小心避免空气气泡的形成。接着，进行激光扫描共聚焦显微镜用装有适用于染色的激光线的工具。 </li><li>为了记录影像的骨髓造血细胞与使用Wimasis工具间质细胞，应用以下设置自动共定位分析： <ol><li>使用20X物镜和视的708.15 X 708.15微米的场。用于自动分析，保持在2048 X 2048像素（PX）相一致的所有图像的大小，以保持其结果媲美。 </li><li>记录一个通道的基质结构（ 例如， </em&gt; 561 nm激光线），对于核一个信道（ 例如，DAPI，405纳米）和附加信道为所关注的造血细胞（ 如，3路，488/594/633毫微米为嗜酸性粒细胞，B细胞和PC）。 </li><li>用行平均4月16日创纪录的图像。理想的情况下，覆盖整个股部分采取单相邻图像。可替代地，采取从骨髓（骨干以及骨骺）的各个区域不相邻的图片。 注意：要小心，不要产生相邻图像（以避免细胞重叠区域反复分析）之间的重叠。 </li></ol></li><li>将图像保存在显微镜的图像文件格式。检查和，如果需要的话，调整对比度在图像查看器/分析软件的所有通道。 </li><li>每幅图像的文件导出3 .jpg文件：用于DAPI通道（红/绿/蓝（RGB）格式，假彩色编码黄），用于信道间质1 .jpg文件（灰度）和一个.JPG 1 .jpg文件包含文件渠道造血细胞（最大3通道，RGB格式， 例如，FITC（电脑，假颜色：绿色）/的Alexa Fluor 594（B细胞，假的颜色：蓝色）/的Alexa Fluor 647（嗜酸性粒细胞，假的颜色：红色）） 。 </li></ol> 4.自动图像分析<ol><li>使用图像分析工具来执行图像分割，共定位和邻里的分析（见讨论 ）的量化。 </li><li>如果使用Wimasis工具，步骤如下： <ol><li>上传的每个图像3 .jpg文件集具有相同的文件名后加下划线和一个数字，表示图像的类型。 </li><li>使用_1与造血细胞.jpg文件，_2为的DAPI通道，_3为基质通道.jpg文件.jpg文件。例如：Image1_1.jpg（造血细胞），Image1_2.jpg（DAPI通道），并且Image1_3.jpg（基质信道）。通过客户帐户上传图片。 </li><li>对于细胞接触定量通过单击在相应字段中的细胞接触的工具。对于细胞附近的量化，选择单元附近工具，并进入在微米的优选半径附近（这是从该单元的边缘测量）。 </li><li>下载的结果。 注意：该结果被提供为.jpg文件表示的造血细胞，并与所检测的对象的边界的信道间质高​​亮，以及含有该测量对每个图像单一的.csv文件中，除了一个摘要.csv文件即包含所有上传的图片数据。 </li></ol></li><li>从接触测量确定与基质细胞，或红色，绿色，或蓝色的细胞接触的其他造血细胞类型的频率触点（造血细胞（红色，绿色，或蓝色的细胞）的示例中示出代表结果的频率， 图4）。为了确定频率，通过划分每个图像在给定接触计数每幅图像的总细胞计数。 <ol><li>用于与个体小鼠的实验中，总结了所有的图像的总接触计数为单个小鼠和由所有图像的总细胞计数的总和除以它们。 </li></ol></li><li>从附近的测量，确定如在步骤4.3（描述从基质细胞和/或红色，绿色或蓝色中的细胞优选接近其他造血细胞类型的频率的选择的距离内的红色，绿色或蓝色的细胞的频率也看到代表结果， 图4）。 </li></ol> 5.随机模拟骨髓的定位<ol><li>执行的随机细胞定位在模拟上所分析的骨髓组织学图像之前，预先准备了以下文件：由细胞接触工具机，原.jpg文件为DAPI通道和原始.jpg文件所提供的单个的.csv文件为基质的通道。 </li><li>为了进行在一系列图像批量模拟（ 例如，从一个股部分中的所有图像），收集在一个文件夹中的所有原始.jpg文件（_1，_2和_3）和相应的单的.csv文件。 注：模拟工具随机骨髓细胞定位可应要求提供。 </li><li>启动仿真工具，勾选“自动加载图像数据”。 注：该程序会自动读取.csv文件中的细胞计数及平均细胞大小。这些值显示在框“小区号”和“细胞大小AVG”（ 图5A）。 </li><li>输入常用的标签将.csv文件， 即在他们的名字的共同因素。输入应用于批处理模式模拟图像集的数目。 </li><li>加载从基质通道生成.jpg文件（文件名为结束_3）。 </li><li>输入用于产生从DAPI通道掩模设置： <ol><li>勾选“？申请掩模“为DAPI图像转换成二进制掩模10（ - 255范围0）设定阈值。 </li><li>勾选「8位？“勾选”扩张？“，并设置扩张的档次，以5像素。勾选「W /糜烂？“。 </li><li>输入的附近半径（邻域半径），用于模拟图像的分析所需的值。为708.15 X 708.15微米的大小为2048 X 2048像素的图像（像素缩放XY：0.346微米），29像素对应于10微米。 </li></ol></li><li>复选框“使用大津？”用大津算法17自动检测基质结构。 注意：这是一个用于通过接触和附近的工具相同的算法。在所记录的图像和模拟图像的自动分析使用相同的图像分割算法是至关重要的，以保持该数据具有可比性。 </li><li>输入设置为造血细胞，其中ArË模拟为圆形。 注：对于红，绿，和蓝单元的细胞数直接从.csv文件加载（也参见步骤5.6）。 <ol><li>使用仿真工具来计算红，绿和蓝单元的像素的平均直径。确定单个小区作为在图像中不同的细胞类型中像素由每幅图像的总细胞数除以该总面积的平均面​​积。使用的平均面积来计算使用下式的光盘的半径。一倍的半径来确定的平均直径。 </li></ol></li><li>测量所分析的细胞类型与任何图像分析软件，包括对象分割功能的细胞大小分布。确定σ为所有的造血细胞类型（18和图5B）。 注意：由于所记录的细胞的细胞大小分布不被自动图像分析测定，使用高斯分布作为真实分布的近似。吨的宽度他分布曲线由σ描述，并且可针对各种细胞类型完全不同。 （详情请参见图5B）。 <ol><li>从这些测量中，确定了“小区大小截止”：描述仍确认为通过图像分析工具的完整细胞的最小对象像素的直径。 </li></ol></li><li>在图形用户界面（ 图5A）上的各框中输入参数。 <ol><li>进入细胞的大小切断， 即，在模拟允许的最小单元尺寸，如直径在像素。 </li><li>输入σ在像素为红色，绿色和蓝色的细胞（来自步骤5.9）中的细胞大小分布的模拟。 </li><li>检查小节“的面具细胞”中的“删除”复选框。通过此设置，程序就会选择一个新的位置为一个单元，如果它与至少一个像素与掩模的不走区域重叠。勾选「避免细胞重叠？̶1;在小节“细胞排斥”。 </li><li>输入两个细胞在像素的中心之间所允许的最小距离。 注：最小距离需要从所记录的图像来确定。错误地测量最小距离会导致偏见/人工结果记录和模拟图像的对比。 </li><li>重叠的最大面积设定为100％，如果该重叠是由最小距离从中心定义为中心。 </li><li>设置模拟工具1000重复。 </li><li>勾选“自动保存细胞？”保存模拟对象的坐标批为.rect文件（文本格式）的每个图像的所有重复。勾选“自动保存图像？”保存.TIFF文件中为每个模拟图像。输入一个共同的标签保存的文件。 注：“？自动保存细胞”选项可减少模拟运行时间和整体数据的大小，节省了比较实际的模拟IMA时GES。所述.rect文件模拟细胞的坐标保存为矩形，如果需要，可因此被转换成模拟图像。 </li></ol></li><li>通过点击“运行模拟”开始模拟。 注：仿真工具自动生成.csv文件为1000模拟每个图像，其中包括平均接触计数和附近计数为红，绿和蓝单元以红，绿，蓝，和间质细胞的每个组重复模拟。此外，对于所有的这些值，被设置在1000模拟与标准偏差（STD）和平均值的标准误差（SEM）的平均值。 </li><li>确定平均接触频率和一组1,000个模拟图像附近的频率。为此，除以每幅图像的记录细胞计数的平均接触及周边地区计数。比较的频率，以所记录的图像的自动的共定位分析的结果。 </li><li>应用适当的为static根据分析19 stical方法（ 图7中 ，我们使用了双尾Wilcoxon符号秩检验）。 </li></ol>

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Juan Escribano Navarro is affiliated with Wimasis GmbH, Munich, Germany. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

尽管在现代光学成像方法的进步，组织学数据的分析仍经常因缺乏适当的量化工具和方法，或偏颇的分析，重点关注小面积的阻碍。这里介绍的协同方法结合图像分析覆盖整个骨髓区域，自动分割和识别物体的各种造血和间质细胞类型，共定位分析，并通过了新的定做提供的非随机发生的接触最终验证工具设计仿真软件。 整个骨骼包括骨髓组织学一直难以进行，由于各种组?...

由于在显微镜最近快速的技术发展，包括光学成像，整个组织的范围内的细胞的分析已成为免疫学家越来越容易获得。单细胞的悬浮液的表征代表有价值的，不可缺少的方法来了解细胞和分子的功能。然而，该细胞的内它们的（微）-anatomical环境分析对于理解在复杂过程互相协作，如免疫反应的发展各种细胞类型之间的相互作用是必不可少的。 虽然这是相对容易的显微镜，以获得从图像质量信息，但它仍然量化这些数据是一个挑战，部分原因是由于在这个领域的分析方法进行滞后相比，现在有可能在图像采集的事实。许多研究人员仍然依靠耗时在他们的组织学图像手动细胞计数，从而带来了一种偏见之间不同的评价者和其他团体阻碍复制。通常情况下，一个代表图像被选择为强调对细胞的位置或共定位的声明在一个出版物，难以为读者来判断这样的事件的统计相关性。 再加上事实，即图像数据的全部信息内容很少利用，这强调了需要一个更公正，更快速和全面的方法来分析组织的图像。 骨髓是一个复杂的组织，这需要对重要生命功能作为造血在成年脊椎动物的器官。除了 ​​是发源地为造血细胞1,2和打在B淋巴细胞发育3中起重要作用，它也可以作为一个网站，免疫反应引发4和支持成熟，再循环的B细胞5。此外，其在维持我的作用mmunological存储器已经越来越意识到，在过去的十年中，作为多种类型构成免疫记忆细胞已被发现位于那里6-9。 骨髓复杂的组织结构和功能之间的关系仍然难以捉摸。不同于次级淋巴器官，这些组织在宏观室如T和B细胞区，骨髓缺乏明确宏观条块。到目前为止鲜明隔间骨髓由其邻近骨皮质或脉管限定。在骨髓中的多个进程的各个驻地基质细胞群如支持干细胞，B细胞或维护免疫记忆细胞群（如长寿命的浆细胞（PC机），CD4 +和发育的重要性CD8 +记忆T细胞）清楚地表明，存在一定程度的微区室中的骨髓。 <p类=“jove_content”&gt;这些观察导致了不同的显微解剖龛，这是专门在某些功能（干细胞维持，B细胞发育的各个阶段，和维护的免疫记忆）在骨髓中的概念。尽管似乎有一定程度的异质性的服务于不同功能的壁龛中，一些由基质细胞，如CXC趋化因子配体12（CXCL12）或白介素-7（IL-7），所产生的因素是非常重要的组件这几条龛10。在骨髓中的可视化和基质细胞的表征是困难的，因为它们与长而细的树突延伸形成整个骨髓的网络的形态特征，并且缺乏适当的标记，以辨别基质亚群。 目前尚不清楚在何种程度上这些利基相对于它们的细胞和分子构成因素的共同特点n和哪些元素呈现一定的利基独特。除了基质细胞，造血细胞类型已经显示通过提供某些信号的至少一段的壁龛中发挥关键作用。显然，小生组合物的复杂性，需要他们的原位分析，它已成为日益重要的免疫学家和血液科放大对骨髓微， 例如，通过分析其细胞成分之间的空间关系。 这里，一个策略来量化在骨髓中的自动化和无偏方式蜂窝共定位和邻里关系呈现。详细的工作流程，包括嵌合小鼠的产生，窝藏荧光基质细胞和非荧光的造血细胞，制备从脱钙骨，采集覆盖整个骨的共焦图象的组织切片，以及蜂窝C的自动图像分析邻定位及验证/从随机定位由一个模拟工具判别被设置（ 图8）。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1864">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:1200px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Neomycin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">N6386 SIGMA</td>
			<td>Neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate, EU hazard code: GHS08; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Ursovit AD3EC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Serumwerke Bernburg</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>1 ml contains: 50.000 I.E retinyl palmitate,&#160; 5.000 I.E. cholecalciferol, 30 mg tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg ascorbic acid, 1 mg sorbic acid, 200 mg polyoxyl 35 castor oil, 0,5 mg propyl gallate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Transfer buffer (100ml PBS, 1ml 1M HEPES, 50U/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">P4333&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; H3375&#160;&#160; Sigma&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten conjugated to chicken gamma globulin)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Chicken gamma globulin (CGG) 100 mg</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D602-0100</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">20 % Paraformaldehyde solution (EM-grade)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Science Services</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15713</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS05, GHS07, GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">D(+)-Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4621.1</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma.Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">179124 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:365px;">Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">208752 SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>EU hazard codes: GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09; www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek cryomolds (standard)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4557</td>
			<td>25 x 20 x 5 mm; www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Tissue-Tek O.C.T.</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sakura&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">4583</td>
			<td>&#160;www.sakuraus.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s SCEM embedding medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryosection preparation kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Kawamoto&#39;s cryofilm type 2C(9)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Section-Lab, JP</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>http://section-lab.jp/index.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Microtome blade MX35 Premier Plus, Low Profile</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3052835</td>
			<td>L X W: 80 x 8 mm (31.5 x 3.13&#34;), thickness: 0.25 mm (0.01&#34;);www.thermoscientific.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">polyclonal rabbit anti-RFP antibody, biotinylated</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Rockland</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">600-406-379</td>
			<td>www.rockland-inc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Alexa Fluor 555 streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S-32355</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-MBP</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">J. and N. Lee</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from: J. and N. Lee, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ , U.S.A., clone MT-14.7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">goat anti-rat-Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A-21247</td>
			<td>www.lifetechnologies.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-B220 - Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone RA3.6B2, Alexa Fluor 594 from Life Technologies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">mouse anti-l1 light chain -FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone LS136</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">rat anti-k light chain - FITC</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>produced and coupled in-house (DRFZ), clone 187.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">DAPI (4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D9542 SIGMA</td>
			<td>www.sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fluorescent mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">DAKO</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">S3023</td>
			<td>www.dako.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Cover slips (24mm x 24mm x 0.13-0.16 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">H875.2</td>
			<td>www.carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Superfrost slides glasses (75 mm x 25 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">48311-703</td>
			<td>www.vwr.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Laser scanning confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>equipped with laser lines of 405, 488, 561, 594, 633 nm and a 20x/0.8 NA air objective lens; We used a Zeiss LSM710 and Zen 2010 Version 6.0 software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Automated image analysis tools for bone marrow</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Wimasis, Munich</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>The cell contact tool and cell vicinity tool will be made available by Wimasis upon request: www.wimasis.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VC2012 Runtime</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30679</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Simulation tool for random cell positioning</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>available from us, upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:365px;">Image analysis software with image segmentation functions</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>We used Volocity (Perkin Elmer) for measuring cell size distributions of hematopoietic cell types in bone marrow (Figure 5). Alternatives are Definiens Image Analysis (Definiens) or Cell Profiler (free download: http://www.cellprofiler.org)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:365px;">Fiji image analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>free download: http://fiji.sc/Fiji. Fiji was used by trained raters for manual cell count (Figure 3).</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated quantification of hematopoietic cell &#8211; stromal cell interactions in histological images of undecalcified bone

共聚焦显微镜是用于复杂的组织中的多个细胞类型中的定位的分析选择的方法，如骨髓。然而，细胞定位的分析和定量是困难的，因为在许多情况下，它依赖于人工计数，从而轴承引入评价者依赖性偏差和减少间信的风险。此外，它往往是难以判断是否之间从随机定位两个小区的结果的共定位，特别是当细胞类型在它们发生的频率强烈不同。这里，用于蜂窝共定位于骨髓的无偏量化的方法被引入。该协议描述了用于获得全鼠长骨的组织切片，包括骨髓样品制备，以及在染色方案和获得高清晰度图像。分析工作流程从识别造血和非HEMAT的跨越在2维（2D）的骨髓的图像的那些细胞之间的直接接触的量化opoietic细胞类型呈现。这还包括一个邻域分析，以获得关于周围某一细胞类型的细胞微环境的信息。为了评价共定位两种细胞类型是否是随机的细胞定位的光效或反映了细胞间优先关联，一个模拟的工具，它适用于测试这个假设在造血以及基质细胞的情况下，是使用。这种方法不限定于骨髓，并可以扩展到其他组织中，以允许组织学数据的重现性好，定量分析。

切割脱钙骨的冷冻切片与川本磁带方法允许整个骨进行切割作为一个完整的部分，与仍连接到矿化骨内膜区域的骨髓，无论是在骨干以及与骨骺区域其高密度骨小梁（ 图1）。各部分的核染色显示，尽管在制备小裂缝不能完全避免，该正弦和动脉的结构，以及实质的网状网络保持不变。 作为红色荧光嵌合骨髓的免疫荧光染色的一个例子，它的随后的分析中，示出?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell â€“ Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone at JoVE.com

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &amp;#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

造血干细胞的自动定量 - 在脱钙骨的组织学图像间质细胞的相互作用

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. ...

automated-quantification-hematopoietic-cell-stromal-cell-interactions

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

11.4K 次观看.  German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute. A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

视频: Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

Quantification of  Colonic Stem Cell Mutations

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce mutations that potentially lead to cancer. The use of an enzymatic assay to quantify stem cell mutations in the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene has been previously reported.1 This method requires the preparation of frozen sections and incubation of the sectioned tissue with a reaction mixture that yields a blue color if the cells produce functional glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme. If not, the cells appear whitish. We have modified the reaction mixture using Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound (OCT) medium in place of polyvinyl alcohol. This facilitates pH measurement, increases solubilization of the G6PD staining components and restricts diffusion of the G6PD enzyme. To demonstrate that a mutation occurred in a stem cell, the entire crypt must lack G6PD enzymatic activity. Only if a stem cell harbors a phenotypic G6PD mutation will all of the progeny in the crypt lack G6PD enzymatic activity. To identify crypts with a stem cell mutation, four consecutive adjacent frozen sections (a level) were cut at 7 &#181;m thicknesses. This approach of making adjacent cuts provides conformation that a crypt was fully mutated since the same mutated crypt will be observed in adjacent sections. Slides with tissue samples that were more than 50 &#181;m apart were prepared to assess a total of &#62;104 crypts per mouse. The mutation frequency is the number of observed mutated (white) crypts &#247; by the number of wild type (blue) crypts in a treatment group.

We report significant improvements for the reproducible measurement of somatic colonic stem cell mutations after exposure of mice to potential DNA damaging agents.

结肠干细胞突变定量

The ability to measure stem cell mutations is a powerful tool to quantify in a critical cell population if, and to what extent, a chemical can induce ...

科研

发育生物学

Competitive Transplants to Evaluate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fitness

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to reestablish blood cell production for the lifespan of the recipient. This protocol explains how to set up a functional assay to compare the HSC capacities of two different populations of cells, such as bone marrow from mice of two different genotypes, and how to analyze the recipient mice by flow cytometry. The protocol uses HSC equivalents rather than cell sorting for standardization and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. We further discuss different variations to the basic protocol, including serial transplants, limiting dilution assays, homing assays and non-competitive transplants, including the advantages and preferred uses of these varied approaches. These assays are central for the study of HSC function and could be used not only for the investigation of fundamental HSC intrinsic aspects of biology but also for the development of preclinical assays for bone marrow transplant and HSC expansion in culture.

This protocol provides step-by-step guidelines for setting up competitive mouse bone marrow transplant experiments to study hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function without prior purification of stem cells by cell sorting.

竞争性移植评价造血干细胞健身

The gold standard definition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a cell that when transferred into an irradiated recipient will have the ability to ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

从详细的空间表达图谱的动态表达数据的时间排序

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

从人类脐带和胎盘胎儿分离和鉴定间充质干细胞

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

新型乳腺脂肪移植技术可视化血管内皮干细胞的血管生成

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

人类骨髓微环境在小鼠中的生物工程及其通过实时成像的可视化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide suffering from corneal vision loss1. To address the demand for viable human corneas, significant progress in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering has been made2,3,4. These cornea models range from simple monolayer systems to multilayered models, leading to 3D full-thickness corneal equivalents2.
However, the use of a 3D tissue-engineered cornea in the context of in vitro disease models studied to date lacks resemblance to the multilayered 3D corneal tissue structure, function, and the networking of different cell types (i.e., nerve, epithelium, stroma, and endothelium)2,3. In addition, the demand for in vitro cornea tissue models has increased in an attempt to reduce animal testing for pharmaceutical products. Thus, more sophisticated models are required to better match systems to human physiological requirements, and the development of a model that is more relevant to the patient population is absolutely necessary. Given that multiple cell types in the cornea are affected by diseases and dystrophies, such as Keratoconus, Diabetic Keratopathy, and Fuchs, this model includes a 3D co-culture model of primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) from healthy donors and neurons from the SH-SY5Y cell line. This allows us for the first time to investigate the interactions between the two cell types within the human corneal tissue. We believe that this model could potentially dissect the underlying mechanisms associated with the stromal-nerve interactions of corneal diseases that exhibit nerve damages. This 3D model mirrors the basic anatomical and physiological nature of the corneal tissue in vivo and can be used in the future as a tool for investigating corneal defects as well as screening the efficacy of various agents before animal testing.

Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

This protocol describes a novel three-dimensional in vitro model, where corneal stromal cells and differentiated neuronal cells are cultured together to assist in the examination and understanding of the interactions of the two cell types.

角膜组织工程: 人角膜间质神经相互作用的体外模型

Tissue engineering has gained substantial recognition due to the high demand for human cornea replacements with an estimated 10 million people worldwide ...

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

RANKL 小鼠骨髓破骨细胞培养法研究 mTORC1 在破骨细胞形成中的作用

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

Single-Cell Quantification of Protein Degradation Rates by Time-Lapse Fluorescence Microscopy in Adherent Cell Culture

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used approaches to determine protein half-life are either limited to population averages from lysed cells or require the use of protein synthesis inhibitors. This protocol describes a method to measure protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using SNAP-tag fusion proteins in combination with fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. Any protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag can be covalently bound by a fluorescent, cell permeable dye that is coupled to a benzylguanine derivative, and the decay of the labeled protein population can be monitored after washout of the residual dye. Subsequent cell tracking and quantification of the integrated fluorescence intensity over time results in an exponential decay curve for each tracked cell, allowing for determining protein degradation rates in single cells by curve fitting. This method provides an estimate for the heterogeneity of half-lives in a population of cultured cells, which cannot easily be assessed by other methods. The approach presented here is applicable to any type of cultured adherent cells expressing a protein of interest fused to a SNAP-tag. Here we use mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells grown on E-cadherin-coated cell culture plates to illustrate how single cell degradation rates of proteins with a broad range of half-lives can be determined.

This protocol describes a method to determine protein half-lives in single living adherent cells, using pulse labeling and fluorescence time-lapse imaging of SNAP-tag fusion proteins.

粘附细胞培养的时间推移荧光显微镜对蛋白质降解率的单细胞定量研究

Proteins are in a dynamic state of synthesis and degradation and their half-lives can be adjusted under various circumstances. However, most commonly used ...

Clonal Analysis of Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Precursors Using Single Cell Index Sorting Combined with Endothelial Cell Niche Co-culture

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early embryo and the lack of assays that functionally identify the long-term multilineage engraftment potential of individual putative HSC precursors. Here, we describe methodology that enables the isolation and characterization of functionally validated HSC precursors at the single cell level. First, we utilize index sorting to catalog the precise phenotypic parameter of each individually sorted cell, using a combination of phenotypic markers to enrich for HSC precursors with additional markers for experimental analysis. Second, each index-sorted cell is co-cultured with vascular niche stroma from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, which supports the maturation of non-engrafting HSC precursors to functional HSC with multilineage, long-term engraftment potential in transplantation assays. This methodology enables correlation of phenotypic properties of clonal hemogenic precursors with their functional engraftment potential or other properties such as transcriptional profile, providing a means for the detailed analysis of HSC precursor development at the single cell level.

Here we present methodology for the clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem cell precursors during murine embryonic development. We combine index sorting of single cells from the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region with endothelial cell co-culture and transplantation to characterize the phenotypic properties and engraftment potential of single hematopoietic precursors.

单细胞指数分型与内皮细胞小生境联合培养对胚胎造血干细胞前体的克隆分析

The ability to study hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis during embryonic development has been limited by the rarity of HSC precursors in the early ...