This research was supported in part by Program for Creating Start-ups from Advanced Research and Technology (START Program) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (ST261006IP, TM) and by Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (2014-2019) (S1411018, TM) from the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Technology.

在整形外科，泌尿外科，小儿外科和日本大学板桥医院（东京，日本）的矫形外科的部门接受手术的患者中，获得了人类皮下脂肪样本。患者签署知情同意书，和医学的日本大学伦理委员会批准了这项研究。 1.组织准备<ol><li>从手术室到实验室使组织样品。 </li><li>洗涤1-2克脂肪组织用5ml的PBS（ - ）在室温（RT）下一次，在50ml管中，然后将在10cm的塑料盘的样品。 </li></ol> 2.胶原酶消化<ol><li> （ - ）从PBS取出样品，然后加入10毫升的无菌0.1％（重量/体积）的胶原酶溶液（胶原酶II型），以含有所述组织样本的菜。 </li><li>讳言与外科剪刀组织约15分钟，直到它到达一个泥组成ency。 </li><li>接着，消化在0.1％的组织糜（重量/体积）胶原酶在37℃下进行30分钟（每分钟60转）中的50ml管振荡器上轻轻搅拌溶液。 </li><li>过滤通过100微米的过滤器将消化的样品到50毫升管中。接着，通过10ml DCM中的（见材料的表 ）通过过滤器补充有2％FBS的。 </li></ol> 3.细胞分离<ol><li>离心过滤的细胞以100×g离心在RT 1分钟。 </li><li>在这一点上，制备溶于5ml DCM中补充有在50ml管中的2％FBS的。 </li><li>接着，绘制了使用1000微升吸管漂浮脂肪细胞，将细胞添加至含有50毫升管中。 </li><li>随后，轻轻摇晃50毫升管混合的细胞DCM网上平台。 </li><li>然后，离心管中，于100×g离心在RT 1分钟。 </li><li>用18G的针和20毫升注射器丢弃在管底部的介质。 </li><li>接下来，加入10 mL DCM的S有2％FBS upplemented向收集的细胞。 </li><li>通过轻轻摇晃50毫升管与细胞混合DCM。 </li><li>离心管中，于100×g离心在RT 1分钟。 </li></ol> 4.电镀细胞<ol><li>添加41毫升DCM或DMEM中补充有20％FBS的一个12.5厘米烧瓶中。 </li><li>接着，用200μl移液管添加40μl的脂肪细胞的烧瓶中。 </li><li>然后，填充用DCM或DMEM补充有20％FBS的烧瓶中。关键步骤:在这一点，确保细胞在整个介质传播。目视检查脱落的细胞，之后保持一个圆形培养皿的盖子瓶以保持其平整。 </li><li>最后，放置在培养箱内的烧瓶中，并把它在一个5％CO 2培养箱不受干扰在37℃下7天。 </li><li>孵化一个星期之后，反转瓶和检查DFAT细胞。接下来，评估如因为在这一点上fibrobl描述10 DFAT细胞生成能力AST样细胞（DFAT细胞）位于从脂肪细胞中不同的区域。 </li><li>加5毫升DCM中或DMEM之后除去前面的细胞培养基补充有20％FBS的烧瓶中。允许DFAT细胞改变介质后成长为一个星期。 </li><li>使用细胞计数器，计数各个细胞培养条件（DCM与DMEM）下产生DFAT细胞的数目。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lanzoni, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+clinical+programs+of+stem+cell+therapies+for+liver+and+pancreas.">Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas.</a> Stem Cells. 31 (10), 2047-2060 (2013).</li><li>de Girolamo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem/stromal+cells:+a+new+"cells+as+drugs"+paradigm.+Efficacy+and+critical+aspects+in+cell+therapy.">Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: a new "cells as drugs" paradigm. Efficacy and critical aspects in cell therapy.</a> Curr. Pharm. Des. 19 (13), 2459-2473 (2013).</li><li>Lindroos, B., Suuronen, R., Miettinen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+potential+of+adipose+stem+cells+in+regenerative+medicine.">The potential of adipose stem cells in regenerative medicine.</a> Stem Cell. Rev. 7 (2), 269-291 (2011).</li><li>Yan, J., Tie, G., Xu, T. Y., Cecchini, K., Messina, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+as+a+treatment+for+peripheral+arterial+disease:+current+status+and+potential+impact+of+type+II+diabetes+on+their+therapeutic+efficacy.">Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for peripheral arterial disease: current status and potential impact of type II diabetes on their therapeutic efficacy.</a> Stem Cell. Rev. 9 (3), 360-372 (2013).</li><li>Ringden, O., Keating, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stromal+cells+as+treatment+for+chronic+GVHD.">Mesenchymal stromal cells as treatment for chronic GVHD.</a> Bone Marrow Transplant. 46 (2), 163-164 (2011).</li><li>Matsumoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mature+adipocyte-derived+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+exhibit+multilineage+potential.">Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells exhibit multilineage potential.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 215 (1), 210-222 (2008).</li><li>Lessard, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+adipose+stem+cells+through+dedifferentiation+of+mature+adipocytes+in+ceiling+cultures.">Generation of human adipose stem cells through dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes in ceiling cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (97), (2015).</li><li>Lessard, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+dedifferentiating+human+mature+adipocytes+from+the+visceral+and+subcutaneous+fat+compartments:+fibroblast-activation+protein+alpha+and+dipeptidyl+peptidase+4+as+major+components+of+matrix+remodeling.">Characterization of dedifferentiating human mature adipocytes from the visceral and subcutaneous fat compartments: fibroblast-activation protein alpha and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 as major components of matrix remodeling.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), 0122065 (2015).</li><li>Peng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+Functional+Properties+of+Porcine+Dedifferentiated+Fat+Cells+during+the+Long-Term+Culture+In+Vitro.">Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Porcine Dedifferentiated Fat Cells during the Long-Term Culture In Vitro.</a> Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 673651 (2015).</li><li>Kono, S., Kazama, T., Kano, K., Harada, K., Uechi, M., Matsumoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+functional+properties+of+feline+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+and+adipose-derived+stem+cells.">Phenotypic and functional properties of feline dedifferentiated fat cells and adipose-derived stem cells.</a> Vet. J. 199 (1), 88-96 (2014).</li><li>Bellin, M., Marchetto, M. C., Gage, F. H., Mummery, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cells:+the+new+patient.">Induced pluripotent stem cells: the new patient.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13 (11), 713-726 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

成熟脂肪细胞的进行体外分化，被称为天花板文化的过程，可以恢复到一个更原始的表型和增殖获得能力。这些细胞被称为去分化脂肪（DFAT）细胞。 DFAT细胞的多向分化潜能进行了评价。流式细胞术分析和基因表达分析表明，DFAT细胞相比的ASC 6是高度均匀的。事实上，DFAT细胞的细胞表面抗原轮廓是非常类似于在携带者6找到。因此，DFAT细胞可能功能类似于干细胞。 <p clas...

细胞治疗和组织工程是在再生医学1-5领域热点话题。虽然这些治疗方法具有很大的希望，一些技术问题目前阻碍其临床应用。在这方面，如在iPS细胞的产生，所有组织工程的治疗必须产生自由外部基因转导的细胞中，以维持患者的安全。因此，我们成功地制造人类细胞DFAT 6第一组。其他几个研究组已经自从采用我们的方法，以产生哺乳动物来源7-9 DFAT细胞，进一步凸显了模型的有效性。 以上几项研究的过程中，我们发现，细胞培养环境的质量可以通过调节细胞培养基的内容进行修改。这个发现导致增加DFAT电池生产的成功率，提高小区质量;在这两个关键因素有效地产生用于将来的临床试验的细胞。在这方面，一种改进的DFAT培养基（DCM中，一个介质类似于间充质干细胞培养基，其中包含重组人胰岛素，血清白蛋白，L-谷氨酸，几个脂肪酸和胆固醇）和DFAT细胞生成的方法和增殖，开​​发（约DCM的内容的更多信息可应要求提供）。与分化成多种细胞类型，包括脂肪形成，成骨和软骨形成细胞的能力中产生用此方法的高质量DFAT细胞。总之，这验证了细胞培养协议增强DFAT细胞的质量和可用于增强细胞治疗和组织工程的临床应用中十分有用。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">CSTI303-MSC medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CSTI</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">This medium is defined as DCM in the text</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">It does not contain Mg2+ and Ca2+</td>
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			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11965-092</td>
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			<td style="width:143px;">Takasago Medical Industry Co., Ltd</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Falcon Cell Strainer 100um Yellow</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">Falcon 12.5cm&#178; Rectangular Canted Neck Cell Culture Flask with Blue Vented Screw Cap</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CORNING LIFE SCIENCES&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">18G needle</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">NIPRO</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">02-002</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">20ml Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">NIPRO</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Z Series Coulter Counter</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">383550</td>
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an efficient method to obtain dedifferentiated fat cells

组织工程和细胞治疗临床上具有很大的希望。在这方面，多能细胞，如间充质干细胞（MSC），可以用于治疗，在不久的将来，恢复功能受损的器官。尽管如此，一些技术问题，包括分离MSC和周围的放大的低效率的高度侵入性过程，目前阻碍潜在临床使用这些治疗方法的。这里，我们引入去分化的脂肪细胞（DFAT），MSC样细胞的产生一种高效的方法。有趣的是，DFAT细胞可以分化成多种细胞类型，包括脂肪形成，成骨和软骨形成细胞。虽然其他团体先前已经提出从成熟脂肪组织产生DFAT细胞的各种方法，我们的方法使我们能够更有效地生产DFAT细胞。在这方面，我们表明，DFAT培养基（DCM）中，FBS的补充有20％，是在产生DFAT细胞比的DMEM，补充有20％FBS的更有效。此外，通过我们的细胞培养方法生产的DFAT细胞可以再分化成几个组织类型。因此，一个非常有趣和有用的组织分化的研究模型。

<html>在这项研究中，DFAT细胞生成的方法和工具包进行了改进（ 图1）。我们的方法允许我们使用DCM和含有20％FBS的（ 图2A）的DMEM培养基中，以产生DFAT细胞。因此，我们比较DCM和DMEM中在产生DFAT细胞的效率。在这方面，相比于DMEM时，无论脂肪细胞的数量（ 图2A和B）的DCM中增强由三次DFAT细胞增殖。用20％相比，使用10％FBS的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells at JoVE.com

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

一个有效的方法获取反分化脂肪细胞

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

7.9K 次观看.  Nihon University. We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

视频: An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

视网膜色素上皮细胞的干细胞高效的推导

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

科研

发育生物学

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

酶法从凝块骨髓样本拯救间充质干细胞

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

A Quick and Efficient Method for the Purification of Endoderm Cells Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell replacement therapies. Terminally differentiated cell types could be used for the treatment of various degenerative diseases. In vitro differentiation of these cells towards tissues of the lung, liver and pancreas requires as a first step the generation of definitive endodermal cells. This step is rate-limiting for further differentiation towards terminally matured cell types such as insulin-producing beta cells, hepatocytes or other endoderm-derived cell types. Cells that are committed towards the endoderm lineage highly express a multitude of transcription factors such as FOXA2, SOX17, HNF1B, members of the GATA family, and the surface receptor CXCR4. However, differentiation protocols are rarely 100% efficient. Here, we describe a method for the purification of a CXCR4+ cell population after differentiation into the DE by using magnetic microbeads. This purification additionally removes cells of unwanted lineages. The gentle purification method is quick and reliable and might be used to improve downstream applications and differentiations.

Here, we describe a method for the purification of differentiated human embryonic stem cells that are committed towards the definitive endoderm for the improvement of downstream applications and further differentiations.

为内胚层细胞从人类胚胎干细胞系生成的分离纯化一种快速有效的方法

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell ...

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

后生转换为安全和简单的方法来获得成人皮肤成纤维细胞胰岛素分泌细胞

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

脂肪库专用SCA1的免疫磁性分离<sup&gt;高</sup&gt;脂肪干细胞（ASCs）

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature &#946; cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to &#946; cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Here we describe a 4-stage protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors in vitro. This protocol can be applied to a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.

多能高效分化干细胞NKX6-1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;胰腺祖

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

新型乳腺脂肪移植技术可视化血管内皮干细胞的血管生成

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial&#160;structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation.
With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing.
The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

The ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process. Here is the description of a straightforward procedure to dissect pupal wings. These wings can be used as samples in several techniques (immunohistochemistry, PCR assay, etc.).

一种快速高效的解剖蛹翅的方法, 适用于 Immunodetections 或 PCR 检测

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

A Simplified and Efficient Method to Isolate Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin Tissue

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical applications. The conventional isolation method of human keratinocytes involves a two-step sequential enzymatic digestion procedure, which has been proven to be inefficient in generating primary cells from adult tissues due to the low cell recovery rate and reduced cell viability. We recently reported an advanced method to isolate human primary epidermal progenitor cells from skin tissues that utilizes the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in the medium. Compared with the traditional protocol, this new method is simpler, easier, and less time-consuming, and increases epithelial stem cell yield and enhances their stem cell characteristics. Moreover, the new methodology does not require the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, and, therefore, is suitable for isolating cells from different types of adult tissues. This new isolation method overcomes the major shortcomings of conventional methods and is more suitable for producing large numbers of epidermal cells with high potency both for laboratory and for clinical applications. Here, we describe the new method in detail.

Here we present a protocol to efficiently isolate primary human keratinocytes from adult skin tissues. This method simplifies the conventional procedure by using the ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 in the inoculation medium to spontaneously separate epidermal cells from dermal cells.

一种简便有效的成人皮肤组织中人角质形成细胞的分离方法

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical ...