Unterstützt von der italienischen Vereinigung der Finanzierung für Krebsforschung (AIRC) zu MF (MFAG 11676) und MN (Special Program Molecular Clinical Oncology -. 5 Promille n 9980, 2010/15) und aus dem italienischen Ministerium für Unterricht, Universitäten und Forschung FIRB 2011 MN (Projekt RBAPIIBYNP).

MicroRNA Isolierung von Plasma oder Serum Hinweis: Plasma und Serum Vorbereitung ist ein bedeutender Schritt in zirkulierenden miRNA Quantifizierung. Es gibt keine bevorzugte Verfahren für Plasma und Serumpräparat. Die einzige wichtige Sache zu prüfen ist, dass alle Proben aus dem gleichen Experiment muss genau den gleichen Workflow verarbeitet werden. Starten von 200 &amp; mgr; l Serum oder Plasma. Gesamt-RNA kann aus Serum oder Plasma unter Verwendung von kommerziell erhältlichen Kits isoliert werden. 1. Das Protokoll für Gesamt-RNA (einschließlich miRNA) Isolierung <ol><li> Thaw Serum / Plasma-Proben auf Eis. </li><li> 1 ml Lysis Reagent (z. B. QIAzol) bis 200 &amp; mgr; l Serum / Plasma. </li><li> Mix von Verwirbelung und legen Sie den Schlauch des Homogenats auf der Bank bei RT für 5 min enthält. </li><li> In 3 ul einer 4,16 nM Lösung des synthetischen miRNA Cel-miR-39-3p von C. elegans. </li><li> In 200 ul Chloroform. Das Röhrchen wird kräftig für 15 Sekunden. Platz the Rohr auf der Bank bei RT für 2 min. </li><li> Zentrifuge für 15 min bei 12000 xg bei 4ºC Phasen Trennung zu erhalten: Die obere wässrige Phase enthält RNA. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die wässrige Phase in ein neues Röhrchen, etwa 700 &amp; mgr; l, vermeiden Übertragung eines weißen Zwischenschichtmaterial. </li><li> 1 ml 100% Ethanol und mischen durch Umdrehen. </li><li> Pipettieren bis 700 &amp; mgr; l der Probe in einen Mini spin column auf einer 2 ml Sammelröhrchen gegeben. Schließen Sie den Deckel und Zentrifuge bei 12.000 g für 15 Sekunden. Verwerfen Sie den Durchfluss durch. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt, um die restliche Probe verwendet wird. </li><li> In 700 &amp; mgr; l Puffer RWT an den Mini-Spin-Säule, den Deckel schließen und Zentrifuge für 15 Sekunden bei 12.000 xg um die Säule zu waschen. Verwerfen Sie den Durchfluss durch. </li><li> Pipettieren 500 ul Puffer RPE in die Mini-Spin-Säule. Schließen Sie den Deckel und Zentrifuge für 15 Sekunden bei 12.000 Umdrehungen pro Minute. Verwerfen Sie den Durchfluss durch. Wiederholen Sie es noch einmal. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Mini-Spin-Säule mit voller Geschwindigkeit für 2 min, um die Spin-Säule zum TrocknenMembran aus restliche Ethanol. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Mini-Spin-Säule in ein neues 1,5 ml Sammelröhrchen und Pipette 35 ul RNase-freies Wasser auf die Membran der Säule. </li><li> Zentrifugieren für 1 min bei 12000 xg um die RNA zu eluieren. </li><li> Lagern Sie die RNA bei -80 ° C. Hinweis: Da RNA-Konzentration nicht genau bestimmt werden kann, als Maß für Fixvolumen Eingangsgrße verwenden. </li></ol> 2. MicroRNA Reverse Transkription <ol><li> Tauen die reverse Transkription (RT) Reagenzienmix Komponenten: 5x Reaktionspuffer, Nuklease-freies Wasser. Mix Umdrehen sanft die Rohre und auf Eis. Unmittelbar vor dem Gebrauch zu entfernen aus dem Gefrierschrank und auf Eis, das Enzym-Mix. Spin down alle Reagenzien. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die RT Reagenzienmix auf Eis , wie in Tabelle 1 beschrieben. Bereiten Sie mindestens 10% größer als Mischung. </li><li> Mischen Sie die Reaktion durch Pipettieren, und dann drehen nach unten. </li><li> Inkubieren für 60 min bei 42 ° C. </li><li> Hitze-Inaktivierung die Reverse Transkriptase für 5 min bei 95 ° C. </li><li> Sofort kühlen auf 4 ° C. </li><li> Lagern Sie die cDNA bei -20 ° C. </li></ol> 3. cDNA Verdünnung <ol><li> Verdünnen Sie die Menge an cDNA-Matrize, die für die geplanten ddPCR Reaktionen in nukleasefreiem Wasser. Verdünnen Sie die cDNA-Reaktion zwischen 1:50 und 1: 500 in Wasser, abhängig von Ziel-miRNA Hülle und Fülle. Die verdünnte cDNA bei -20 ° C. Die verdünnte cDNA nachgewiesen für mindestens 3 Monate bei -20 ° C stabil. </li></ol> 4. Tröpfchenerzeugung und PCR Hinweis: Tröpfchenerzeugung sollte auf 8 Proben gleichzeitig durchgeführt werden. Technische Replikate sind nicht erforderlich, aufgrund der hohen Reproduzierbarkeit dieser Technologie 12,15 .A Leerwert -Kontrolle (NTC) Probe in jeder Platte ausgeführt werden soll und für jede unterschiedliche ddPCR Zustand. <ol><li> Auftauen und den Master - Mix ins Gleichgewicht (z. B. EvaGreen Master Mix), microRNA - Primer - Set und cDNA bei RT. </li><li> Mischen Sie den Master Mix thoroughly durch das Rohr mehrmals umgekehrt wird. Spin down alle Reagenzien. </li><li> Bereiten Sie die ddPCR Mischung wie in Tabelle 2 beschrieben. Wenn mehrere ddPCR Reaktionen durchgeführt werden, bereiten eine ddPCR Arbeits-Lösung mischen. Bereiten Sie mindestens 10% größer als Mischung. </li><li> Nach dem Zusammenbau gründlich ddPCR Mix mischen und Spin-down. </li><li> Dispense 12 ul ddPCR mischen in eine 96-Well-PCR-Platte oder PCR-Röhrchen. </li><li> In 8 ul der verdünnten cDNA-Matrize in jedes Röhrchen / Vertiefung. </li><li> Legen Sie die Tröpfchengeneratorpatrone in die Halterung. </li><li> Transfer 20 ul jeder hergestellten Probe zu den Probenvertiefungen (mittlere Reihe) der Tröpfchengeneratorpatrone vorsichtig, während Luft am Boden des Bohrlochs Blasen zu vermeiden. </li><li> Füllen Sie jedes Öl gut (untere Reihe) mit 70 &amp; mgr; l Tropfengenerator Öl. </li><li> Haken Sie die Dichtung über den Patronenhalter und legen Sie in den Tröpfchengenerator. </li><li> Schließen Sie den Deckel Tropfenerzeugung zu beginnen nach Hersteller protocol. Wenn Tröpfchenerzeugung abgeschlossen ist, öffnen Sie den Deckel, die Einweg-Dichtung entfernen. Die oberen Vertiefungen der Patrone enthalten die Tröpfchen. </li><li> Pipettieren langsam und gleichmäßig 40 ul die Inhalte der acht Top-Brunnen (die Tröpfchen) in eine einzige Säule einer 96-Well-PCR-Platte. </li><li> Verschließen Sie die PCR-Platte mit Folie unmittelbar nach dem Tröpfchen übertragen Verdunstung zu vermeiden. Verwenden Sie durchstechbaren Folienplatte Dichtungen, die mit den Nadeln in der Tröpfchen Leser kompatibel sind. </li><li> Beginnen thermischen Zyklen (PCR) innerhalb von 30 Minuten von der Platte abdichten. </li><li> Führen Sie die Rad - Protokoll gemäß Tabelle 3. </li></ol> 5. Droplet Lese <ol><li> Schalten Sie den Tropfen Leser. </li><li> Bewegen Sie die Platte aus dem Thermocycler zum Tröpfchen Leser. </li><li> Legen Sie die 96-Well-PCR-Platte, die die Post-PCR-Tröpfchen in die Basis des Plattenhalters enthält. </li><li> Die Oberkante des Plattenhalters auf der PCR-Platte. Drücken Sie mit beiden FreigabezungenSie die PCR-Platte in der Halterung zu befestigen. </li><li> Starten Sie die Software aus dem System PC. <ol><li> Klicken Sie auf Setup, um das Experiment (Absolute Quantifizierung) dann auf Ausführen zu definieren klicken Sie auf die Tröpfchen Lesen zu beginnen. </li><li> Wenn Tröpfchen Lesen abgeschlossen ist, klicken Sie auf &quot;Analysieren&quot;, um die Daten zu öffnen und zu analysieren. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die 2D - Amplitude Grundstück in der Analyse - Software , die positiven Tröpfchen (Lasso - Werkzeug) (Abbildung 1B) zu wählen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Registerkarte Ereignisse die Anzahl der positiven und insgesamt Tröpfchen zu überprüfen. Eine Gesamtzahl von 18.000 - 21.000 Tröpfchen wird in der Regel mit ddPCR ohne Sonden erreicht. </li><li> Sobald die positive Tröpfchen ausgewählt werden, exportieren die Konzentrationswerte miRNA der Export CSV-Option aus dem Konzentrations Reiter. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Arroyo, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Argonaute2+complexes+carry+a+population+of+circulating+microRNAs+independent+of+vesicles+in+human+plasma.">Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108, 5003-5008 (2011).</li><li>Skog, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioblastoma+microvesicles+transport+RNA+and+proteins+that+promote+tumour+growth+and+provide+diagnostic+biomarkers.">Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10, 1470-1476 (2008).</li><li>Vickers, K. C., Palmisano, B. T., Shoucri, B. M., Shamburek, R. D., Remaley, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+are+transported+in+plasma+and+delivered+to+recipient+cells+by+high-density+lipoproteins.">MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 13, 423-433 (2011).</li><li>Braicu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+as+divine+messengers:+are+they+the+Hermes+of+modern+molecular+oncology.">Exosomes as divine messengers: are they the Hermes of modern molecular oncology.</a> Cell Death Differ. 22, 34-45 (2015).</li><li>Creemers, E. E., Tijsen, A. J., Pinto, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+microRNAs:+novel+biomarkers+and+extracellular+communicators+in+cardiovascular+disease.">Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers and extracellular communicators in cardiovascular disease.</a> Circ Res. 110, 483-495 (2012).</li><li>Guay, C., Regazzi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+microRNAs+as+novel+biomarkers+for+diabetes+mellitus.">Circulating microRNAs as novel biomarkers for diabetes mellitus.</a> Nat Rev Endocrinol. 9, 513-521 (2013).</li><li>Schwarzenbach, H., Nishida, N., Calin, G. A., Pantel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+relevance+of+circulating+cell-free+microRNAs+in+cancer.">Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 11, 145-156 (2014).</li><li>Moldovan, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodological+challenges+in+utilizing+miRNAs+as+circulating+biomarkers.">Methodological challenges in utilizing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 18, 371-390 (2014).</li><li>Tiberio, P., Callari, M., Angeloni, V., Daidone, M. G., Appierto, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+in+Using+Circulating+miRNAs+as+Cancer+Biomarkers.">Challenges in Using Circulating miRNAs as Cancer Biomarkers.</a> Biomed Res Int. 2015, 731479 (2015).</li><li>Jarry, J., Schadendorf, D., Greenwood, C., Spatz, A., van Kempen, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+validity+of+circulating+microRNAs+in+oncology:+five+years+of+challenges+and+contradictions.">The validity of circulating microRNAs in oncology: five years of challenges and contradictions.</a> Mol Oncol. 8, 819-829 (2014).</li><li>Witwer, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+MicroRNA+Biomarker+Studies:+Pitfalls+and+Potential+Solutions.">Circulating MicroRNA Biomarker Studies: Pitfalls and Potential Solutions.</a> Clin Chem. 61, 56-63 (2015).</li><li>Miotto, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+Circulating+miRNAs+by+Droplet+Digital+PCR:+Comparison+of+EvaGreen-+and+TaqMan-Based+Chemistries.">Quantification of Circulating miRNAs by Droplet Digital PCR: Comparison of EvaGreen- and TaqMan-Based Chemistries.</a> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23, 2638-2642 (2014).</li><li>Ferracin, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absolute+quantification+of+cell-free+microRNAs+in+cancer+patients.">Absolute quantification of cell-free microRNAs in cancer patients.</a> Oncotarget. , (2015).</li><li>Mangolini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+and+prognostic+microRNAs+in+the+serum+of+breast+cancer+patients+measured+by+droplet+digital+PCR.">Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in the serum of breast cancer patients measured by droplet digital PCR.</a> Biomarker Research. , (2015).</li><li>Hindson, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absolute+quantification+by+droplet+digital+PCR+versus+analog+real-time+PCR.">Absolute quantification by droplet digital PCR versus analog real-time PCR.</a> Nat Methods. 10, 1003-1005 (2013).</li><li>Mestdagh, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+quantitative+miRNA+expression+platforms+in+the+microRNA+quality+control+(miRQC)+study.">Evaluation of quantitative miRNA expression platforms in the microRNA quality control (miRQC) study.</a> Nat Methods. 11, 809-815 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Zirkulieren miRNAs sind im Blut bei extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen und die Menge an RNA, die aus Plasma und Serumproben extrahiert werden kann, ist gering. Aus diesem Grund sind sie schwierig mit anderen Techniken wie Mikroarray und RNA-Sequenzierung zu quantifizieren. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine verallgemeinerte keine Einigung über die Datennormalisierung und die Anwesenheit von endogenen &quot;Referenz&quot; miRNAs im Blut. In diesem Zusammenhang ist eine sensible Technik wie Tröpfchen digitale PCR, der fähig is...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are released into blood circulation by potentially all the cells of the organism, as a consequence of active release or necrotic and apoptotic processes. Cell-free miRNAs have been detected in the bloodstream either as free stable molecules or linked to lipoproteins or enveloped inside exosomes and microvesicles 1-3. They are believed to function as cell-to-cell communicators 4, and their amount changes in the presence of cancer, cardiac disorders or autoimmune diseases 5-7. Their accurate and reproducible quantification is the basis for their evaluation as disease biomarkers. However, for several reasons already described elsewhere 8,9, miRNA quantification in serum or plasma, as well as other body fluids, could be very challenging 10,11. We recently developed a method for the absolute quantification of circulating miRNAs, based on miRNA-specific LNA primers and DNA-binding dye droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technology 12. This methodology has been applied to the validation of miRNA breast cancer biomarkers 13,14. 
After the partitioning of each reverse-transcribed miRNA molecule inside a nanoliter-sized droplet, it is possible to count the copy number of each miRNA in each sample, basically counting the number of green, and therefore positive, fluorescent droplets. As soon as a PCR reaction occurs, a positive count is achieved, without the need to establish a standard curve or taking PCR efficiency into account in target amount calculation, as it happens with quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, ddPCR proved to be more sensitive and accurate than RT-qPCR in circulating miRNA quantification 15. In this article we present the detailed protocol of this methodology, discussing the most relevant steps andspecifically considering serum and plasma clinical samples.

<table >
	
		
		
		
		
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >miRNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td >Qiagen</td>
			<td >217004</td>
			<td >Columns for total RNA, including miRNA, extraction from serum/plasma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >100 nmole RNA oligo Cel-miR-39-3p</td>
			<td >Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td >Custom</td>
			<td >Sequence: UCACCGGGUGUAAAUCAGCUUG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Universal cDNA synthesis kit II, 8-64 rxns</td>
			<td >Exiqon</td>
			<td >203301</td>
			<td >Kit for microRNA reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MicroRNA LNA PCR primer set&#160;</td>
			<td >Exiqon</td>
			<td >204000-206xxx and 2100000-21xxxxx</td>
			<td >Primers for miRNA amplification inside droplets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet generator</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4002</td>
			<td >Instrument used for droplet reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet reader</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4003</td>
			<td >Instrument used for droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QuantaSoft software</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-3007</td>
			<td >Software for data collection and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PX1 PCR plate sealer</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >181-4000</td>
			<td >Plate sealer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DG8 droplet generator cartridges and gaskets</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4008</td>
			<td >Cartridges used to mix sample and oil to generate droplets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 ddPCR EvaGreen supermix</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4033/36</td>
			<td >PCR supermix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QX200 droplet generator oil for EvaGreen dye</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >186-4005</td>
			<td >Oil for droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

circulating microrna quantification using dna-binding dye chemistry and droplet digital pcr

Zirkulierende (zellfreier) microRNAs (miRNAs) von Zellen in den Blutstrom freigesetzt. Die Menge der spezifischen mikroRNAs im Zirkulations wurde einem Krankheitszustand verbunden und hat das Potential als Krankheits Biomarkers verwendet werden. A sensitive und genaue Methode MikroRNA Quantifizierung zum Zirkulieren eines farbstoffbasierte Chemie und digitalen PCR Technologie Tröpfchens wurde vor kurzem entwickelt. Insbesondere Locked unter Verwendung Nukleinsäure (LNA) miRNA-spezifische Primer mit einem grünen fluoreszierenden DNA-bindenden Farbstoff in einem kompatiblen digital Tröpfchen PCR System -basierte es ist möglich, die absolute Quantifizierung von spezifischen miRNAs zu erhalten. Hier beschreiben wir, wie diese Technik darstellende miRNA Menge in biologischen Flüssigkeiten, zu beurteilen, wie Plasma und Serum, ist sowohl möglich als auch effektiv.

Die absolute Menge an spezifischen miRNAs pro ml Plasma oder Serum können mit einem grün fluoreszierenden DNA-bindenden Farbstoff und Tröpfchen digitale PCR - Technologie bestimmt werden. Abbildung 1 den Prozess der positiven Tröpfchen Auswahl präsentiert, die die endgültige miRNA - Konzentration bestimmt (Kopien / ul ) in der Amplifikationsreaktion durch die Analysesoftware berechnet. Die Menge jeder miRNA im Blut ist ganz anders, als andere einige miRNA-Arten hä...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR at JoVE.com

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

Zirkulierende MicroRNA Quantifizierung der Basis von DNA-bindenden Farbstoff Chemie und Droplet Digital-PCR

Circulating (of cell-free) microRNAs (miRNAs) are released from cells into the blood stream. The amount of specific microRNAs in the circulation has been ...

circulating-microrna-quantification-using-dna-binding-dye-chemistry

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.5K Aufrufe.  University of Bologna. A sensitive and accurate method for cell-free microRNAs quantification using a dye-based chemistry and droplet digital PCR technology is described.

Serie: Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR

High Throughput MicroRNA Profiling: Optimized Multiplex qRT-PCR at Nanoliter Scale on the Fluidigm Dynamic ArrayTM IFCs

The broad involvement of miRNAs in critical processes underlying development, tissue homoeostasis and disease has led to a surging interest among the research and pharmaceutical communities. To study miRNAs, it is essential that the quantification of microRNA levels is accurate and robust. By comparing wild-type to small RNA deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), we revealed a lack of accuracy and robustness in previous published multiplex qRT-PCR techniques. Here, we describe an optimized method, including purifying away excessive primers from previous multiplex steps before singleplex real time detection, which dramatically increases the accuracy and robustness of the technique. Furthermore, we explain how performing the technique on a microfluidic chip at nanoliter volumes significantly reduces reagent costs and permits time effective high throughput miRNA expression profiling.

Here we describe an optimized multiplex reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) protocol in combination with a microfluidic platform as a cost and time effective high-throughput screening tool for microRNA (miRNA) expression levels, especially when working with limited amounts of sample.

High Throughput MicroRNA Profiling: Optimierte Multiplex qRT-PCR in Nanoliter-Maßstab auf dem Fluidigm Dynamische ArrayTM IFCs

The broad involvement of miRNAs in critical processes underlying development, tissue homoeostasis and disease has led to a surging interest among the ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Fluoreszenz-Nachweisverfahren für Mikrofluidik-Tropfen-Plattformen

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Detection and Isolation of Circulating Melanoma Cells using Photoacoustic Flowmetry

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed secondary tumors1,2,3. CTCs are indicators of metastatic disease and their detection in blood samples may be used to diagnose cancer and monitor a patient&prime;s response to therapy. Since CTCs are rare, comprising about one tumor cell among billions of normal blood cells in advanced cancer patients, their detection and enumeration is a difficult task. We exploit the presence of pigment in most melanoma cells to generate photoacoustic, or laser induced ultrasonic waves in a custom flow cytometer for detection of circulating melanoma cells (CMCs)4,5. This process entails separating a whole blood sample using centrifugation and obtaining the white blood cell layer. If present in whole blood, CMCs will separate with the white blood cells due to similar density. These cells are resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and introduced into the flowmeter. Rather than a continuous flow of the blood cell suspension, we induced two phase flow in order to capture these cells for further study. In two phase flow, two immiscible liquids in a microfluidic system meet at a junction and form alternating slugs of liquid6,7. PBS suspended white blood cells and air form microliter slugs that are sequentially irradiated with laser light. The addition of a surfactant to the liquid phase allows uniform slug formation and the user can create different sized slugs by altering the flow rates of the two phases. Slugs of air and slugs of PBS with white blood cells contain no light absorbers and hence, do not produce photoacoustic waves. However, slugs of white blood cells that contain even single CMCs absorb laser light and produce high frequency acoustic waves. These slugs that generate photoacoustic waves are sequestered and collected for cytochemical staining for verification of CMCs.

We have developed a flow cytometer using laser induced ultrasound to detect circulating melanoma cells as an early indicator of metastatic disease.

Erkennung und Isolierung von zirkulierenden Melanomzellen mit Photoakustische Flowmetrie

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that have separated from a macroscopic tumor and spread through the blood and lymph systems to seed ...

Diagnosis of Neoplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus using Vital-dye Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging

The ability to differentiate benign metaplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus (BE) from neoplasia in vivo remains difficult as both tissue types can be flat and indistinguishable with white light imaging alone. As a result, a modality that highlights glandular architecture would be useful to discriminate neoplasia from benign epithelium in the distal esophagus. VFI is a novel technique that uses an exogenous topical fluorescent contrast agent to delineate high grade dysplasia and cancer from benign epithelium. Specifically, the fluorescent images provide spatial resolution of 50 to 100 &#956;m&#160;and a field of view up to 2.5 cm,&#160;allowing endoscopists to visualize glandular morphology. Upon excitation, classic Barrett&#8217;s metaplasia appears as continuous, evenly-spaced glands and an overall homogenous morphology; in contrast, neoplastic tissue appears crowded with complete obliteration of the glandular framework. Here we provide an overview of the instrumentation and enumerate the protocol of this new technique. While VFI affords a gastroenterologist with the glandular architecture of suspicious tissue, cellular dysplasia cannot be resolved with this modality. As such, one cannot morphologically distinguish Barrett&#8217;s metaplasia from BE with Low-Grade Dysplasia via this imaging modality. By trading off a decrease in resolution with a greater field of view, this imaging system can be used at the very least as a red-flag imaging device to target and biopsy suspicious lesions; yet, if the accuracy measures are promising, VFI may become the standard imaging technique for the diagnosis of neoplasia (defined as either high grade dysplasia or cancer) in the distal esophagus.

Vital-dye enhanced fluorescence imaging (VFI) is a novel in vivo technique that combines high-resolution epithelial imaging with exogenous topical fluorescent contrast to highlight glandular morphology and delineate neoplasia (high grade dysplasia and cancer) in the distal esophagus.

Diagnose von Neoplasien im Barrett-Ösophagus mit Vital-Farbstoff verstärktes Fluoreszenz-Imaging

The ability to differentiate benign metaplasia in Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus (BE) from neoplasia in vivo remains difficult as both tissue types can be flat ...

Quantification and Size-profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have witnessed a tremendous increase in interest in EVs. EVs have been shown to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer. In addition, EVs have potential as therapeutic agents, for instance as drug delivery vehicles or as regenerative medicine. Because of their small size (50 to 1,000 nm) accurate quantification and size profiling of EVs is technically challenging.
This protocol describes how tunable resistive pulse sensing (tRPS) technology, using the qNano system, can be used to determine the concentration and size of EVs. The method, which relies on the detection of EVs upon their transfer through a nano sized pore, is relatively fast, suffices the use of small sample volumes and does not require the purification and concentration of EVs. Next to the regular operation protocol an alternative approach is described using samples spiked with polystyrene beads of known size and concentration. This real-time calibration technique can be used to overcome technical hurdles encountered when measuring EVs directly in biological fluids.

Extracellular vesicles play important roles in physiological and pathological processes, including coagulation, immune responses, and cancer or as potential therapeutic agents in drug delivery or regenerative medicine. This protocol presents methods for the quantification and size characterization of isolated and non-isolated extracellular vesicles in various fluids using tunable resistive pulse sensing.

Quantifizierung und Größe-Profilierung der extrazellulären Vesikeln Mit Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

Mehrfarbenfluoreszenzdetektion für Droplet Mikrofluidik Verwendung von Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral surface obtained from mechanical testing. This optical method requires a texture of many contrasting fiduciary marks on a solid white background for accurate tracking of surface deformation as loading is applied to the specimen. Immediately prior to testing, the surface of interest in the camera view is painted with a water-based white primer and allowed to dry for several minutes. Then, a black paint is speckled carefully over the white background with special consideration for the even size and shape of the droplets. Illumination is carefully designed and set such that there is optimal contrast of these marks while minimizing reflections through the use of filters. Images were obtained through high speed video capture at up to 12,000 frames/s. The key images prior to and including the fracture event are extracted and deformations are estimated between successive frames in carefully sized interrogation windows over a specified region of interest. These deformations are then used to compute surface strain temporally during the fracture test. The strain data is very useful for identifying fracture initiation within the femur, and for eventual validation of proximal femur fracture strength models derived from Quantitative Computed Tomography-based Finite Element Analysis (QCT/FEA).

In this protocol, the femur surface strains are estimated during fracture testing using the digital image correlation technique. The novelty of the method involves application of a high-contrast stochastic speckle pattern on the femur surface, carefully specified illumination, high speed video capture, and digital image correlation analysis for strain calculations.

Eine Methode, um Cadaveric Femur kortikalen Stämme während Fraktur Tests mit digitaler Bildkorrelation schätzen

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral ...

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in medical diagnostics, and for life detection by robotic missions to other planets and moons of the solar system. Currently, sparse bacterial samples are counted by culture plating or epifluorescence microscopy. Culture plates require long incubation times (days to weeks), and epifluorescence microscopy requires extensive staining and concentration of the sample. Here, we demonstrate how to use off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to enumerate bacteria in very dilute cultures (100-104 cells/mL). First, the construction of the custom DHM is discussed, along with detailed instructions on building a low-cost instrument. The principles of holography are discussed, and a statistical model is used to estimate how long videos should be to detect cells, based on the optical performance characteristics of the instrument and the concentration of the bacterial solution (Table 2). Video detection of cells at 105, 104, 103, and 100 cells/mL is demonstrated in real time using un-reconstructed holograms. Reconstruction of amplitude and phase images is demonstrated using an open-source software package.

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy DHM

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a volumetric technique that allows imaging samples 50-100X thicker than brightfield microscopy at comparable resolution, with focusing performed post-processing. Here DHM is used for identifying, counting, and tracking microorganisms at very low densities and compared with optical density measurements, plate count, and direct count.

Quantifizierung von Mikroorganismen in geringen Konzentrationen mit Hilfe digitalen holographischen Mikroskopie (DHM)

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in ...

A Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach and Microsphere-PCR Amplification for Single-Stranded DNA Amplicons

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and morphology of the obtained microsphere. A microsphere copolymerized with an acrydite-DNA probe was successfully fabricated. Different methods such as asymmetric PCR, exonuclease digestion, and isolation on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads can be used to synthesize single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, these methods cannot efficiently use large amounts of highly purified ssDNA. Here, we describe a microsphere-PCR protocol detailing how ssDNA can be efficiently amplified and separated from dsDNA simply by pipetting from a PCR reaction tube. The amplification of ssDNA can be applied as potential reagents for the DNA microarray and DNA-SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) processes.

This work provides a method for the fabrication of droplet-based microfluidic platforms and the application of polyacrylamide microspheres for microsphere-PCR amplification. The microsphere-PCR method makes it possible to obtain single-stranded DNA amplicons without separating double-stranded DNA.

Ein Tröpfchen mikrofluidischen Ansatz und Mikrosphären-PCR Verstärkung für Single-Stranded DNA-Amplifikate

Droplet-based microfluidics enable the reliable production of homogeneous microspheres in the microfluidic channel, providing controlled size and ...

Bulk Droplet Vitrification for Primary Hepatocyte Preservation

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. Vitrification requires extremely fast cooling rates to achieve transition of water into the glass phase while avoiding injurious ice formation. Although pre-incubation with cryoprotective agents (CPA) can reduce the critical cooling rate of biological samples, high concentrations are generally needed to enable ice-free cryopreservation by vitrification. As a result, vitrification is hampered by CPA toxicity and restricted to small samples that can be cooled fast. It was recently demonstrated that these inherent limitations can be overcome by bulk droplet vitrification. Using this novel method, cells are first pre-incubated with a low intracellular CPA concentration. Leveraging rapid osmotic dehydration, the intracellular CPA is concentrated directly ahead of vitrification, without the need to fully equilibrate toxic CPA concentrations. The cellular dehydration is performed in a fluidic device and integrated with continuous high throughput generation of large sized droplets that are vitrified in liquid nitrogen. This ice-free cryopreservation method with minimal CPA toxicity is suitable for large cell quantities and results in increased hepatocyte viability and metabolic function as compared to classical slow-freezing cryopreservation. This manuscript describes the methods for successful bulk droplet vitrification in detail.

This manuscript describes an ice-free cryopreservation method for large quantities of rat hepatocytes whereby primary cells are pre-incubated with cryoprotective agents at a low concentration and vitrified in large droplets.

Bulk Droplet Vitrification für primäre HepatozytenKonservierung

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. ...