The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University for supporting part of this research.

1.功能化多壁碳纳米管<ol><li>使用安全眼镜，手套和白大褂进行通风橱内的整个功能化的步骤。测量24毫升硝酸酸硫酸和8ml使用量筒，然后将它们转移到烧杯中。添加32毫克未处理碳纳米管的成用锡箔容器在分析天平的烧杯中（最终浓度应为1毫克/毫升乙酸的混合物）。 </li><li>第一，保持与在超声波清洗器（浴）下2小时，在室温MWCNT和酸混合物的烧杯中。然后，热和搅拌5小时，在90中的多壁碳纳米管 - 酸溶液 ℃，使用电热板。 </li><li>过滤该CNT悬浮液用0.2微米孔径的PTFE过滤膜置于过滤器保持器，并使用真空来帮助过滤。由部执行过滤部，并使用几个过滤膜（大约1/4 个每部上述混合物的一滤波器）。加水煎煮在过滤过程中，以过滤掉酸溶液，直到混合物的pH值变为大于5。 </li><li>总是打破真空之前被关闭并且不引入任何进入真空系统。用一个锥形烧杯收集废液。 </li><li>倾滤酸到废物容器（发送废液容器到废物处理设施或倾倒入水槽中加入自来水中的至少10倍之前稀释的液体）。 </li><li>传送与保留碳纳米管过滤膜进入蒸发器皿，把餐具放入干燥器（含有约100克硅胶），并创建一个真空环境（留在真空约1小时），进行CNT完成干燥（约24小时）。 <ol><li>刮碳纳米管出谨慎使用抹刀膜和颗粒转移到一个干净的容器。权衡碳纳米管粉末，并贴上标签的容器以供将来使用。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.波罗美国媒体的传输实验<ol><li>制备0.1硅砂酸洗M盐酸溶液。 <ol><li>执行通风柜安全眼镜，手套和白大褂内的所有这些步骤。添加1升去离子水到2L烧瓶中。测量8毫升37％的HCl用量筒。 </li><li>添加盐酸到去离子水仔细。摇瓶认真帮助混合。 </li></ol></li><li>用准备好的HCl溶液洗沙。 <ol><li>重约千克沙子。加入沙子1/3与HCl溶液的瓶中，摇晃瓶两次，以帮助混合，然后沙（每次砂的1/3）的补充休息。 </li><li>摇动烧瓶三次，并留下沙酸30分钟。 </li><li>倒出液体从烧瓶中以酸废物容器和冲洗砂与去离子水的至少8倍。 </li></ol></li><li>与H 2 O 2溶液清洗沙子。 <ol><li>加入700毫升去离子水进用砂的烧瓶然后用量筒测量40毫升30％的H 2 O 2的溶液中。 </li><li>添加H 2 O 2溶液倒入瓶中沙和动摇两次帮助混合。然后添加另一40毫升30％的H 2 O 2溶液3次，直到有160毫升的 H 2 O 2的总在烧瓶中。 </li><li>摇和每次混合溶液和沙子和离开的 H 2 O 2的溶液与砂40分钟以使反应完成。摇动烧瓶，搅拌砂用塑料棒，每10分钟。 </li><li>倾倒出液体倒在水槽和运行自来水30秒。 </li></ol></li><li>冲洗和干燥沙子。 <ol><li>沙冲洗用去离子水至少8次，以摆脱任何解决方案或遗留下来的反应产物。震动和漂洗时，充分搅拌。 </li><li>把烧瓶用冲洗砂放入烘箱（105℃）放置24小时进行干燥，然后使用取砂出炉在柜台烤箱手套，并留下2小时的沙降温。 </li><li>转移干净砂入塑料容器中。标记容器，并放置在适当的货架以准备使用。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.柱实验<ol><li>编制背景的解决方案。 <ol><li>准备适当的背景溶液化学的柱试验。 </li><li>用0.1M的HCl和0.1M的NaOH溶液以调节pH和NaCl盐以达到适当的离子强度为以下实验。 </li></ol></li><li>列选择。 <ol><li>选择直径为2.5厘米和15厘米长的本实验（pH值：5和离子强度：2毫米，在目前的研究中）的玻璃柱中。使用在玻璃柱的两侧的钢网过滤器（0.2毫米）。 </li><li>冲洗连接到列管和与背景溶液填充（或多壁碳纳米管的溶液，直到三通阀，以控制液体流的类型（多壁碳纳米管solution或背景溶液）， 如图1。 </li></ol></li><li>湿包装之列。 <ol><li>称取干净的沙滩上规模，并采取124克干净的沙子为所选列​​的大小。 </li><li>使用高精度蠕动泵。校准泵以实现液体流动2毫升/分。 </li><li>启动泵以填充从底部的柱，直到水位是几个厘米的柱的底部之上的。放大约1/10测量的沙子在一个时间到列，但确保该砂层面不来上述列中的水位。继续水流柱持续保持高于沙子的水平。 </li><li>完全填充后关闭柱帽适当的滤网。 </li><li>允许填充塔流到至少1小时。列的各个参数示于表1中 。 </li></ol></li><li>示踪试验。 <ol><li> S挞柱实验前的多壁碳纳米管的解决方案实验示踪试验。 </li><li>所述三通阀切换到示踪溶液（用食品色示踪剂为20毫克/升），开始实验。 </li><li>收集从柱中流出的样品在每2分钟（ 例如 ，4毫升/在每个采样管样品），使用所连接的级分收集器， 如图1。 </li><li>继续投入了4.32孔隙体积的示踪溶液（ 即溶液通过在沙子填料塔的总空孔空间的4.32倍），这也被称为实验的第一阶段。 </li><li>切换三通阀流到背景溶液（去离子水在示踪实验的情况下）为另一4.32孔体积。 </li></ol></li><li>制备碳纳米管的解决方案。 <ol><li>使分散的，官能化的碳纳米管溶液通过将官能化碳纳米管的15毫克在300毫升烧杯中含有200ml的水溶液（具有所需solutioÑ ​​化学即 ，pH为5和2mM在当前实验条件下的离子强度），并使用超声波均化器的探针置于烧杯（用40％功率输出为15分钟）。混合与另一800毫升同一水溶液的分散碳纳米管溶液达到15毫克/升的多壁碳纳米管的浓度。 </li><li>对于它们的尺寸和官能后的纳米颗粒的形状进行原液的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像分析。 </li></ol></li><li>碳纳米管运输实验。 <ol><li>所述三通阀切换到碳纳米管溶液以启动柱试验。 </li><li>收集从柱中流出的样品在使用所连接的馏分收集器，每2分钟。 </li><li>注入了4.32孔隙体积的碳纳米管溶液（I期实验）。 </li><li>切换三通阀流到另一4.32孔体积，这就是所谓的实验的第二阶段的背景溶液。 </li><li>改变backgro的注入管UND溶液倒入去离子水瓶，并继续流动另一4.32孔体积，这就是所谓的实验的第三阶段（停止泵片刻，以防空气从管的入口之后）。 </li></ol></li><li>样品分析。 <ol><li>传送从馏分收集器的所有管样品成管架。 </li><li>准备一个UV / VIS分光光度计对样品的分析， 即 ，找出所收集的样本的量化的适当的扫描波长。使用400纳米的碳纳米管溶液和333纳米的波长为示踪溶液。 </li><li>扫描所有从柱收集的样品中相I，II和III用反应杯在400nm波长（或一个不同的波长，如果认为更适合于之前的步骤）和存储数据。 </li><li>从分光光度计收集数据并绘制它们与时间或孔体积，以获得的穿透曲线如图所示的有代表性的结果（例如， 图3）。 </li><li>执行使用ζ电分级机流入和流出样品的粒度分析（流体动​​力学直径），并进行了研究，使用扫描电子显微镜都流入和流出样品的可视化。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maynard, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+handling+of+nanotechnology.">Safe handling of nanotechnology.</a> Nature. 444, 267-269 (2006).</li><li>Mauter, M., Elimelech, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+applications+of+carbon-based+nanomaterials.">Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (16), 5843-5859 (2008).</li><li>Darka-Kagy, K., Khodadoust, A. P., Reddy, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactivity+of+aluminum+lactate-modified+nanoscale+iron+particles+with+pentachlorophenol+in+soils.">Reactivity of aluminum lactate-modified nanoscale iron particles with pentachlorophenol in soils.</a> Environ. Eng. Sci. 27 (10), 861-869 (2010).</li><li>Lin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+and+transport+of+engineered+nanomaterials+in+the+environment.">Fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in the environment.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 39 (6), 1896-1908 (2010).</li><li>Petersen, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+release+pathways,+environmental+fate,+and+ecological+risks+of+carbon+nanotubes.">Potential release pathways, environmental fate, and ecological risks of carbon nanotubes.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (23), 9837-9856 (2011).</li><li>Wiesner, M., Bottero, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Environmental nanotechnology. , (2007).</li><li>Klaine, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanomaterials+in+the+environment:+Behavior,+fate,+bioavailability,+and+effects.">Nanomaterials in the environment: Behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects.</a> Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 27 (9), 1825-1851 (2008).</li><li>Wang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+effects+of+four+typical+nanomaterials+on+the+growth+of+Escherichia+coli,+Bacillus+subtilis+and+Agrobacterium+tumefaciens.">Toxicity effects of four typical nanomaterials on the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. 65 (6), 1643-1649 (2012).</li><li>Shen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethyleneimine+mediated+functionalization+of+multi-walled+carbon+nanotubes:+Synthesis+characterization,+and+in+vitro+toxicity+assay.">Polyethyleneimine mediated functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Synthesis characterization, and in vitro toxicity assay.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 113 (8), 3718-3724 (2009).</li><li>Sahithi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymeric+conposites+containing+carbon+nanotubes+for+bone+tissue+engineering.">Polymeric conposites containing carbon nanotubes for bone tissue engineering.</a> Int. J. Biol. Marcomol. 46 (3), 281-283 (2010).</li><li>Petersen, E., Huang, Q., Weber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioaccumulation+of+radio-labeled+carbon+nanotubes+by+Eisnia+Foetida.">Bioaccumulation of radio-labeled carbon nanotubes by Eisnia Foetida.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (8), 3718-3724 (2008).</li><li>Gottschalk, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeled+Enrionmental+concentrations+of+engineered+nanomaterials+for+different+regions.">Modeled Enrionmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials for different regions.</a> Enrviron. Sci. Technol. 43 (24), 9216-9222 (2009).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=et+al.Mobility+of+multiwalled+carbon+nanotubes+in+porous+media.Environ.">et al.Mobility of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in porous media.Environ.</a> Sci. Technol. 43 (21), 8153-8158 (2009).</li><li>Tian, Y., Gao, B., Ziegler, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+mobility+of+SDBS-dispersed+single-walled+carbon+nanotubes+in+saturated+and+unsaturated+porous.">High mobility of SDBS-dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in saturated and unsaturated porous.</a> J. Hazard. Mater. 186 (2-3), 1766-1772 (2011).</li><li>Mattison, N. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+porous+media+grain+size+on+the+transport+of+multi-walled+carbon+nanotubes.">Impact of porous media grain size on the transport of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (22), 9765-9775 (2011).</li><li>Kasel, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limited+transport+of+functionlized+multi-walled+carbon+nanotubes+in+two+natural+soils.">Limited transport of functionlized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in two natural soils.</a> Environ. Pollution. 180, 152-158 (2013).</li><li>Yu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+humic+acid+and+Tween-80+on+behavior+of+decabromodiphenyl+ether+in+soil+columns.">Effects of humic acid and Tween-80 on behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether in soil columns.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. 69 (5), 1523-1528 (2013).</li><li>Jaisi, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+of+single-walled+carbon+nanotubes+in+porous+media:+filtration+mechanisms+and+reversibility.">Transport of single-walled carbon nanotubes in porous media: filtration mechanisms and reversibility.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (22), 8317-8323 (2008).</li><li>Tiraferri, A., Tosco, T., Sethi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+retention+of+microparticles+in+packed+sand+columns+at+low+and+intermediate+ionic+strengths:+experiments+and+mathematical+modeling.">Transport and retention of microparticles in packed sand columns at low and intermediate ionic strengths: experiments and mathematical modeling.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. 63 (4), 847-859 (2011).</li><li>Tian, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+and+transport+of+functionalized+carbon+nanotubes+in+water-saturated+sand+columns.">Deposition and transport of functionalized carbon nanotubes in water-saturated sand columns.</a> J. Hazard. Mater. 213-214, 265-272 (2012).</li><li>Mekonen, A., Sharma, P., Fagerlund, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+mobilization+of+multiwall+carbon+nanotubes+in+quartz+sand+under+varying+saturation.">Transport and mobilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes in quartz sand under varying saturation.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. 71 (8), 3751-3760 (2014).</li><li>Sharma, P., Bao, D., Fagerlund, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+and+mobilization+of+functionalized+multiwall+carbon+nanotubes+in+saturated+porous+media:+effect+of+grain+size,+flow+velocity+and+solution+chemistry.">Deposition and mobilization of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes in saturated porous media: effect of grain size, flow velocity and solution chemistry.</a> Environ. Earth Sci. , (2014).</li><li>Phenrat, T., Lowry, G. V., Hotze, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+aggregation:+challenges+to+understanding+transport+and+reactivity+in+the+environment.">Nanoparticle aggregation: challenges to understanding transport and reactivity in the environment.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 39 (6), 1909-1924 (2010).</li><li>Crist, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+retention+mechanisms+of+colloids+in+partially+saturated+porous+media.">Transport and retention mechanisms of colloids in partially saturated porous media.</a> Vadose Zone J. 4 (1), 184-195 (2005).</li><li>Jaisi, D. P., Elimelech, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-walled+carbon+nanotubes+exhibit+limited+transport+in+soil+columns.">Single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit limited transport in soil columns.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (24), 9161-9166 (2009).</li><li>Corapcioglu, M. Y., Choi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+colloid+transport+in+unsaturated+porous+media+and+validation+with+laboratory+column+data.">Modeling colloid transport in unsaturated porous media and validation with laboratory column data.</a> Water Resour. Res. 32 (12), 3437-3449 (1996).</li><li>Wan, J., Wilson, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloid+transport+in+unsaturated+porous+media.">Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media.</a> Water Resour. Res. 30 (4), 857-864 (1994).</li><li>Wan, J., Wilson, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+the+role+of+the+gas-water+interface+on+the+fate+and+transport+of+colloids+in+porous+media.">Visualization of the role of the gas-water interface on the fate and transport of colloids in porous media.</a> Water Resour. Res. 30 (1), 11-24 (1994).</li><li>Bradford, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+factors+affecting+the+transport+and+fate+of+colloids+in+saturated+porous+media.">Physical factors affecting the transport and fate of colloids in saturated porous media.</a> Water Resour. Res. 38 (12), (2002).</li><li>Bradford, S. A., Torkzaban, S., Walker, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+physical+and+chemical+mechanisms+of+colloid+straining+in+saturated+porous+media.">Coupling of physical and chemical mechanisms of colloid straining in saturated porous media.</a> Water Res. 41 (13), 3012-3024 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

碳纳米管功能化的影响。 正如图2证实了官能化碳纳米管的稳定性，在多壁碳纳米管的溶出量的观察到的差异是由于官能化和特别是由于加入的羧基（-COOH）基团的多壁碳纳米管的表面上（ 图3和4）。在类似的官能化的过程中，氧的存在下通过X射线光电子能谱法14中得到证实。已经较早发现添加表面活性剂的纳米颗粒...

随着在使用不同类型的纳米粒子，以改善一些技术行业，如信息技术，能源，环境科学，医学，国土安全，食品安全，交通纳米技术的最新发展;深入了解纳米颗粒在土壤和地下水的运输和保存的是风险评估，以及工程纳米颗粒1-3环境应用的关键。碳纳米管（CNT）是最产生的碳基纳米颗粒2,4中的一个。碳纳米管是石墨烯的长和圆筒形，其直径典型地低于100nm和50μm的长度为100毫微米的范围内。它们具有独特的性能，这加速了它们的使用在许多应用中，例如电子，光学，化妆品和生物医学技术（ 例如 ，复合材料）5。具有增加的使用，也有一个加强研究ISK到人类接触和作用，对健康以及以下CNT与其他基碳纳米材料的处置对环境的5-8不利的生态影响。 与无表面改性（官能化），CNT是极其疏水并倾向于聚集在水溶液中。官能化碳纳米管可以，但是，保持分散和稳定在水溶液中，并用于生物医学用途，例如药物递送9。这里很重要的是该碳纳米管保持分散和动员，使药物能够在人体10内被递送。另一方面，为了减少对环境的风险，有必要进行研究集中于如何以固定的CNT，以避免其进入含水层和饮用水资源11。最近的研究已经报道CNT的毒性作用在活的生物体以及在CNT的进入和积聚在食物链术语风险对生态系统，因为CNT是难以生物降解5,8。甚至与屏障系统中含有碳纳米管堆填区，有可能对碳纳米管穿过屏障。在这种情况下，碳纳米管会进入地下水和水库地表水体。由于CNT处置法规没有明确定义和传输机制了解甚少，碳纳米管的流动性有更好的了解要制定和设计相应的处理系统12。因此，学习和了解的命运和碳纳米管的多孔介质运输和通常存在于表面上的地下环境中的物理和化学因素的影响是很重要的修改CNT保留。 若干研究已进行了大约的集电极粒度13-15的影响，对纳米颗粒的多孔介质中传输流的晶粒17的速度16，和表面性能。然而，SOLUT效果系统研究离子化学（如pH和离子强度）就可能沉积在集电器表面上仍然有限18-20。另外，物理因素，介质的溶液化学和碳纳米管的表面性质的综合影响是不能很好地理解和不同，在不同的文献。在这项研究中，对于多壁碳纳米管的表面改性的制备方法将用填充有酸清洗石英砂有系统实验室规模的柱显示出沿将被用于研究表面改性的碳纳米管在饱和多孔介质的传输，保留和再活化。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="750">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Name of Material/ Equipments</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">MWCNT</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Cheap Tubes Inc., USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">sku-03040304</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purchased as semi-functionlized powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:183px;">Quartz sand</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Sibelco Nordic, Baskarp, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">B44</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purchased with more than 91% silica sand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">H2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.01833.2500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">95-97% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">HNO3</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.00441.1000</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">70% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.00317.2500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">37-38% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">H2O2</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">23615.248</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">30% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.06404.0500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">99.5% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:183px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">S8045-500G</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">99.99% pur pellets&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Ultrasonic Homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Biologics Inc. Manassas, Virginia</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Model 3000, 0-127-0002</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Operated for fix time interval</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Sonicator (bath)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Kerry Ultrasonic Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1808</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Common bath sonicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Ismantec, Glattbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ISM931</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Work with tygon tubing in the pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:183px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Hach Lange</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">DR500, LPV408.99.0001</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Operate with manual cuvette as well as automated sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Metrohm</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">781</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">pH analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Glass column</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Chromaflex</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">420830-1510</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Column with adjustable cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Fraction collector</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Spectrum Labs Europe</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">CF-2, 124846</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fixed at regular interval of time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Fraction collector tubes</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">212-9599</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">6 ml volume glass tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Hot plate stir</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">SP131320-33</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Adjustable tempurature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Oven</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Elektro Helios</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">259</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">For oven dry of sand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">AE 160</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">For accurate weight</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transport of surface-modified carbon nanotubes through a soil column

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is therefore essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The transport and retention of CNTs in both natural and artificial media have been reported in literature, but the findings widely vary and are thus not conclusive. There are a number of physical and chemical parameters responsible for variation in retention and transport. In this study, a complete procedure of selected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented starting from their surface modification to a complete set of laboratory column experiments at critical physical and chemical scenarios. Results indicate that the stability of the commercially available MWCNTs are critical with their attached surface functional group which can also influence the transport and retention of MWCNT through the surrounding medium.

碳纳米管功能化的影响。 官能化和分散的碳纳米管溶液密封在烧杯以使溶液达到平衡。既没有沉淀也没有聚集在超声处理后的原液观察，作为碳纳米管的流体动力学直径（1619±262纳米）中的溶液中保持相同六个月超声处理（ 图2）。来调查它们的流动性碳纳米管的官能化的效果，两组柱实验使用进行了两个完全官能化和较少官能（如从制造商接收的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column at JoVE.com

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles.

表面修饰碳纳米管通过土柱运输

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

transport-of-surface-modified-carbon-nanotubes-through-a-soil-column

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.4K 次观看.  Nalanda University. Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles. 

视频: Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants

The dependence of some LIBS detection capabilities on lower pulse energies (&lt;100 mJ) and timing parameters were examined using synthetic silicate samples. These samples were used as simulants for soil and contained minor and trace elements commonly found in soil at a wide range of concentrations. For this study, over 100 calibration curves were prepared using different pulse energies and timing parameters; detection limits and sensitivities were determined from the calibration curves. Plasma temperatures were also measured using Boltzmann plots for the various energies and the timing parameters tested. The electron density of the plasma was calculated using the full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the hydrogen line at 656.5 nm over the energies tested. Overall, the results indicate that the use of lower pulse energies and non-gated detection do not seriously compromise the analytical results. These results are very relevant to the design of field- and person-portable LIBS instruments.

LIBS detection capabilities on soil simulants were tested using a range of pulse energies and timing parameters. Calibration curves were used to determine detection limits and sensitivities for different parameters. Generally, the results showed that there was not a significant reduction in detection capabilities using lower pulse energies and non-gated detection.

对脉冲能量和时序参数使用土壤仿制品激光诱导击穿光谱结果依赖

The  dependence of some LIBS detection capabilities on lower pulse energies (&lt;100  mJ) and timing parameters were examined using synthetic silicate ...

科研

化学

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in understanding contaminant mass transport and the ability to decontaminate materials. If a material is contaminated, over time, the transport of highly toxic chemicals (such as chemical warfare agent species) out of the material can result in vapor exposure or transfer to the skin, which can result in percutaneous exposure to personnel who interact with the material. Due to the high toxicity of chemical warfare agents, the release of trace chemical quantities is of significant concern. Mapping subsurface concentration distribution and transport characteristics of absorbed agents enables exposure hazards to be assessed in untested conditions. Furthermore, these tools can be used to characterize subsurface reaction dynamics to ultimately design improved decontaminants or decontamination procedures. To achieve this goal, an inverse analysis mass transport modeling approach was developed that utilizes time-resolved mass spectroscopy measurements of vapor emission from contaminated paint coatings as the input parameter for calculation of subsurface concentration profiles. Details are provided on sample preparation, including contaminant and material handling, the application of mass spectrometry for the measurement of emitted contaminant vapor, and the implementation of inverse analysis using a physics-based diffusion model to determine transport properties of live chemical warfare agents including distilled mustard (HD) and the nerve agent VX.

In this paper, a procedure for quantifying the mass transport parameters of chemicals in various materials is presented. This process involves employing an inverse-analysis based diffusion model to vapor emission profiles recorded by real-time, mass spectrometry in high vacuum.

一个反分析方法化工运输的油漆表征

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in ...

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms of efficiency and sensitivity and to enable multiplexed detection. This form of AFT uses a parallel segmented flow (PSF) column. A PSF column outlet end-fitting consists of 2 or 4 ports, which can be multiplexed to connect up to 4 detectors. The PSF column not only allows a platform for multiplexed detection but also the combination of both destructive and non-destructive detectors, without additional dead volume tubing, simultaneously. The amount of flow through each port can also be adjusted through pressure management to suit the requirements of a specific detector(s). To achieve multiplexed detection using a PSF column there are a number of parameters which can be controlled to ensure optimal separation performance and quality of results; that is tube dimensions for each port, choice of port for each type of detector and flow adjustment. This protocol is intended to show how to use and tune a PSF column functioning in a multiplexed mode of detection.

Here, we present a protocol for the operation and tuning of parallel segmented flow chromatography columns to enable multiplexed detection.

调优并行分段流动列和启用多重检测

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms ...

Curtain Flow Column: Optimization of Efficiency and Sensitivity

Active Flow Technology (AFT) is a form of column technology that increases the separation performance of a HPLC column through the use of a specially purpose built multiport end-fitting(s). Curtain Flow (CF) columns belong to the AFT suite of columns, specifically the CF column is designed so that the sample is injected into the radial central region of the bed and a curtain flow of mobile phase surrounding the injection of solute prevents the radial dispersion of the sample to the wall. The column functions as an 'infinite diameter' column. The purpose of the design is to overcome the radial heterogeneity of the column bed, and at the same time maximize the sample load into the radial central region of the column bed, which serves to increase detection sensitivity. The protocol described herein outlines the system and CF column set up and the tuning process for an optimized infinite diameter 'virtual' column.

Here, we present a protocol for the operation and optimization of Active Flow Technology (AFT) column in Curtain flow (CF) mode for enhanced separation performance.

幕式柱：效率和灵敏度的优化

Active Flow Technology (AFT) is a form of column technology that increases the separation performance of a HPLC column through the use of a specially ...

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

内部自组装脂质颗粒的简易制备碳纳米管稳定

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.

We present the synthesis of an amphiphilic hexayne and its use in the preparation of carbon nanosheets at the air-water interface from a self-assembled monolayer of these reactive, carbon-rich molecular precursors.

碳纳米片在室温下准备

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into ...

Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous solution. In a carbon nanotube/PEO105-PPO70-PEO105 (poloxamer 407) aqueous solution, the amphiphilic poloxamer 407 adsorbs onto the carbon nanotube surfaces and self-assembles into continuous layers, driven by intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules. The addition of 5-methylsalicylic acid changes the self-assembled structure from spherical-micellar to a cylindrical morphology. The fabricated poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube hybrid particles exhibit thermo-responsive structural features so that the density and thickness of poloxamer 407 layers are also reversibly controllable by varying temperature. The detailed structural properties of the poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube particles in suspension can be characterized by small-angle neutron scattering experiments and model fit analyses. The distinct curve shapes of the scattering intensities depending on temperature control or addition of aromatic additives are well described by a modified core-shell cylinder model consisting of a carbon nanotube core cylinder, a hydrophobic shell, and a hydrated polymer layer. This method can provide a simple but efficient way for the fabrication and in-situ characterization of carbon nanotube-based nano particles with a structure-tunable encapsulation.

A method for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with structure-tunable polymeric encapsulation layers and structural characterization using small-angle neutron scattering is presented.

单壁碳纳米管与热可逆嵌段共聚物及表征功能化小角度中子散射

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions.1 These measurements are performed on living biofilms in aqueous medium using source and drain electrodes patterned on a glass surface in a specialized configuration referred to as an interdigitated electrode (IDA) array. A biofilm is grown that extends across the gap connecting the source and drain. Potentials are applied to the electrodes (ES and ED) generating a source-drain current (ISD) through the biofilm between the electrodes. The dependency of electrical conductivity on gate potential (the average of the source and drain potentials, EG = [ED + ES]/2) is determined by systematically changing the gate potential and measuring the resulting source-drain current. The dependency of conductivity on gate potential provides mechanistic information about the extracellular electron transport process underlying the electrical conductivity of the specific biofilm under investigation. The electrochemical gating measurement method described here is based directly on that used by M. S. Wrighton2,3 and colleagues and R. W. Murray4,5,6 and colleagues in the 1980&#39;s to investigate thin film conductive polymers.

A protocol for measuring electrical conductivity of living microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions is presented.

通过活生物膜表征电子传输

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

用聚苯乙烯接枝多壁纳米碳纳米管使自组装和各向异性斑块

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

电化学阻抗谱作为电化学速率常数估计的一种工具

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...