这项工作是由来自杜克 - 新加坡国立大学医学研究生院新加坡吴作栋基础和新加坡NRF奖学金（NRF-NRFF2016-01），以Manvendra K.辛格的资金支持。

所有实验均在杜克 - 新加坡国立大学医学研究生院机构动物护理和使用委员会批准。 1.检索心室胚胎<ol><li>在祭祀用二氧化碳气体供应或其他认可的安乐死方法的安乐死室所需的萌芽阶段（E11.5 E12.5或）一个定时孕鼠。 </li><li>把鼠标放在其解剖台上。消毒用70％乙醇女性的腹部。提起在腹部皮肤，使一个小切口（1-2厘米），用刀片，然后用双手握住皮肤拉掉，露出腹壁。 </li><li>现在，切开腹壁，露出子宫角。使用无菌镊子抬起子宫角，小心切掉附着于子宫角的脂肪组织和血管。在宫颈切检索子宫。 </li><li>放置子宫角中含有无菌冷的1×磷酸盐的Buff培养皿<html> ERED液（PBS），轻轻冲洗。广场上冰的培养皿。 </li><li>用剪刀通过子宫角（相对到胎盘位于的站点）的中线切割以暴露仍然卵黄囊内，并通过胎盘附着于子宫壁的胚胎。 </li><li>使用无菌镊子，剖开胚胎卵黄囊释放胚胎。 </li><li>放入装有无菌冷1X PBS一个新的培养皿胚胎。斩首胚胎，并将其放置在它的后面。切开胸壁暴露心脏。 </li><li>使用无菌镊子解除心脏和切掉周围的血管从胸壁释放心脏。要特别注意不要用手术工具破坏心脏的外膜。 </li><li>剪掉流出道和两个心房。转移心室与冷1X PBS另一道菜。广场上冰的菜。 </li><li>重复步骤1.6-1.9，直到所有的心室检索。 </li></ol>乐"&gt; 2。心外膜外植体培养注意:这些文化心外膜外植体无论是在玻璃玻片或胶原凝胶下游应用。 <ol><li>玻璃商会幻灯片<ol><li>以制备培养基，10％胎牛血清（FBS），1％青霉素/链霉素和2纳克/ ml重组成纤维细胞生长因子2（FGF2）加入Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基（DMEM）。执行在层流罩中的所有步骤。 </li><li>将500μl培养基添加到8孔腔室的每个孔中。 </li><li>将每个切心室在井的中心。定向心室保持解剖面朝下的阱的底表面上。 </li><li>轻轻的把盘子在37℃，5％ 的 CO 2细胞培养孵化器。 </li><li>保持与最小的干扰文化，让植坚持。心外膜单层的形成可后48-72小时进行观察。 </li><li>对于epicard分化胶质细胞分化成平滑肌细胞，培养的心外膜单层细胞在分化培养基中再6天。为了制备分化培养基，10％FBS，1％青霉素/链霉素和50ng / ml重组转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）添加到DMEM中。 </li><li>更改隔日培养基。 </li></ol></li><li>胶原凝胶<ol><li>准备使用根据制造商的协议的商用3D胶原培养试剂盒在一个96孔板的胶原凝胶。 </li><li>为了制备胶原凝胶的所需体积，用DMEM的5倍和移液器上下混合的胶原溶液的适当的量。该解决方案应该变黄。 </li><li>加入中和液相应的体积和吹打向上和向下以及立即混合。该解决方案将变成粉红色。 </li><li>吸管100微升该混合物到96孔板的每个孔中。放置板在37℃，5％CO 2培养箱中30-60分钟，以人的低的凝胶聚合。 </li><li>添加培养基的200微升上面充分描述的每个。 </li><li>将每个切心室在井的中心。东方心室保持解剖面朝下放在胶原凝胶（心室心尖部应面对实验者）。轻轻把盘子放回细胞培养孵化器。 </li><li>在3天之后，取出心室。把盘子放回另外2天细胞培养孵化器。 </li><li>更改隔日培养基。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.固定和可视化注意:心外膜细胞可以在任一玻璃玻片或胶原凝胶被可视化。 <ol><li>吸出培养基并加入无菌1×PBS中的等体积的洗细胞。 </li><li>加入足够的4％低聚甲醛（PFA），以覆盖细胞。定为10分钟，将细胞在4℃。 </li><li>删除PFA和1X PBST（1X PBS洗具植0.1％的Triton X-100），以透化细胞。 </li><li>具有所需的抗体（ 如的Alexa Fluor 488鬼笔环肽; ZO-1，α微管蛋白和α平滑肌肌动蛋白）免疫染色7。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

这是关键的发展促进了外膜的研究，以满足在心脏发育和再生心外膜的日益重要的技术。心外膜培养体系带来显著优势心外膜的研究。 分离心外膜细胞的另一种方法是使用荧光激活细胞分选（FACS）。此方法依赖于使用心外膜标记（或荧光蛋白的外膜细胞特异性的转基因表达）的心外膜细胞从其他谱系分离。然而，越来越的证据量表明心外膜标记不是仅仅在外膜表达。例如，T...

实验数据的财富已经说明了外膜影响心脏发育的关键步骤。在开发过程中，所述横隔引起称为proepicardium 1-4间皮细胞丛。从proepicardium细胞然后迁移和信封心肌形成心外膜。在此之后，心外膜细胞的子集经历EMT引起心外膜衍生细胞（EPDCs），该随后侵入心肌的迁徙人口。遗传以及逆转录病毒谱系追踪实验已经证明，EPDCs分化成各种细胞谱系，包括平滑肌细胞，成纤维细胞，内皮细胞和心肌细胞（如有的话）。因此EPDCs显著向冠状脉管和心肌架构1,2,4-9的发展。此外，心外膜是心室致密层10-12的发展至关重要。前面xample Gittenberger德Groot 等人证明了抑制proepicardium的生长导致的缺陷的阵列例如薄心肌，心脏和室间隔形成异常的缺陷循环，其结果，胚胎致死13。从胚胎外膜分泌的旁分泌因子调节心肌细胞的增殖和分化。与此相一致，信号传导途径，如视黄酸（RA），成纤维细胞生长因子（的FGFs）和Wnt /β-catenin的特异性外膜-缺失导致有缺陷的心肌的生长和胚胎致死14-16。 虽然心外膜被认为是在成年心脏静止的，最近的研究已经表明，在发育程序跟随的心脏损伤17,18激活的心外膜。在激活时，将细胞进行快速增殖和EMT导致在EPDC形成。这些细胞表现出capacity以分化成成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞，但不心肌或血管内皮细胞18。此外，EPDCs分泌促血管生成因子，援助在受伤部位的血管形成，从而通过减小梗塞尺寸促进改善心脏功能。由于这些发现，心外膜已经获得了在心血管发育，疾病和再生的研究兴趣。 转基因技术在21世纪革命性的医学研究。随着转基因技术的帮助下，患病小鼠模型代谢和病理生理模仿人类状况已开发成功。然而，在研究这些突变体的外膜细胞行为一直主要是由于早期胚胎死亡的一个挑战。考虑到心外膜在心脏发育和再生发挥的作用显著，我们已经建立了鼠标epicardia 体外培养体系L细胞。这种方法允许心外膜细胞的长期培养和便于心外膜的两个重要的属性的详细研究:其迁移和分化的能力。从小鼠切下的心室可以在其可以被用来进行迁移测定胶原凝胶中培养。在复制层外膜的富含胶原蛋白的细胞外基质更好地概括了体内细胞生理学3D矩阵待培养。或者，它们可以在腔室玻片，以建立一个心外膜单层然后可以用于各种下游应用进行培养。此单层可用于染色为紧密连接蛋白，这将提供在外膜的经历EMT的能力是用于迁移至关重要的见解。此外，分化实验也可以在这些细胞中进行。此外，基因表达模式可以通过从细胞中提取的RNA进行分析，并执行定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR的）。最后，单层也可以与代理后跟一个分子分析来测试潜在治疗处理。放在一起，这个心外膜培养体系为我们提供了机会，可视化和收集这进一步加强了我们对心外膜发展的理解分子数据。 这种方法的另一个期望的特征是，它是简单的，并且不需要复杂的设置。简言之，将胚胎在其中心脏切除E11.5或E12.5以下收获。脑室然后在任胶原凝胶或玻片培养。随后，这些细胞可以被用来进行下行实验。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="708">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Life tech invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">11995065</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin/streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Life tech invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)&#160;</td>
			<td>Life tech invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>10500064</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148-5KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">450-33</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-&#946;1)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">100-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">ZO-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Life tech invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">40-2200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-Tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">T 6074</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">&#945;-smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A 2547</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Phalloidin antibody</td>
			<td>Life tech invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A12379</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Collagen Culture kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td>ECM 675</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">8-well chamber slide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NNU 154534-PK</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Trizol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">15596-018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ViiA 7 Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4453536</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superscript First Strand Synthesis kit</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">11904-018</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro culture of epicardial cells from mouse embryonic heart

During embryogenesis, the epicardial contribution to coronary vasculature development has been very well established. Cells derived from the epicardium differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells that contribute to the formation of coronary vessels. Here we have established an in vitro culture method for embryonic epicardial cells. Using genetic labelling, we have demonstrated that the majority of the migrating cells in our explant culture are of epicardial origin. Epicardial explant cells also retain the expression of epicardial markers (Wt1 and Tbx18). Furthermore, we provide evidence that epicardial explant cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate and differentiate into smooth muscle cells after Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-&#946;1) treatment in a manner indistinguishable from that of epicardial cells in vivo. In conclusion, we provide a novel method for the culture of embryonic epicardial cells, which will help to explore the role of specific genes in epicardial cell biology.

使用该培养协议，主心外膜细胞可以用高纯度的下游应用中分离。培养的细胞能够经历EMT，迁移和分化，正如心外膜细胞在体内做。 为了确定我们的主要心外膜细胞培养的纯度，我们分析Sema3d GFPCre / +生成的心外膜外植体; R26 汤姆/ +胚胎。 Sema3d是早期心脏发育过程中的心外膜?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart at JoVE.com

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

心外膜细胞小鼠胚胎心脏的体外培养

The epicardium is an essential source of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells and paracrine factors that are required for cardiovascular development and regeneration. We describe here a method to culture mouse embryonic epicardial cells.

During embryogenesis, the epicardial contribution to coronary vasculature development has been very well established. Cells derived from the epicardium ...

in-vitro-culture-of-epicardial-cells-from-mouse-embryonic-heart

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

7.3K 次观看.  Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School. The epicardium is an essential source of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells and paracrine factors that are required for cardiovascular development and regeneration. We describe here a method to culture mouse embryonic epicardial cells. 

视频: In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

科研

工程学

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of White Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells with Stable Emission from Exciplexes

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active layer which consists of blue-fluorescent poly(9,9-di-n-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFD) and &#960;-conjugated triphenylamine molecules. This white light emission originates from exciplexes formed between PFD and amines in electronically excited states. A device containing PFD, 4,4&#39;,4&#39;&#39;-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), Poly(ethylene oxide) and K2CF3SO3 showed white light emission with Commission internationale de l&#39;&#233;clairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33, 0.43) and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) of Ra = 73 at an applied voltage of 3.5 V. Constant voltage measurements showed that the CIE coordinates of (0.27, 0.37), Ra of 67, and the emission color observed immediately after application of a voltage of 5 V were nearly unchanged and stable after 300 sec.

The authors present a method for fabricating stable white-light-emitting electrochemical cells utilizing emission from exciplexes formed between a blue-emitting fluorene polymer and aromatic amines.

白的制造发光电化学细胞与来自激发络合物稳定的发射

The authors present an approach for fabricating stable white light emission from polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) having an active ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

用斜角沉积法制备高吸收介质的超薄彩色薄膜

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic glasses (MGs). Despite their amorphous nature, the identification of hyperfine interactions unveils faint structural modifications. For this purpose, we have employed two techniques that utilize nuclear resonance among nuclear levels of a stable 57Fe isotope, namely M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation. The effects of heat treatment upon (Fe2.85Co1)77Mo8Cu1B14 MG are discussed using the results of ex situ and in situ experiments, respectively. As both methods are sensitive to hyperfine interactions, information on structural arrangement as well as on magnetic microstructure is readily available. M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry performed ex situ describes how the structural arrangement and magnetic microstructure appears at room temperature after the annealing under certain conditions (temperature, time), and thus this technique inspects steady states. On the other hand, NFS data are recorded in situ during dynamically changing temperature and NFS examines transient states. The use of both techniques provides complementary information. In general, they can be applied to any suitable system in which it is important to know its steady state but also transient states.

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Here, we present a protocol to describe ex situ and in situ investigations of structural transformations in metallic glasses. We employed nuclear-based analytical methods which inspect hyperfine interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of M&#246;ssbauer spectrometry and nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation during temperature-driven experiments.

结构转换的原位和原位研究方法: 金属玻璃结晶的实例

We demonstrate the use of two nuclear-based analytical methods that can follow the modifications of microstructural arrangement of iron-based metallic ...

Label-Free Imaging of Single Proteins Secreted from Living Cells via iSCAT Microscopy

We demonstrate interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, a method capable of detecting single unlabeled proteins secreted from individual living cells in real time. In this protocol, we cover the fundamental steps to realize an iSCAT microscope and complement it with additional imaging channels to monitor the viability of a cell under study. Following this, we use the method for real-time detection of single proteins as they are secreted from a living cell which we demonstrate with an immortalized B-cell line (Laz388). Necessary steps concerning the preparation of microscope and sample as well as the analysis of the recorded data are discussed. The video protocol demonstrates that iSCAT microscopy offers a straightforward method to study secretion at the single-molecule level.

We present a protocol for the real-time optical detection of single unlabeled proteins as they are secreted from living cells. This is based on interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, which can be applied to a variety of different biological systems and configurations.

通过 iscat 显微镜对活细胞分泌的单一蛋白质进行无标签成像

We demonstrate interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy, a method capable of detecting single unlabeled proteins secreted from individual living ...

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, wound healing, root canal treatment, etc., forming a new research field named plasma medicine. Being a mixture of electrical, chemical, and biological reactive species, CAPs have shown their abilities to enhance nerve stem cells differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and are becoming a promising way for neurological disease treatment in the future. The much more exciting news is that using CAPs may realize one-step, and safely directed, differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) for tissue transportation. We demonstrate here the detailed experimental protocol of using a self-made CAP jet device to enhance NSC differentiation in C17.2-NSCs and primary rat neural stem cells, as well as observing the cell fate by inverted and fluorescence microscopy. With the help of immunofluorescence staining technology, we found both the NSCs showed an accelerated differential rate than the untreated group, and ~75% of the NSCs selectively differentiated into neurons, which are mainly mature, cholinergic, and motor neurons.

Nerve Stem Cell Differentiation by a One-step Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment In Vitro

This protocol aims to provide detailed experimental steps of a cold atmospheric plasma treatment on neural stem cells and immunofluorescence detection for differentiation enhancement.

一步冷常压等离子体体外处理神经干细胞分化

As the development of physical plasma technology, cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) have been widely investigated in decontamination, cancer treatment, ...