The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University for supporting part of this research.

多層カーボンナノチューブの1機能化<ol><li>安全眼鏡、手袋、白衣を使用して、ヒュームフード内部の全体機能化ステップを実行します。メスシリンダーを用いて24硫酸のml及び硝酸酸の8ミリリットルを測定した後、ビーカーにそれらを転送する。 （最終濃度は酸混合物の1 mg / mlのあるべき）化学天秤でスズ箔コンテナを使用してビーカーに未処理のMWCNT 32mgのを追加します。 </li><li>まず、室温で2時間、超音波洗浄器（浴）にMWCNTと酸混合物でビーカーを保つ。その後、熱と90で5時間のためのMWCNT-酸性溶液をかき混ぜる ホットプレートを用い°C。 </li><li>フィルターホルダー上に置かれ、0.2μmの孔径のPTFEフィルター膜でCNTサスペンションをフィルタリングし、及び濾過を助けるために真空を使用しています。部分によってろ過部分を実行し、いくつかのフィルター膜（1フィルタの部分ごとに上記の混合物の約1/4 回目 ） を使用します。沸騰したお湯を追加します。混合物のpHが5より大きくなるまで濾過処理中に酸性溶液を濾過する。 </li><li>それがオフにされ、真空システムには何も導入しないときは、必ず真空を破る。廃液を収集するためにコニカルビーカーを使用してください。 </li><li>廃棄物容器（廃棄物処理施設に廃棄物容器を送信したり、水道水の少なくとも10倍を加算して、シンクにそれをダンプする前に液体を希釈）中のろ酸を注ぐ。 </li><li> CNTは（約24時間乾燥を完了するための皿を蒸発に保持MWCNTを持つフィルター膜を移し、デシケーターに食器を入れて（シリカゲルの約100グラムが含まれている）と、真空環境を作成します（約1時間で、真空を残す） ）。 <ol><li>慎重にスパチュラを用いて、膜の外にCNTをこすり、きれいな容器に粒子を移す。たMWCNT粉末を秤量し、将来の使用のための容器にラベルを付ける。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.ポロ輸送実験のために、私たちメディア<ol><li>珪砂の酸洗浄のために、0.1M HCl溶液を準備します。 <ol><li>安全眼鏡、手袋、白衣とヒュームフード内のすべてのこれらの手順を実行します。 2Lのフラスコに、1Lの脱イオン水を加える。メスシリンダーを用いて37％HClを8ミリリットルを測定します。 </li><li>慎重に脱イオン水に塩酸を加える。混合を助けるために慎重にフラスコを振る。 </li></ol></li><li>準備されたHCl溶液で砂を洗ってください。 <ol><li>約千グラムの砂を計量。 （砂の1/3毎回）HCl溶液でフラスコに砂の1/3を追加し、砂の残りの部分を追加し、混合を助けるために二回、フラスコを振る。 </li><li>フラスコを3回振って、30分間砂で酸を残す。 </li><li>酸廃液容器にフラスコから液体を注ぎ、脱イオン水で少なくとも8回砂を洗い流してください。 </li></ol></li><li> H 2 O 2溶液を用いて砂を洗ってください。 <ol><li>に脱イオン水700ミリリットルを追加します。砂の入ったフラスコをその後、メスシリンダーを用いて、30％H 2 O 2溶液40mlを測定する。 </li><li>砂を入れたフラスコに、H 2 O 2溶液を加え、混合を助けるために二回振る。フラスコ内の160ミリリットルのH 2 O 2の合計があるまで、30％のH 2 O 2溶液を3回の別の40ミリリットルを加える。 </li><li>振ると溶液と砂を混ぜたびに、反応が完了することを可能にする40分間の砂とH 2 O 2溶液を残す。フラスコを振るとプラスチック棒で10分毎に砂をかき混ぜる。 </li><li>シンクまでの液体をデカントし、30秒間水道水を実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>砂をすすぎ、乾燥させます。 <ol><li>すべてのソリューションを取り除くか、反応生成物の上に残され得るために、少なくとも8倍の脱イオン水で砂を洗い流す。振ると、すすぎ時徹底的にかき混ぜる。 </li><li>乾燥するために24時間オーブン（105℃）にすすいだ砂でフラスコを置き、その後使用してオーブンから砂を取るオーブンミトンとクールダウンするために砂のために2時間カウンターに残す。 </li><li>プラスチック容器にきれいな砂を転送します。コンテナをマークし、使用可能な状態であることが適切な棚に置きます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.列の実験<ol><li>バックグラウンド溶液の調製。 <ol><li>カラム実験のために適切なバックグラウンドの溶液化学を準備します。 </li><li>以下の実験のために適切なイオン強度を達成するために、pHおよびNaClの塩を調整するために、0.1M HClおよび0.1 MのNaOH溶液を使用する。 </li></ol></li><li>列選択。 <ol><li>この実験のために、直径2.5cmと15cmの長さのガラスカラムを選択してください（pH値：5およびイオン強度：現在の研究では2 mm）である。ガラスカラムの両側に鋼メッシュフィルター（0.3 mm）を使用する。 </li><li>列に接続されたチューブをフラッシュし、液体の流れのタイプを制御するために、3方弁までバックグラウンド溶液（またはMWCNTを溶液で満たす（たMWCNTのsolutionまたはバックグラウンド溶液） を図1に示すように。 </li></ol></li><li>列の湿式パッキング。 <ol><li>規模できれいな砂を計量し、選択した列サイズにきれいな砂の124グラムを取る。 </li><li>高精度蠕動ポンプを使用してください。液体の流れの2ml /分を達成するためにポンプを較正する。 </li><li>水位がセンチのカップルの塔の底部を超えるまで下から列を埋めるためにポンプを起動します。列に一度に測定された砂の約1/10を入れたが、砂のレベルがカラム内の水位より上にならないことを確認してください。砂のレベルを超えて滞在する継続的にカラムへの水の流れを継続します。 </li><li>完全な充填後に、適切なフィルターメッシュで列のキャップを閉じます。 </li><li>充填されたカラムは、少なくとも1時間流すことができる。列の個々のパラメータを表1に示す。 </li></ol></li><li>トレーサー試験。 <ol><li> SMWCNTソリューション実験に先立ってトレーサー試験とカラム実験をタルト。 </li><li>実験を開始した（20mg / Lでの食品の色のトレーサーを使用して）トレーサー溶液に三方弁を切り替える。 </li><li>毎2分でカラムから流出サンプルを収集（ すなわち 、4ミリリットル/各サンプリングチューブ内のサンプル） を図1に示すように接続されたフラクションコレクターを使用して。 </li><li>また、実験の第I相と呼ばれている4.32細孔容積（ すなわち 、溶液がカラムを詰め砂の中に全体の空孔空間の4.32倍を渡す）、のためのトレーサー液を注入し続けます。 </li><li>別4.32細孔容積の背景溶液（トレーサー実験の場合のDI水）を流すために三方弁を切り替える。 </li></ol></li><li> MWCNT溶液の調製。 <ol><li>所望solutioで（水溶液200mlを含有する300ミリリットルのビーカーに官能化されたMWCNTの15ミリグラムを配置することによって分散させ、官能化されたMWCNTの溶液を作る化学、すなわち 、pHが5及び2mM現在の実験条件でイオン強度）および15分間40％の電力出力のビーカー（）に入れ超音波ホモジナイザー·プローブを使ったn。を15mg / LのMWCNT濃度を達成するために、同じ水溶液の別の800ミリリットルと分散したMWCNTの溶液を混合する。 </li><li>官能化後にナノ粒子のサイズや形状のためのストック溶液の走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）画像解析を実行する。 </li></ol></li><li> MWCNT輸送実験。 <ol><li>カラム実験を開始するMWCNT溶液に三方弁を切り替える。 </li><li>接続されたフラクションコレクターを使用して、すべての2分でカラムからの流出のサンプルを収集します。 </li><li> 4.32細孔容積のためのMWCNT溶液（I実験の位相）を注入する。 </li><li>実験のフェーズIIと呼ばれる別の4.32細孔容積、バックグラウンド溶液を流す三方弁を切り替える。 </li><li> backgroの注入管を変更実験のフェーズIIIと呼ばれる別の4.32細孔容積、フローを継続する（チューブからの空気の侵入を避けるために、しばらくの間、ポンプを停止した後）、DI水ボトルにウント溶液。 </li></ol></li><li>サンプル分析。 <ol><li>チューブのラックにフラクションコレクターからすべてのチューブのサンプルを転送します。 </li><li>サンプル分析のためのUV / VIS分光光度計を準備し、 すなわち 、収集されたサンプルの定量化のための適切なスキャニング波長を見つける。 MWCNTソリューションとトレーサー液用の333 nmの波長400 nmのを使用してください。 </li><li> I、II、および（前のステップで、より適切であると判断した場合、または異なる波長）400nmの波長でキュベットを使用してIIIとは、データを保存する段階の間にカラムから収集し、すべてのサンプルをスキャンします。 </li><li>分光光度計からのデータを収集し、（例えば、代表的な結果を図に示すように、破過曲線を得るために時間や細孔容積対それらをプロット3）。 </li><li>ゼータサイザーを用いて、流入および流出のサンプルサイズ分析（流体力学的直径）を実行し、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて、流入および流出の両方のサンプルについて研究可視化を行う。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+physical+and+chemical+mechanisms+of+colloid+straining+in+saturated+porous+media.">Coupling of physical and chemical mechanisms of colloid straining in saturated porous media.</a> Water Res. 41 (13), 3012-3024 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

MWCNT機能化の影響 図2は、官能化されたMWCNTの安定性を確認するように、MWCNTの溶出体積で観察された差異は、機能化によるものであり、特に起因たMWCNT（ 図3および図4）の表面にカルボキシル基（-COOH）基の付加である。類似の官能化プロセスでは、酸素の存在は、X線光電子分光法14により確認された。これは、...

そのような情報技術、エネルギー、環境科学、医学、国土安全保障、食の安全、輸送などの業界で多くの技術を向上させるために、ナノ粒子の様々なタイプを使用していますナノテクノロジーの最近の発展に伴い、土壌·地下水中のナノ粒子の輸送および保持の十分な理解は、リスク評価だけでなく、工業ナノ粒子1-3の環境の用途のために重要である。カーボンナノチューブ（CNT）は、ほとんど製造された炭素系ナノ粒子2,4の一つである。 CNTは、一般的には100nm未満の直径と50​​ 100〜500nmの範囲の長さとグラフェンの長い円筒形である。それらは、エレクトロニクス、光学、化粧品、生物医学技術などの多くの用途（ 例えば 、複合材料）5におけるそれらの使用が加速しているユニークな特性を有する。使用の増加と共に、増加したrをもあるヒトの曝露と効果健康にだけでなく、環境5-8にCNTと他の炭素系ナノ材料の処分を以下の不利な生態系影響へISK。 ない表面修飾（非官能化）と、カーボンナノチューブは極めて疎水性であり、水溶液中で凝集する傾向がある。官能基化CNTsは、しかしながら、分散させ、水溶液中で安定であり、そのような薬物送達9のように生物医学的目的のために使用されたままであり得る。ここでは、CNTが分散され、動員されたままであることが不可欠であるので、薬物が人体10内に送達することができる。一方、環境リスクを低減するために、帯水層および飲用水資源11へのそれらの進入を回避するためにCNTを固定化する方法に焦点を当てた研究が必要とされている。最近の研究では、生きている生物にCNTの毒性効果を報告し、またあるので、入ると食物連鎖に蓄積CNTの観点から生態系へのリスクましたCNTは5,8を生分解するのは難しいです。 CNTが障壁を通過することに対してもCNTを含む埋立バリアシステムでは、可能である。このような場合、CNTは、地下水の貯水池や地表水体に入ることができる。 CNT処分規制は十分に定義されていないと、トランスポートメカニズムはよく理解されていないため、CNTの移動性の理解の向上は12適切な処分システムを策定し、設計する必要がある。したがって、CNTの保持を改変運命と多孔質媒体中のCNTの輸送および表面上の地下環境で一般的に存在する物理的および化学的因子の効果を研究し、理解することが重要である。 研究の数は、コレクタ粒径13-15、流量16、及び多孔質媒体中のナノ粒子の輸送上の粒17の表面特性の効果が行われている。 solutの影響に関するしかし、体系的な調査コレクタ表面上に堆積可能でのイオンの化学的性質（例えば、pHおよびイオン強度など）がまだ18-20に限定されている。さらに、組み合わせの物理的要因の影響が、培地の溶液化学、およびカーボンナノチューブの表面特性は、よく理解され、別の文献に変化している。酸洗浄石英砂を充填した体系的な実験室規模のカラムは、トランスポートを調査するために使用され、この研究では、MWCNTの表面修飾のための製造方法は、飽和した多孔質媒体中の表面改質されたCNTの保持及び再移動に沿って実証される。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="750">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Name of Material/ Equipments</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">MWCNT</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Cheap Tubes Inc., USA</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">sku-03040304</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purchased as semi-functionlized powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="148">
			<td height="148" style="height:148px;width:183px;">Quartz sand</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Sibelco Nordic, Baskarp, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">B44</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Purchased with more than 91% silica sand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">H2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.01833.2500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">95-97% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">HNO3</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.00441.1000</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">70% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.00317.2500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">37-38% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">H2O2</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">23615.248</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">30% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1.06404.0500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">99.5% purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:183px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">S8045-500G</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">99.99% pur pellets&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Ultrasonic Homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Biologics Inc. Manassas, Virginia</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Model 3000, 0-127-0002</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Operated for fix time interval</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Sonicator (bath)</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Kerry Ultrasonic Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">1808</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Common bath sonicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Ismantec, Glattbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ISM931</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Work with tygon tubing in the pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:183px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Hach Lange</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">DR500, LPV408.99.0001</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Operate with manual cuvette as well as automated sampling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Metrohm</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">781</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">pH analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Glass column</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Chromaflex</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">420830-1510</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Column with adjustable cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:183px;">Fraction collector</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Spectrum Labs Europe</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">CF-2, 124846</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fixed at regular interval of time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Fraction collector tubes</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">212-9599</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">6 ml volume glass tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Hot plate stir</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">SP131320-33</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Adjustable tempurature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Oven</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Elektro Helios</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">259</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">For oven dry of sand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:183px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:228px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">AE 160</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">For accurate weight</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transport of surface-modified carbon nanotubes through a soil column

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is therefore essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The transport and retention of CNTs in both natural and artificial media have been reported in literature, but the findings widely vary and are thus not conclusive. There are a number of physical and chemical parameters responsible for variation in retention and transport. In this study, a complete procedure of selected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented starting from their surface modification to a complete set of laboratory column experiments at critical physical and chemical scenarios. Results indicate that the stability of the commercially available MWCNTs are critical with their attached surface functional group which can also influence the transport and retention of MWCNT through the surrounding medium.

MWCNT機能化の影響 官能化及びMWCNT分散溶液は、溶液が平衡に達するように、ビーカー中に密封した。超音波処理の6ヶ月（ 図2）のために同じままで、溶液中のMWCNTの流体力学的直径（1619±262 nm）と超音波処理後のストック溶液で観察さもない沈降や凝集がありました。それらの移動度たMWCNTの官能化の効果を調べるために、列2組の実験を使用して...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column at JoVE.com

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles.

土壌カラムを通して表面修飾カーボンナノチューブの輸送

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

transport-of-surface-modified-carbon-nanotubes-through-a-soil-column

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.4K ビュー.  Nalanda University. Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles. 

ビデオ: Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Dependence of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Results on Pulse Energies and Timing Parameters Using Soil Simulants

The dependence of some LIBS detection capabilities on lower pulse energies (&lt;100 mJ) and timing parameters were examined using synthetic silicate samples. These samples were used as simulants for soil and contained minor and trace elements commonly found in soil at a wide range of concentrations. For this study, over 100 calibration curves were prepared using different pulse energies and timing parameters; detection limits and sensitivities were determined from the calibration curves. Plasma temperatures were also measured using Boltzmann plots for the various energies and the timing parameters tested. The electron density of the plasma was calculated using the full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the hydrogen line at 656.5 nm over the energies tested. Overall, the results indicate that the use of lower pulse energies and non-gated detection do not seriously compromise the analytical results. These results are very relevant to the design of field- and person-portable LIBS instruments.

LIBS detection capabilities on soil simulants were tested using a range of pulse energies and timing parameters. Calibration curves were used to determine detection limits and sensitivities for different parameters. Generally, the results showed that there was not a significant reduction in detection capabilities using lower pulse energies and non-gated detection.

土壌模擬を使用したパルスエネルギーおよびタイミングパラメータにレーザー誘起ブレークダウン分光法の結果の依存性

The  dependence of some LIBS detection capabilities on lower pulse energies (&lt;100  mJ) and timing parameters were examined using synthetic silicate ...

化学

An Inverse Analysis Approach to the Characterization of Chemical Transport in Paints

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in understanding contaminant mass transport and the ability to decontaminate materials. If a material is contaminated, over time, the transport of highly toxic chemicals (such as chemical warfare agent species) out of the material can result in vapor exposure or transfer to the skin, which can result in percutaneous exposure to personnel who interact with the material. Due to the high toxicity of chemical warfare agents, the release of trace chemical quantities is of significant concern. Mapping subsurface concentration distribution and transport characteristics of absorbed agents enables exposure hazards to be assessed in untested conditions. Furthermore, these tools can be used to characterize subsurface reaction dynamics to ultimately design improved decontaminants or decontamination procedures. To achieve this goal, an inverse analysis mass transport modeling approach was developed that utilizes time-resolved mass spectroscopy measurements of vapor emission from contaminated paint coatings as the input parameter for calculation of subsurface concentration profiles. Details are provided on sample preparation, including contaminant and material handling, the application of mass spectrometry for the measurement of emitted contaminant vapor, and the implementation of inverse analysis using a physics-based diffusion model to determine transport properties of live chemical warfare agents including distilled mustard (HD) and the nerve agent VX.

In this paper, a procedure for quantifying the mass transport parameters of chemicals in various materials is presented. This process involves employing an inverse-analysis based diffusion model to vapor emission profiles recorded by real-time, mass spectrometry in high vacuum.

塗料中の化学輸送のキャラに逆解析アプローチ

The ability to directly characterize chemical transport and interactions that occur within a material (i.e., subsurface dynamics) is a vital component in ...

Tuning a Parallel Segmented Flow Column and Enabling Multiplexed Detection

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms of efficiency and sensitivity and to enable multiplexed detection. This form of AFT uses a parallel segmented flow (PSF) column. A PSF column outlet end-fitting consists of 2 or 4 ports, which can be multiplexed to connect up to 4 detectors. The PSF column not only allows a platform for multiplexed detection but also the combination of both destructive and non-destructive detectors, without additional dead volume tubing, simultaneously. The amount of flow through each port can also be adjusted through pressure management to suit the requirements of a specific detector(s). To achieve multiplexed detection using a PSF column there are a number of parameters which can be controlled to ensure optimal separation performance and quality of results; that is tube dimensions for each port, choice of port for each type of detector and flow adjustment. This protocol is intended to show how to use and tune a PSF column functioning in a multiplexed mode of detection.

Here, we present a protocol for the operation and tuning of parallel segmented flow chromatography columns to enable multiplexed detection.

パラレル・セグメントフローカラムをチューニングし、多重化された検出のイネーブル化

Active flow technology (AFT) is new form of column technology that was designed to overcome flow heterogeneity to increase separation performance in terms ...

Curtain Flow Column: Optimization of Efficiency and Sensitivity

Active Flow Technology (AFT) is a form of column technology that increases the separation performance of a HPLC column through the use of a specially purpose built multiport end-fitting(s). Curtain Flow (CF) columns belong to the AFT suite of columns, specifically the CF column is designed so that the sample is injected into the radial central region of the bed and a curtain flow of mobile phase surrounding the injection of solute prevents the radial dispersion of the sample to the wall. The column functions as an 'infinite diameter' column. The purpose of the design is to overcome the radial heterogeneity of the column bed, and at the same time maximize the sample load into the radial central region of the column bed, which serves to increase detection sensitivity. The protocol described herein outlines the system and CF column set up and the tuning process for an optimized infinite diameter 'virtual' column.

Here, we present a protocol for the operation and optimization of Active Flow Technology (AFT) column in Curtain flow (CF) mode for enhanced separation performance.

カーテンフローカラム：効率の最適化と感度

Active Flow Technology (AFT) is a form of column technology that increases the separation performance of a HPLC column through the use of a specially ...

Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by Carbon Nanotubes

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion. During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G&#39; bands of CNTs observed in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy.

We report on a smart application of carbon nanotubes for kinetic stabilization of lipid particles that contain self-assembled nanostructures in their cores. The preparation of lipid particles requires rather low concentrations of carbon nanotubes permitting their use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

カーボンナノチューブにより安定化内部自己組織化脂質粒子の簡便な調製

We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled ...

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into defined aggregates in aqueous media and at the air-water interface. In the aggregated state, the oligoynes can then be carbonized under mild conditions while preserving the morphology and the embedded chemical functionalization. This novel approach provides direct access to functionalized carbon nanomaterials. In this article, we present a synthetic approach that allows us to prepare hexayne carboxylate amphiphiles as carbon-rich siblings of typical fatty acid esters through a series of repeated bromination and Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions. The obtained compounds are designed to self-assemble into monolayers at the air-water interface, and we show how this can be achieved in a Langmuir trough. Thus, compression of the molecules at the air-water interface triggers the film formation and leads to a densely packed layer of the molecules. The complete carbonization of the films at the air-water interface is then accomplished by cross-linking of the hexayne layer at room temperature, using UV irradiation as a mild external stimulus. The changes in the layer during this process can be monitored with the help of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy. Moreover, a transfer of the carbonized films onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique has enabled us to prove that they were carbon nanosheets with lateral dimensions on the order of centimeters.

We present the synthesis of an amphiphilic hexayne and its use in the preparation of carbon nanosheets at the air-water interface from a self-assembled monolayer of these reactive, carbon-rich molecular precursors.

室温における炭素ナノシートの作製

Amphiphilic molecules equipped with a reactive, carbon-rich "oligoyne" segment consisting of conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds self-assemble into ...

Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous solution. In a carbon nanotube/PEO105-PPO70-PEO105 (poloxamer 407) aqueous solution, the amphiphilic poloxamer 407 adsorbs onto the carbon nanotube surfaces and self-assembles into continuous layers, driven by intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules. The addition of 5-methylsalicylic acid changes the self-assembled structure from spherical-micellar to a cylindrical morphology. The fabricated poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube hybrid particles exhibit thermo-responsive structural features so that the density and thickness of poloxamer 407 layers are also reversibly controllable by varying temperature. The detailed structural properties of the poloxamer 407/carbon nanotube particles in suspension can be characterized by small-angle neutron scattering experiments and model fit analyses. The distinct curve shapes of the scattering intensities depending on temperature control or addition of aromatic additives are well described by a modified core-shell cylinder model consisting of a carbon nanotube core cylinder, a hydrophobic shell, and a hydrated polymer layer. This method can provide a simple but efficient way for the fabrication and in-situ characterization of carbon nanotube-based nano particles with a structure-tunable encapsulation.

A method for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with structure-tunable polymeric encapsulation layers and structural characterization using small-angle neutron scattering is presented.

小角中性子散乱による熱可逆性ブロック共重合体と特性を持つ単層カーボンナノチューブの機能化

We demonstrate a protocol for single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization using thermo-sensitive PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers in an aqueous ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions.1 These measurements are performed on living biofilms in aqueous medium using source and drain electrodes patterned on a glass surface in a specialized configuration referred to as an interdigitated electrode (IDA) array. A biofilm is grown that extends across the gap connecting the source and drain. Potentials are applied to the electrodes (ES and ED) generating a source-drain current (ISD) through the biofilm between the electrodes. The dependency of electrical conductivity on gate potential (the average of the source and drain potentials, EG = [ED + ES]/2) is determined by systematically changing the gate potential and measuring the resulting source-drain current. The dependency of conductivity on gate potential provides mechanistic information about the extracellular electron transport process underlying the electrical conductivity of the specific biofilm under investigation. The electrochemical gating measurement method described here is based directly on that used by M. S. Wrighton2,3 and colleagues and R. W. Murray4,5,6 and colleagues in the 1980&#39;s to investigate thin film conductive polymers.

A protocol for measuring electrical conductivity of living microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions is presented.

生きているバイオ フィルムにおける電子輸送特性評価

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a free-radical polymerization strategy to enable the modulation of the nanotube surface properties and produce supramolecular self-assembly of the nanostructures. First, a selective hydroxylation of the pristine nanotubes through a biphasic catalytically mediated oxidation reaction creates superficially distributed reactive sites at the sidewalls. The latter reactive sites are subsequently modified with methacrylic moieties using a silylated methacrylic precursor to create polymerizable sites. Those polymerizable groups can address further polymerization of styrene to produce a hybrid nanomaterial containing PS chains grafted to the nanotube sidewalls. The polymer-graft content, amount of silylated methacrylic moieties introduced and hydroxylation modification of the nanotubes are identified and quantified by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The presence of reactive functional groups hydroxyl and silylated methacrylate are confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Polystyrene-grafted carbon nanotube solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) provide wall-to-wall collinearly self-assembled nanotubes when cast samples are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those self-assemblies are not obtained when suitable blanks are similarly cast from analogous solutions containing non-grafted counterparts. Therefore, this method enables the modification of the nanotube anisotropic patchiness at the sidewalls which results into spontaneous auto-organization at the nanoscale.

A procedure for the synthesis of polystyrene-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes using successive chemical modification steps to selectively introduce the polymer chains to the sidewalls and their self-assembly via anisotropic patchiness is presented.

ポリスチレン自己組織を有効にして異方的不均一性と多層カーボンナノ チューブを移植

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

電気化学インピー ダンス分光電気化学定数推定法のためのツールとして

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...