从意大利癌症研究协会（AIRC）为MF（MFAG 11676）和MN资金支持（特别节目分子临床肿瘤学 - 5千分数ñ9980，2010/15）和指令意大利教育部，大学和研究FIRB 2011年明尼苏达州（项目RBAPIIBYNP）。

从血浆或血清中分离的microRNA 注意:血浆和血清制剂是循环的miRNA定量的相关步骤。存在用于血浆和血清制备没有优选的程序。唯一要考虑的重要的事情是，所有来自同一实验的样品必须使用完全相同的工作流程进行处理。从200μl的血清或血浆开始。总RNA可以从血清或血浆用市售试剂盒进行分离。 1，协议总RNA（miRNA的包括）隔离<ol><li>在冰上解冻血清/血浆样本。 </li><li> 1毫升裂解试剂（ 如 ，Qiazol加）添加到200微升血清/血浆。 </li><li>涡旋混匀，含在板凳上的匀浆在室温5分钟管。 </li><li>从添加C的合成的miRNA CEL-MIR-39-3p的4.16纳米的解决方案的3微升线虫 。 </li><li>加入200μl氯仿。摇动该管剧烈持续15秒。第广场在室温替补2分钟就电子管。 </li><li>离心机以12,000 xg离心15分钟，在4℃，以获得相分离:上层水相含有的RNA。 </li><li>水相转移到一个新的管，约700微升，避免任何白色相间的材料转移。 </li><li>加入1ml的100％乙醇并通过倒置混合。 </li><li>吸管向上700微升样品放入一个微型旋转柱置于2ml的收集管。盖上盖子，离心机在12000 XG为15秒。丢弃的流量通过。 </li><li>重复使用剩余的样本这一步骤。 </li><li>加入700μlBuffer RWT到微型离心柱，盖上盖子，离心15秒12,000 XG洗列。丢弃的流量通过。 </li><li>吸取500微升缓冲液RPE到微型离心柱。盖上盖子，离心15秒12,000 RPM。丢弃的流量通过。再次重复此步骤。 </li><li>离心全速微型旋转柱2分钟以干燥离心柱从膜残留的乙醇。 </li><li>微型旋转柱转移至新的1.5 ml收集管和移液管35微升不含RNA酶的水在列的膜。 </li><li>离心1分钟以12,000 xg离心以洗脱RNA。 </li><li>储存在-80℃的RNA。 注意:由于RNA浓度不能精确确定的，使用固定的卷作为输入量的量度。 </li></ol> 2.微小RNA反转录<ol><li>解冻的逆转录（RT）试剂混合物成分:5×反应缓冲液，不含核酸酶的水。混合轻轻翻转冰上管和地点。在使用前，立即删除从冰箱中的酶混合物置于冰上。降速所有试剂。 </li><li>如表1中所述制备在冰上对RT试剂混合物。制备至少10％的超过组合。 </li><li>混合吹打反应，然后降速。 </li><li>在42℃孵育60分钟。 </li><li>热灭活的逆向工程＆本身酶为在95℃5分钟。 </li><li>立即冷却至4℃。 </li><li>存放在-20°C的基因。 </li></ol> 3.稀释的cDNA <ol><li>稀需要在无核酸酶的水计划ddPCR反应cDNA模板的量。稀释1:50和1之间的基因反应:500水，取决于目标miRNA的丰度。储存在-20℃下的稀释的cDNA。所述稀释的cDNA被证明为在-20℃至少3个月是稳定的。 </li></ol> 4.产生液滴和PCR 注意:液滴生成应该在8个样品在同一时间内进行。技术重复不是必需的，因为这种技术12,15 .A无模板对照（NTC）的样品应当在每一个板中运行的高再现性，并为每个不同ddPCR条件。 <ol><li>解冻并平衡了主结构（ 例如 ，EvaGreen预混），微小RNA引物和cDNA在室温。 </li><li>混合母液日oroughly通过倒转试管几次。降速所有试剂。 </li><li>如表2中所述制备ddPCR组合。当执行多个ddPCR反应，制备ddPCR混合工作溶液。至少准备10％的超额组合。 </li><li>一旦组装，调匀和降速ddPCR组合。 </li><li>分配12微升ddPCR的混合到96孔PCR板或PCR管。 </li><li>添加8微升稀释的cDNA模板的每个管/孔。 </li><li>将液滴生成墨盒插入支架。 </li><li>转移20微升每种制备的样品，以微滴发生器盒小心，同时避免空气在井的底部的气泡的样品孔（中间行）。 </li><li>用70微升液滴生成油填充每个油井（下排）。 </li><li>钩在盒保持器的垫片和插入液滴发生器。 </li><li>盖上盖子，开始根据液滴代制造商的公关otocol。当液滴的一代已经完成，打开盖子，取出一次性垫圈。盒的顶部孔包含液滴。 </li><li>吸管慢慢，平稳40微升的八个顶部孔（液滴）的内容到一个96孔PCR板中的一列。 </li><li>转移液滴蒸发避免后立即密封带箔的PCR板。使用可刺穿箔片密封件是与液滴读者针相容。 </li><li>密封板30分钟内开始热循环（PCR）。 </li><li>根据表3进行循环协议。 </li></ol> 5.阅读液滴<ol><li>上电液滴读者。 </li><li>从热循环仪，以液滴读者移动板。 </li><li>放置含有PCR后液滴入盘保持器的底部的96孔PCR板。 </li><li>放置在PCR板的板保持器的顶部。用力按下两个释放卡舌到固定支架中的PCR板。 </li><li>开始从系统计算机软件。 <ol><li>单击设置来定义试​​验（绝对定量），然后单击Run启动液滴读数。 </li><li>当液滴阅读完毕后，单击"分析"按钮，打开和分析数据。 </li><li>使用2D振幅积在分析软件来选择阳性微滴（套索工具）（ 图1B）。 </li><li>使用事件选项卡，检查阳性，总滴数。为18,000的总人数 - 21000飞沫通常与probeless ddPCR实现。 </li><li>一旦正液滴被选择，导出使用来自浓度标签导出的.csv选项所述miRNA浓度值。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Arroyo, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Argonaute2+complexes+carry+a+population+of+circulating+microRNAs+independent+of+vesicles+in+human+plasma.">Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108, 5003-5008 (2011).</li><li>Skog, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioblastoma+microvesicles+transport+RNA+and+proteins+that+promote+tumour+growth+and+provide+diagnostic+biomarkers.">Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10, 1470-1476 (2008).</li><li>Vickers, K. C., Palmisano, B. T., Shoucri, B. M., Shamburek, R. D., Remaley, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+are+transported+in+plasma+and+delivered+to+recipient+cells+by+high-density+lipoproteins.">MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 13, 423-433 (2011).</li><li>Braicu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+as+divine+messengers:+are+they+the+Hermes+of+modern+molecular+oncology.">Exosomes as divine messengers: are they the Hermes of modern molecular oncology.</a> Cell Death Differ. 22, 34-45 (2015).</li><li>Creemers, E. E., Tijsen, A. J., Pinto, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+microRNAs:+novel+biomarkers+and+extracellular+communicators+in+cardiovascular+disease.">Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers and extracellular communicators in cardiovascular disease.</a> Circ Res. 110, 483-495 (2012).</li><li>Guay, C., Regazzi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+microRNAs+as+novel+biomarkers+for+diabetes+mellitus.">Circulating microRNAs as novel biomarkers for diabetes mellitus.</a> Nat Rev Endocrinol. 9, 513-521 (2013).</li><li>Schwarzenbach, H., Nishida, N., Calin, G. A., Pantel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+relevance+of+circulating+cell-free+microRNAs+in+cancer.">Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 11, 145-156 (2014).</li><li>Moldovan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodological+challenges+in+utilizing+miRNAs+as+circulating+biomarkers.">Methodological challenges in utilizing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 18, 371-390 (2014).</li><li>Tiberio, P., Callari, M., Angeloni, V., Daidone, M. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+MicroRNA+Biomarker+Studies:+Pitfalls+and+Potential+Solutions.">Circulating MicroRNA Biomarker Studies: Pitfalls and Potential Solutions.</a> Clin Chem. 61, 56-63 (2015).</li><li>Miotto, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+Circulating+miRNAs+by+Droplet+Digital+PCR:+Comparison+of+EvaGreen-+and+TaqMan-Based+Chemistries.">Quantification of Circulating miRNAs by Droplet Digital PCR: Comparison of EvaGreen- and TaqMan-Based Chemistries.</a> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23, 2638-2642 (2014).</li><li>Ferracin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absolute+quantification+of+cell-free+microRNAs+in+cancer+patients.">Absolute quantification of cell-free microRNAs in cancer patients.</a> Oncotarget. , (2015).</li><li>Mangolini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+and+prognostic+microRNAs+in+the+serum+of+breast+cancer+patients+measured+by+droplet+digital+PCR.">Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in the serum of breast cancer patients measured by droplet digital PCR.</a> Biomarker Research. , (2015).</li><li>Hindson, C. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

循环miRNA是存在于血液中的浓度极低，而且可以从血浆和血清样品中提取的RNA的量是低的。因为这个原因，它们难以与其它技术，如微阵列和RNA测序量化。此外，还有在数据归一化的一般化缺乏协议和内源性"参考"微RNA在血液中的存在。在这种情况下，一个灵敏的技术，如微滴数字PCR，能够每毫升血清或血浆，即使非常低的计数的miRNA拷贝数的，是非常有吸引力的。我们配对该技术具有普遍性的cDNA...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are released into blood circulation by potentially all the cells of the organism, as a consequence of active release or necrotic and apoptotic processes. Cell-free miRNAs have been detected in the bloodstream either as free stable molecules or linked to lipoproteins or enveloped inside exosomes and microvesicles 1-3. They are believed to function as cell-to-cell communicators 4, and their amount changes in the presence of cancer, cardiac disorders or autoimmune diseases 5-7. Their accurate and reproducible quantification is the basis for their evaluation as disease biomarkers. However, for several reasons already described elsewhere 8,9, miRNA quantification in serum or plasma, as well as other body fluids, could be very challenging 10,11. We recently developed a method for the absolute quantification of circulating miRNAs, based on miRNA-specific LNA primers and DNA-binding dye droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technology 12. This methodology has been applied to the validation of miRNA breast cancer biomarkers 13,14. 
After the partitioning of each reverse-transcribed miRNA molecule inside a nanoliter-sized droplet, it is possible to count the copy number of each miRNA in each sample, basically counting the number of green, and therefore positive, fluorescent droplets. As soon as a PCR reaction occurs, a positive count is achieved, without the need to establish a standard curve or taking PCR efficiency into account in target amount calculation, as it happens with quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, ddPCR proved to be more sensitive and accurate than RT-qPCR in circulating miRNA quantification 15. In this article we present the detailed protocol of this methodology, discussing the most relevant steps andspecifically considering serum and plasma clinical samples.

<table >
	
		
		
		
		
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >miRNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >217004</td>
			<td >Columns for total RNA, including miRNA, extraction from serum/plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100 nmole RNA oligo Cel-miR-39-3p</td>
			<td >Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td >Custom</td>
			<td >Sequence: UCACCGGGUGUAAAUCAGCUUG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Universal cDNA synthesis kit II, 8-64 rxns</td>
			<td >Exiqon</td>
			<td >203301</td>
			<td >Kit for microRNA reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MicroRNA LNA PCR primer set&#160;</td>
			<td >Exiqon</td>
			<td >204000-206xxx and 2100000-21xxxxx</td>
			<td >Primers for miRNA amplification inside droplets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet generator</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4002</td>
			<td >Instrument used for droplet reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet reader</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4003</td>
			<td >Instrument used for droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QuantaSoft software</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-3007</td>
			<td >Software for data collection and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PX1 PCR plate sealer</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >181-4000</td>
			<td >Plate sealer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DG8 droplet generator cartridges and gaskets</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4008</td>
			<td >Cartridges used to mix sample and oil to generate droplets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 ddPCR EvaGreen supermix</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4033/36</td>
			<td >PCR supermix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet generator oil for EvaGreen dye</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4005</td>
			<td >Oil for droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

circulating microrna quantification using dna-binding dye chemistry and droplet digital pcr

循环微RNA（miRNA）（无细胞的），从细胞释放到血流中。在循环的特定微小RNA的量已与一种疾病状态，并具有被用作疾病的生物标志物的潜力。用于使用基于染料的化学和液滴数字PCR技术循环微RNA定量的灵敏和准确的方法最近已开发。具体而言，使用锁核酸（LNA）为基础的miRNA特异性引物用绿色荧光DNA结合染料在相容的液滴数字PCR系统能够获得特定miRNA的绝对定量。在这里，我们描述了如何执行此技术，以评估在生物流体，例如血浆和血清的miRNA量，是可行和有效的。

可使用绿色荧光DNA结合染料和液滴数字PCR技术来确定每毫升的血浆或血清的特定miRNA的绝对量。 图1表示正极的液滴选择的过程中，它决定了最终的miRNA浓度（拷贝/微升）在由分析软件计算的扩增反应。血液中的每个miRNA的量是非常不同的，是一些miRNA族比其他人更丰富。使用在ddPCR反应1:50稀释的cDNA，可以得到正和负的液滴的足够数量。在正液滴饱和（ 例如...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR at JoVE.com

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

微RNA循环使用定量DNA结合染料化学和液滴的数字PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been ...

circulating-microrna-quantification-using-dna-binding-dye-chemistry

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.5K 次观看.  University of Bologna. A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

视频: Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

High Throughput MicroRNA Profiling: Optimized Multiplex qRT-PCR at Nanoliter Scale on the Fluidigm Dynamic ArrayTM IFCs

The broad involvement of miRNAs in critical processes underlying development, tissue homoeostasis and disease has led to a surging interest among the research and pharmaceutical communities. To study miRNAs, it is essential that the quantification of microRNA levels is accurate and robust. By comparing wild-type to small RNA deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), we revealed a lack of accuracy and robustness in previous published multiplex qRT-PCR techniques. Here, we describe an optimized method, including purifying away excessive primers from previous multiplex steps before singleplex real time detection, which dramatically increases the accuracy and robustness of the technique. Furthermore, we explain how performing the technique on a microfluidic chip at nanoliter volumes significantly reduces reagent costs and permits time effective high throughput miRNA expression profiling.

Here we describe an optimized multiplex reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) protocol in combination with a microfluidic platform as a cost and time effective high-throughput screening tool for microRNA (miRNA) expression levels, especially when working with limited amounts of sample.

高通量微RNA分析:优化复纳升秤定量RT - PCR Fluidig​​m公司动态ArrayTM国际金融中心

The broad involvement of miRNAs in critical processes underlying development, tissue homoeostasis and disease has led to a surging interest among the ...

科研

生物工程

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

荧光检测方法，为微流体液滴平台

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed secondary tumors1,2,3. CTCs are indicators of metastatic disease and their detection in blood samples may be used to diagnose cancer and monitor a patient&prime;s response to therapy. Since CTCs are rare, comprising about one tumor cell among billions of normal blood cells in advanced cancer patients, their detection and enumeration is a difficult task. We exploit the presence of pigment in most melanoma cells to generate photoacoustic, or laser induced ultrasonic waves in a custom flow cytometer for detection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs)4,5. This process entails separating a whole blood sample using centrifugation and obtaining the white blood cell layer. If present in whole blood, CMCs will separate with the white blood cells due to similar density. These cells are resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and introduced into the flowmeter. Rather than a continuous flow of the blood cell suspension, we induced two phase flow in order to capture these cells for further study. In two phase flow, two immiscible liquids in a microfluidic system meet at a junction and form alternating slugs of liquid6,7. PBS suspended white blood cells and air form microliter slugs that are sequentially irradiated with laser light. The addition of a surfactant to the liquid phase allows uniform slug formation and the user can create different sized slugs by altering the flow rates of the two phases. Slugs of air and slugs of PBS with white blood cells contain no light absorbers and hence, do not produce photoacoustic waves. However, slugs of white blood cells that contain even single CMCs absorb laser light and produce high frequency acoustic waves. These slugs that generate photoacoustic waves are sequestered and collected for cytochemical staining for verification of CMCs.

We have developed a flow cytometer using laser induced ultrasound to detect circulating melanoma cells as an early indicator of metastatic disease.

使用光声血流循环黑色素瘤细胞的检测和隔离

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed ...

Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus using Vital-dye Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging

The ability to differentiate benign metaplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus (BE) from neoplasia in vivo remains difficult as both tissue types can be flat and indistinguishable with white light imaging alone. As a result, a modality that highlights glandular architecture would be useful to discriminate neoplasia from benign epithelium in the distal esophagus. VFI is a novel technique that uses an exogenous topical fluorescent contrast agent to delineate high grade dysplasia and cancer from benign epithelium. Specifically, the fluorescent images provide spatial resolution of 50 to 100 &#956;m&#160;and a field of view up to 2.5 cm,&#160;allowing endoscopists to visualize glandular morphology. Upon excitation, classic Barrett&#8217;s metaplasia appears as continuous, evenly-spaced glands and an overall homogenous morphology; in contrast, neoplastic tissue appears crowded with complete obliteration of the glandular framework. Here we provide an overview of the instrumentation and enumerate the protocol of this new technique. While VFI affords a gastroenterologist with the glandular architecture of suspicious tissue, cellular dysplasia cannot be resolved with this modality. As such, one cannot morphologically distinguish Barrett&#8217;s metaplasia from BE with Low-Grade Dysplasia via this imaging modality. By trading off a decrease in resolution with a greater field of view, this imaging system can be used at the very least as a red-flag imaging device to target and biopsy suspicious lesions; yet, if the accuracy measures are promising, VFI may become the standard imaging technique for the diagnosis of neoplasia (defined as either high grade dysplasia or cancer) in the distal esophagus.

Vital-dye enhanced fluorescence imaging (VFI) is a novel in vivo technique that combines high-resolution epithelial imaging with exogenous topical fluorescent contrast to highlight glandular morphology and delineate neoplasia (high grade dysplasia and cancer) in the distal esophagus.

用生命染增强荧光成像瘤在Barrett食管诊断

The ability to differentiate benign metaplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus (BE) from neoplasia in vivo remains difficult as both tissue types can be flat ...

Quantification and Size-profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have witnessed a tremendous increase in interest in EVs. EVs have been shown to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer. In addition, EVs have potential as therapeutic agents, for instance as drug delivery vehicles or as regenerative medicine. Because of their small size (50 to 1,000 nm) accurate quantification and size profiling of EVs is technically challenging.
This protocol describes how tunable resistive pulse sensing (tRPS) technology, using the qNano system, can be used to determine the concentration and size of EVs. The method, which relies on the detection of EVs upon their transfer through a nano sized pore, is relatively fast, suffices the use of small sample volumes and does not require the purification and concentration of EVs. Next to the regular operation protocol an alternative approach is described using samples spiked with polystyrene beads of known size and concentration. This real-time calibration technique can be used to overcome technical hurdles encountered when measuring EVs directly in biological fluids.

Extracellular vesicles play important roles in physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer or as potential therapeutic agents in drug delivery or regenerative medicine. This protocol presents methods for the quantification and size characterization of isolated and non-isolated extracellular vesicles in various fluids using tunable resistive pulse sensing.

定量和大小分析外囊泡的使用可调电阻脉冲检测

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

使用多色荧光检测液滴微流控光纤

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral surface obtained from mechanical testing. This optical method requires a texture of many contrasting fiduciary marks on a solid white background for accurate tracking of surface deformation as loading is applied to the specimen. Immediately prior to testing, the surface of interest in the camera view is painted with a water-based white primer and allowed to dry for several minutes. Then, a black paint is speckled carefully over the white background with special consideration for the even size and shape of the droplets. Illumination is carefully designed and set such that there is optimal contrast of these marks while minimizing reflections through the use of filters. Images were obtained through high speed video capture at up to 12,000 frames/s. The key images prior to and including the fracture event are extracted and deformations are estimated between successive frames in carefully sized interrogation windows over a specified region of interest. These deformations are then used to compute surface strain temporally during the fracture test. The strain data is very useful for identifying fracture initiation within the femur, and for eventual validation of proximal femur fracture strength models derived from Quantitative Computed Tomography-based Finite Element Analysis (QCT/FEA).

In this protocol, the femur surface strains are estimated during fracture testing using the digital image correlation technique. The novelty of the method involves application of a high-contrast stochastic speckle pattern on the femur surface, carefully specified illumination, high speed video capture, and digital image correlation analysis for strain calculations.

基于数字图像相关的骨折检测中股骨皮质应变的估算方法

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral ...

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in medical diagnostics, and for life detection by robotic missions to other planets and moons of the solar system. Currently, sparse bacterial samples are counted by culture plating or epifluorescence microscopy. Culture plates require long incubation times (days to weeks), and epifluorescence microscopy requires extensive staining and concentration of the sample. Here, we demonstrate how to use off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to enumerate bacteria in very dilute cultures (100-104 cells/mL). First, the construction of the custom DHM is discussed, along with detailed instructions on building a low-cost instrument. The principles of holography are discussed, and a statistical model is used to estimate how long videos should be to detect cells, based on the optical performance characteristics of the instrument and the concentration of the bacterial solution (Table 2). Video detection of cells at 105, 104, 103, and 100 cells/mL is demonstrated in real time using un-reconstructed holograms. Reconstruction of amplitude and phase images is demonstrated using an open-source software package.

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy DHM

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a volumetric technique that allows imaging samples 50-100X thicker than brightfield microscopy at comparable resolution, with focusing performed post-processing. Here DHM is used for identifying, counting, and tracking microorganisms at very low densities and compared with optical density measurements, plate count, and direct count.

用数字全息显微镜 (DHM) 定量化低浓度微生物

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.

一种基于液滴的单链 dna 放大术和微球 pcr 扩增法

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and ...

Bulk Droplet Vitrification for Primary Hepatocyte Preservation

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. Vitrification requires extremely fast cooling rates to achieve transition of water into the glass phase while avoiding injurious ice formation. Although pre-incubation with cryoprotective agents (CPA) can reduce the critical cooling rate of biological samples, high concentrations are generally needed to enable ice-free cryopreservation by vitrification. As a result, vitrification is hampered by CPA toxicity and restricted to small samples that can be cooled fast. It was recently demonstrated that these inherent limitations can be overcome by bulk droplet vitrification. Using this novel method, cells are first pre-incubated with a low intracellular CPA concentration. Leveraging rapid osmotic dehydration, the intracellular CPA is concentrated directly ahead of vitrification, without the need to fully equilibrate toxic CPA concentrations. The cellular dehydration is performed in a fluidic device and integrated with continuous high throughput generation of large sized droplets that are vitrified in liquid nitrogen. This ice-free cryopreservation method with minimal CPA toxicity is suitable for large cell quantities and results in increased hepatocyte viability and metabolic function as compared to classical slow-freezing cryopreservation. This manuscript describes the methods for successful bulk droplet vitrification in detail.

This manuscript describes an ice-free cryopreservation method for large quantities of rat hepatocytes whereby primary cells are pre-incubated with cryoprotective agents at a low concentration and vitrified in large droplets.

用于初级肝细胞保存的散装滴滴 Vit;

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. ...

微RNA循环使用定量DNA结合染料化学和液滴的数字PCR

摘要

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此视频中的章节

高通量微RNA分析:优化复纳升秤定量RT - PCR Fluidigm公司动态ArrayTM国际金融中心

荧光检测方法，为微流体液滴平台

使用光声血流循环黑色素瘤细胞的检测和隔离

用生命染增强荧光成像瘤在Barrett食管诊断

定量和大小分析外囊泡的使用可调电阻脉冲检测

使用多色荧光检测液滴微流控光纤

基于数字图像相关的骨折检测中股骨皮质应变的估算方法

用数字全息显微镜 (DHM) 定量化低浓度微生物

一种基于液滴的单链 dna 放大术和微球 pcr 扩增法

用于初级肝细胞保存的散装滴滴 Vit;

微RNA循环使用定量DNA结合染料化学和液滴的数字PCR

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

高通量微RNA分析:优化复纳升秤定量RT - PCR Fluidig​​m公司动态ArrayTM国际金融中心

荧光检测方法，为微流体液滴平台

使用光声血流循环黑色素瘤细胞的检测和隔离

用生命染增强荧光成像瘤在Barrett食管诊断

定量和大小分析外囊泡的使用可调电阻脉冲检测

使用多色荧光检测液滴微流控光纤

基于数字图像相关的骨折检测中股骨皮质应变的估算方法

用数字全息显微镜 (DHM) 定量化低浓度微生物

一种基于液滴的单链 dna 放大术和微球 pcr 扩增法

用于初级肝细胞保存的散装滴滴 Vit;

高通量微RNA分析:优化复纳升秤定量RT - PCR Fluidigm公司动态ArrayTM国际金融中心