这项研究得到了荷兰科学研究组织 (NWO) (VENI 016.146.079) 的支持, 还有一个 LUMC 研究金与 AMS, LUMC Bontius Stichting (MJG)。

所有人体组织标本的实验均由莱顿大学医学中心伦理委员会批准, 并符合赫尔辛基宣言。所有步骤都用无菌设备在细胞培养流柜中进行。
1. 筹备工作
<ol><li>在1:1 的比例下, 将 Dulbecco 修饰的鹰培养基 (DMEM 低葡萄糖) 和中 199 (M199) 混合, 制备 EPDC 培养基。添加10% 热灭活胎牛血清 (血清, 热灭活25分钟在56摄氏度), 并补充 100 U/毫升青霉素和100毫克/毫升链霉素。预热的 EPDC 介质在37°c 水浴。</li>
	<li>预热胰蛋白酶 0.25%/EDTA (1:1) 在37°c 水浴。</li>
	<li>用明胶涂水井。将0.1% 的明胶/PBS 添加到每一个井中, 在37摄氏度时至少15分钟孵化出板材。在表 1中总结了所需的单元格区域性板的准则。在电镀细胞之前小心地去除所有液体。</li>
	<li>准备一个10毫米 SB431542 (锑) 的库存溶液, 稀释在亚砜 (谨慎)。使50µL 整除数在锥形底部聚丙烯离心管, 如离心管, 并存储在-20 摄氏度。请注意, 某人整除数只能解冻一次。</li>
</ol>2. 成人和胎儿心脏标本的检索和贮存
<ol><li>在50毫升的15毫升高葡萄糖 DMEM 的外科手术中, 直接储存成人耳部, 含10% 只血清, 100 毫升青霉素, 100 毫克/毫升链霉素, 4 摄氏度。标本一般 3-5 厘米的大小, 可以储存最多48小时后解剖。</li>
	<li>储存胎儿心脏从选择性流产材料获得的 EPDC 培养基在4°c, 24 小时后隔离。对于本协议, 请在 12-22 周之间使用妊娠期样本。请注意, 整个心脏可以用来隔离心外膜。</li>
</ol>3. 心外膜层的隔离
<ol><li>在层流柜中, 用 pbs 准备一个100毫米的细胞培养皿, 并在盖子上放置一个单独滴 (~ 200 µL) 的 pbs。填充15毫升管与5毫升预热 EPDC 培养基。</li>
	<li>将组织放在充满 PBS 的细胞培养皿中。在手术过程中要确保组织经常湿润。</li>
	<li>使用显微镜, 从组织样本中取出尽可能多的心外膜层, 用镊子将其剥离。 注意: 心外膜可以被识别为非常薄, 透明的层紧密附着在心脏的外部 (图 1A)。尽量避免与心外膜脂肪组织和血管的污染, 因为这将阻碍隔离。</li>
	<li>在盖上的 PBS 液滴上收集心外膜组织的部分。</li>
	<li>使用手术刀 (图 1B) 将心外膜组织切成小块 (0.5 毫米3), 或者使用小钳的锋利尖。请注意, 这些片断应该能够通过 P1,000 吸管提示 (步骤 3.6)。</li>
	<li>将1毫升的胰蛋白酶加入到心外膜组织中, 用 P1,000 吸管尖端收集切片和胰蛋白酶。将组织转移到1.5 毫升锥形离心管 (图 1C)。</li>
	<li>在37摄氏度的水浴中孵化出10分钟的管子, 同时晃动在60转每分钟。</li>
	<li>从水浴中取出管子, 用70% 乙醇清洗管子的外部。</li>
	<li>允许组织下沉到管的底部 (图 1D), 并小心地将含有心外膜细胞的上清液转移到含有5毫升 EPDC 培养基的15毫升管中, 以使胰蛋白酶失效。</li>
	<li>用1毫升胰蛋白酶补充锥形离心管中剩余的组织, 并通过轻轻吹打上下混合。</li>
	<li>重复步骤3.7 至3.10 两次。在最后一步, 在总共30分钟的胰蛋白酶孵化后, 将上清和其余的心外膜组织转移到含有 EPDC 培养基的管内。</li>
	<li>当所有细胞以 EPDC 培养基收集时, 通过10毫升的注射器轻轻地将悬浮液通过一个19口径的针头插入一个新的15毫升管, 机械地分离细胞 (图 1E)。 注: 在通过针头通过溶液前, 一定要融汇吹打的悬浮液, 以防止针头被堵塞。</li>
	<li>要进一步离解细胞, 重复步骤3.12 与21口径针。</li>
	<li>将100µm 细胞过滤器放在50毫升管的顶部, 用10毫升吸管将含有心外膜细胞的培养基转移到滤网上, 以除去所有剩余的团簇 (图 1F)。</li>
	<li>通过吹打5毫升 EPDC 培养基将过滤器清洗到过滤器上以收集残余细胞。</li>
	<li>吸管细胞悬浮从50毫升管变成15毫升管。由于细胞下沉到管底部, 在吹打前轻轻摇动溶液。 注意: 虽然这一步是不必要的, 一个较小的管有助于可视化颗粒后离心。</li>
	<li>离心机在室温下为 200 x 克5分钟 (图 1G)。</li>
	<li>在 EPDC 介质 (表 1) 的所需卷中, 移除上清和并用重悬单元格颗粒(图 1H)。 注: 对于胎儿 EPDCs, 直接使用含有10µM ALK5 激酶抑制剂 (EPDC + 锑) 的 EPDC 培养基。在第一段中, 成人细胞在没有某人的情况下可以被电镀。</li>
	<li>板上的细胞悬浮在明胶涂层培养板 (图 1I)。井的大小取决于心外膜组织样本的大小 (表 1)。注意低融合会诱发急诊的发生。</li>
	<li>将单元格放在孵化器中至少48小时, 在37摄氏度, 5% CO2 , 以允许单元格附加到培养板上。</li>
</ol>4. EPDCs 文化
<ol><li>至少每3天补充一次 EPDC。</li>
	<li>使用显微镜至少每3天检查一次细胞。当单元格达到融合时,即, 当培养板完全覆盖单元格时, 通过1:2 表面比的单元格。请注意, 到达融合可能需要 5-10 天。<ol>
<li>使用吸管或吸入系统 (如, 例如) 将玻璃吸管吸出介质。</li>
		<li>通过将 PBS 添加到细胞中, 仔细冲洗细胞。轻轻地旋转盘子, 吸入 PBS。</li>
		<li>在盘子里加入胰蛋白酶。用胰蛋白酶轻轻旋转盘子覆盖所有细胞, 在37摄氏度时将板材孵化1分钟。 注: 尽可能少使用胰蛋白酶 (指示: 200 µL 每井6井板)</li>
		<li>轻敲盘子, 机械地从盘子的底部分离出细胞。使用显微镜目视检查细胞是否已分离。如果没有, 孵化细胞培养板多一分钟。</li>
		<li>将所需的 EPDC + 锑培养基添加到细胞中, 并用重悬吹打向上和向下, 并将细胞悬浮液转移到新的明胶涂层培养板上。 注意: 一般情况下, 细胞可以保持在鹅卵石形态, 直至8。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. 在 EPDCs 中诱导急诊医师
<ol><li>为了诱导急诊医师, 将细胞与胰蛋白酶分离, 将细胞转移到 EPDC + 锑培养基中1:2 表面比的新明胶涂层井, 如4所述, 在37摄氏度、5% CO2上孵育至少24小时。</li>
	<li>检查融合是否为 50-70%, 如果 EPDCs 有鹅卵石形态。 注意: 融合影响 EPDCs 接受急诊医师的能力。</li>
	<li>从细胞中吸取培养基, 用 PBS 仔细冲洗细胞 (见步骤 4.2.1-4.2.2)。</li>
	<li>在 EPDC 培养基中刺激 1 TGFβ3/毫升的细胞, 并将它们放在孵化器中37摄氏度, 5% CO2 5 天。注意, 在刺激过程中, 不需要补充含有 TGFβ3的 EPDC 培养基。</li>
	<li>每天监视单元格。5天后, 接受急诊的细胞由纺锤形形态学 (图 2A) 识别。</li>
	<li>培养纺锤形 EPDCs 根据4描述的方法, 不添加某人或 TGFβ到 EPDC 培养基。请注意, 一般情况下, 主轴形状的 EPDCs 可以培养到20通道。</li>
	<li>用抗体对间充质标志物αSMA 或波形或罗丹明检测 F 肌动蛋白应激纤维 (图 2B) 的形成, 或使用 qRT PCR 技术对急诊患者相关基因进行免疫荧光染色, 验证其发生情况 (例如, WT1, Periostin, Col1A1, αSMA, n-钙黏蛋白, MMP3, 蜗牛, 蛞蝓) (图 2C和表 2)。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

在这里, 我们描述了一个详细的协议, 以隔离和培养从人类成年和胎儿心脏的原发性心外膜细胞。这些单元格的广泛描述以前已发布17。我们已经表明, 两种细胞类型可以保持作为上皮鹅卵石样细胞, 当培养与 ALK5 激酶抑制剂 SB431542。在发育和损伤后反应过程中, 急诊急救是心外膜激活的体内的一个组成部分。通过添加 TGFβ, 可以对急诊医师进行研究。重要的是, 我们以前观察...

心外膜, 一个单细胞上皮层, 信封心脏, 是至关重要的心脏发育和修复 (在史密特et 。1). 发育, 心外膜产生于 proepicardial 器官, 一个小结构位于发展的心脏基地。在发展天 E9.5 在老鼠和4星期以后构想在人, 细胞开始从这个花椰菜结构迁移并且包括开发的心肌2。一旦形成单个上皮细胞层, 心外膜细胞的一部分就会进行上皮间质的转移 (急诊室)。在急诊室, 细胞失去了上皮特征, 如细胞粘连, 并获得一个间充质表型, 使他们有能力迁移到发展中的心肌。经形成的心外膜衍生细胞 (EPDCs) 可分化为多种心肌细胞类型, 包括成纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞和潜在心肌细胞和内皮干细胞3, 虽然后两个细胞的分化人口仍需进行辩论 (在史密特等) 中进行审查。4). 此外, 心外膜提供了指导分泌信号的心肌调节其生长和血管化5,6,7,8。多项研究表明, 心外膜形成受损导致心肌发育缺陷9,10, 血管11, 传导系统12, 强调至关重要的心外膜对心脏形成的贡献。
虽然在成人心脏心外膜是存在作为休眠层数, 它在缺血13以后变得激活。心外膜重新激活损伤后概括为心脏发育, 包括增殖和急诊14所描述的几个过程, 尽管效率较低。有趣的是, 虽然确切的机制还没有完全理解, 但通过治疗可以改善心外膜对修复的贡献,例如, 胸腺素β415或修改 VEGF-mRNA16, 从而改善心脏心肌梗死后功能。因此, 心外膜被认为是一个有趣的细胞来源, 以加强内源性修复受伤的心脏。
心脏发育的机制经常概括在损伤期间, 虽然以一种较不有效的方式。为了寻找心外膜激活剂, 我们可以确定和比较胎儿和成人心外膜的全部容量, 这是至关重要的。此外, 从治疗的角度来看, 重要的是, 除了动物实验外, 我们还要对人类心外膜的反应提供知识。在这里, 我们描述了一种方法, 以分离和培养人成体和胎儿心外膜衍生细胞 (EPDCs) 在上皮细胞样的形态学和诱发急诊。本模型旨在探讨和比较成人和胎儿心外膜细胞的行为。
该协议的主要优点是使用了人的心外膜材料, 尚未深入研究。重要的是, 所描述的隔离和细胞培养协议提供了一个统一的方法来获得胎儿和成人鹅卵石 EPDCs, 使这两个细胞来源的直接比较。此外, 由于心外膜是根据其位置隔离的, 因此确保单元格实际上是 epicardially 派生的17。
虽然以前已经建立了人类的 EPDC 隔离方法, 但它们大多依赖于将心脏或心外膜组织镀到细胞培养皿18,19的生长协议。这种方法可以专门为部分丧失其上皮表型的细胞进行移植, 更容易接受自发的急诊急救。在当前的协议中, 心外膜首先被处理成一个单一的细胞溶液, 允许隔离的 EPDCs 保持其上皮状态。因此, 该方法提供了一个固体的体外模型来研究心外膜急诊。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium + GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21885-025</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Medium 199&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31150-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Trypsin 0.25%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Penicillin G sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HP48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Streptomycin sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Roth</td>
			<td>HP66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Trypsin 1:250 from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Serva</td>
			<td>37289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E4884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Gelatin from porcine skin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 6 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>657160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 12 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Corning</td>
			<td>3512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Culture plates 24 well</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">SB 431542</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">102931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">100-1000&#181;L Filtered Pipet Tips</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">10-ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">607180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">5-ml pipet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">606180</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Cell culture dish 100/20 mm</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">664160</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010056</td>
			<td>Or home-made and sterilized</td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Eppendorf tubes 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0030120086</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">15-ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">50-ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>227261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">10 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Needles 19 Gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>301700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Needles 21 Gauge</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>304432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">EASYstrainer Cell Sieves, 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>542000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">TGF&#946;3&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">243-B3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &#945;-Smooth Muscle</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>A2547&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Anti-Mouse Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Pipet P1,000</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F123602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Pipet controller</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">155 015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:379px;">Inverted Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Waterbath</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">GFL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the isolation and culture of primary epicardial cells derived from human adult and fetal heart specimens

心外膜是一种覆盖心肌的上皮细胞层, 在心脏发育过程中, 以及在缺血性损伤后心脏的修复反应中具有重要作用。当激活时, 心外膜细胞经历了称为上皮间质转移的过程, 为再生心肌提供细胞。此外, 心外膜通过分泌基本的分泌因子而做出贡献。为了充分了解心外膜的再生潜能, 需要一个人类细胞模型。在这里, 我们概述了一个新的细胞培养模型, 从人类成年和胎儿心脏组织中提取原发性心外膜衍生细胞 (EPDCs)。为了分离 EPDCs, 心外膜从心脏标本的外部进行解剖, 并处理成单个细胞悬浮。其次, EPDCs 被镀和培养在 EPDC 培养基含有5激酶抑制剂 SB431542 保持其上皮表型。TGFβ刺激诱发急诊。这种方法首次能够在控制的环境中对人心外膜急诊的过程进行研究, 并有助于在 EPDCs 的 secretome 中获得更多的洞察力, 从而有助于心脏再生。此外, 这种统一的方法可以直接比较成人和胎儿的心外膜行为。

在这里, 我们概述了一个简单的协议, 以隔离 EPDCs 从人类成人和胎儿心脏组织 (图 1)。此协议利用心外膜在心脏外部的易于访问的位置 (图 1A)。解剖后的心耳廓染色表明, WT1+ 心外膜被删除, 而基础心外膜下细胞外基质和心肌组织保持不变 (图1J)。以前已经进行了广泛的描述, 表明 EPDCs 表达的心外膜标记,?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens at JoVE.com

The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

心外膜在心脏的发育和修复中起着至关重要的作用, 它为心肌壁提供细胞和生长因子。在这里, 我们描述了一种培养人原发性心外膜细胞的方法, 能够对它们的发育和成人特征进行研究和比较。

人成体和胎心标本中原发性心外膜细胞的分离培养

The epicardium, an epithelial cell layer covering the myocardium, has an essential role during cardiac development, as well as in the repair response of ...

the-isolation-culture-primary-epicardial-cells-derived-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

7.7K 次观看.  Leiden University Medical Center. 心外膜在心脏的发育和修复中起着至关重要的作用, 它为心肌壁提供细胞和生长因子。在这里, 我们描述了一种培养人原发性心外膜细胞的方法, 能够对它们的发育和成人特征进行研究和比较。

视频: The Isolation and Culture of Primary Epicardial Cells Derived from Human Adult and Fetal Heart Specimens

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

从人类骨骼肌成肌原细胞和成纤维细胞的分离和定量免疫细胞化学表征

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

科研

发育生物学

Isolation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Periventricular Region of the Adult Rat and Human Spinal Cord

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of multipotent, self-renewing, and expandable neural stem cells. In serum conditions, these multipotent NSPCs will differentiate, generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The harvested tissue is enzymatically dissociated in a papain-EDTA solution and then mechanically dissociated and separated through a discontinuous density gradient to yield a single cell suspension which is plated in neurobasal medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and heparin. Adult rat spinal cord NSPCs are cultured as free-floating neurospheres and adult human spinal cord NSPCs are grown as adherent cultures. Under these conditions, adult spinal cord NSPCs proliferate, express markers of precursor cells, and can be continuously expanded upon passage. These cells can be studied in vitro in response to various stimuli, and exogenous factors may be used to promote lineage restriction to examine neural stem cell differentiation. Multipotent NSPCs or their progeny can also be transplanted into various animal models to assess regenerative repair.

The adult mammalian spinal cord contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that can be isolated and expanded in culture. This protocol describes the harvesting, isolation, culture, and passaging of NSPCs generated from the periventricular region of the adult spinal cord from the rat and from human organ transplant donors.

从脑室周围地区的成年大鼠和人类脊髓神经分离干/祖细胞

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Zebrafish Brain-derived Neurospheres

The zebrafish is a highly relevant model organism for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and brain regeneration in vertebrates. However, an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish adult neurogenesis has been limited due to the lack of a reliable protocol for isolating and culturing neural adult stem/progenitor cells. Here we provide a reproducible method to examine adult neurogenesis using a neurosphere assay derived from zebrafish whole brain or from the telencephalon, tectum and cerebellum regions of the adult zebrafish brain. The protocol involves, first the microdissection of zebrafish adult brain, then single cell dissociation and isolation of self-renewing multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells. The entire procedure takes eight days. Additionally, we describe how to manipulate gene expression in zebrafish neurospheres, which will be particularly useful to test the role of specific signaling pathways during adult neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in zebrafish.

Here we provide a reproducible method to examine adult neurogenesis using a neurosphere assay derived from the whole brain or from either the telencephalic, tectal or cerebellar regions of the adult zebrafish brain. Additionally, we describe the procedure to manipulate gene expression in zebrafish neurospheres.

分离培养成年斑马鱼脑源性神经球

The zebrafish is a highly relevant model organism for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and brain regeneration ...

Isolation of CD 90+ Fibroblast/Myofibroblasts from Human Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and promotion of the tumor microenvironment. While there are currently many techniques for the isolation of MFs from gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, this protocol introduces a novel element of isolation of these stromal cells from frozen tissue. Freezing GI tissue specimens not only allows the researcher to acquire samples from worldwide collaborators, biobanks, and commercial vendors, it also permits the delayed processing of fresh samples. The described protocol will consistently yield characteristic spindle-shaped cells with the MF phenotype that express the markers CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. As these cells are derived from patient samples, the use of primary cells also confers the benefit of closely mimicking MFs from disease states-namely cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. This technique has been validated in gastric, small bowel, and colonic MF primary culture generation. Primary MF cultures can be used in a vast array of experiments over a number of passage and their purity assessed by both immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis.

Here, a protocol to isolate and establish primary fibroblast/myofibroblast (MF) cultures from frozen gastric, small intestinal, and colonic tissue-yielding cells with a MF phenotype-is presented. These cells express CD90, &#945;-SMA and vimentin. MFs can be used for a variety of functional assays including enzymatic activity and cytokine production.

从人类冷冻胃肠标本分离CD 90+成纤维细胞/肌成纤维细胞


Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and ...

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

心外膜生长培养测定和<em&gt;离体</em&gt;心外膜源性细胞迁移的评估

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

分离和斑马鱼胚胎单细胞的表征

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

从人胎盘组织源分离和间充质干扩张/基质细胞

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust methods for the large-scale production of functional cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that the temporal manipulation of WNT, TGF-&#946;, and SHH signaling pathways leads to highly efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of single-cell passaged hPSC lines in both static suspension and stirred suspension bioreactor systems. Employing this strategy resulted in ~ 100% beating spheroids, consistently containing &#62; 80% cardiac troponin T-positive cells after 15 days of culture, validated in multiple hPSC lines. We also report on a variation of this protocol for use with cell lines not currently adapted to single-cell passaging, the success of which has been verified in 42 hPSC lines. Cardiomyocytes generated using these protocols express lineage-specific markers and show expected electrophysiological functionalities. Our protocol presents a simple, efficient and robust platform for the large-scale production of human cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a robust, fast and scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Cardiomyocytes derived using this large-scale method can provide sufficient cell numbers for their effective use in human cardiovascular disease modeling, high-throughput drug screening, and potentially clinical applications.

从人多能干细胞使用高度可重复的小分子为基础的分化协议心肌细胞规模化生产

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting occurs. Loss of muscle mass and function is associated with muscle fiber type atrophy, fiber type switching, defective muscle regeneration associated with dysfunction of satellite cells, muscle stem cells, and other pathophysiological processes. These changes are associated with changes in intracellular as well as local and systemic niches. In addition to most commonly used rodent models of muscle ageing, there is a need to study muscle homeostasis and wasting using human models, which due to ethical implications, consist predominantly of in vitro cultures. Despite the wide use of human Myogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) and primary myoblasts in myogenesis, there is limited data on using human primary myoblast and myotube cultures to study molecular mechanisms regulating different aspects of age-associated muscle wasting, aiding in the validation of mechanisms of ageing proposed in rodent muscle. The use of human MPCs, primary myoblasts and myotubes isolated from adult and aged people, provides a physiologically relevant model of molecular mechanisms of processes associated with muscle growth, atrophy and regeneration. Here we describe in detail a robust, inexpensive, reproducible and efficient protocol for the isolation and maintenance of human MPCs&#160;and their progeny&#160;&#8212; myoblasts and myotubes from human muscle samples using enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, we have determined the passage number at which primary myoblasts from adult and aged people undergo senescence in an in vitro culture. Finally, we show the ability to transfect these myoblasts and the ability to characterize their proliferative and differentiation capacity and propose their suitability for performing functional studies of molecular mechanisms of myogenesis and muscle wasting in vitro.

This protocol describes a robust, reproducible and simple method of isolation and culture of myoblast progenitor cells from the skeletal muscle of adult and aged people. The muscles used here include foot and leg muscles. This approach enables the isolation of an enriched population of primary myoblasts for functional studies.

制备及文化活动从成年和老年人类骨骼肌成肌前体细胞/成肌细胞主要的

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

从人类脐带和胎盘胎儿分离和鉴定间充质干细胞

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...