该协议的一些细节与亚当博士布森，谁也对稿件提供了有益的意见的协助下进行了优化。这项工作是由该基金会为美国国立卫生研究院的支持（FNIH）授权号R01GM095372（JMC，A（CN）W，AJD和AED）。 FNIH授权号码1F32GM099374-01（PDN），和杨百翰大学的启动资金（江铃汽车，MLK，MV）。出版费用由生命科学杨百翰大学学院和植物和野生动物科学系的支持。

1.细菌培养（开始采摘〜鸡蛋前1周） <ol><li>制备改良的MRS 20（MMRS）板和肉汤管（ 表1）。倾20毫升MMRS琼脂到每个百毫米培养皿并冷却/干燥过夜，和5ml MMRS肉汤分为18 mm试管。 </li><li>条纹醋pomorum，A. 热带 ， 短乳杆菌 ，和L.植物上MMRS琼脂平板上。孵育醋杆菌在30℃下过夜。通过在密封前用二氧化碳将所述板在密封容器中，并驱孵育乳杆菌厌氧。在30℃下孵育过夜。 注:L。短菌落可能是不可见的，直到24-48小时。板可贮存于4℃，菌落可以用于长达3周。 </li><li> dechorionated蛋转移到无菌的饮食（部分5）前两至三天，挑从MMRS板单菌落置于试管CON泰宁MMRS肉汤。成长醋振荡和静态成长乳杆菌 24小时或直至混浊，都在30℃。 </li></ol> 2.准备无菌饮食<ol><li>在2升Erlenmeyer烧瓶制备无菌饲料（ 见表2）。微波饮食，直到它已煮3顺序倍;每间熬混合英寸</li><li>广场上的轰动板烧瓶保持在传输饮食，锥形离心管中搅拌。转移7.5毫升饮食至50ml离心管中。松散帽管，并放入有盖，高压灭菌聚丙烯架。 </li><li>消毒用在121℃的高压釜中，15磅25分钟飞饮食。从反应釜中取出衣架，立刻水平摇晃每个机架，保证饮食冷却过程中不分离。小心不可撼动的机架垂直，以防止食物转移到盖子或管的边缘。允许饮食，在振动台上冷却正好45分钟，再用手水平摇晃饮食。 注意:饮食可以储存在4-15°C至一个星期。 </li><li>作为替代使用覆盖高压灭菌机架（步骤2.1-2.3），或在含有酸防腐剂饮食提高苍蝇，执行以下步骤: <ol><li>与在烧瓶中搅拌棒的2L烧瓶中制备1升液体的饮食。高压灭菌饮食。 </li><li>高压灭菌后，加入10 mL防腐剂在加热搅拌盘不断搅拌。当琼脂已冷却至50-60℃，将该烧瓶加热至50-60℃移动到加热的搅拌板上在生物安全柜并保持烧瓶的温度。 </li><li>在生物安全柜，吸管〜7.5毫升到单独锥形管。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.准备产蛋笼<ol><li>通过微波100ml水中，将10g啤酒酵母，10g的葡萄糖，和1g琼脂使葡萄果汁琼脂平板上。煮沸3次，在步骤1.1，并添加10克冷冻葡萄汁的合作ncentrate加大对琼脂平板鸡蛋的可见性。 </li><li>当琼脂已冷却至55℃，倾20毫升入100 25mm培养皿，并允许固化。 </li><li>通过混合1克啤酒酵母用15g水覆盖的酵母膏的琼脂平板的表面上。倒入酵母粘贴到琼脂平板上，确保表面覆盖，然后倒出多余的，留下薄薄的酵母残留落后。如果使用多个板，浆料可以顺序倒入到多个板。 </li><li>转移琼脂平板成笼的底部。 注:32盎司熟食容器是丙烯酸飞笼很好的替代品。 <ol><li>通过切割在顶部的孔并用无毒胶水空穴胶合一个透气网作出32盎司熟食容器盖。如果胶是水溶性防止水接触到盖子。 </li></ol></li><li>转让200-300飞入容器中，并盖上盖子。盖一个空的培养皿的盖子网状保护孔防止措施从琼脂面T蒸发和根据需要添加湿润薄纸在盖的内部。孵育在25℃下过夜苍蝇为16-20小时。 </li></ol> 4.收集鸡蛋<ol><li>通过将尼龙网到塑料套管准备鸡蛋收集筛子。 </li><li>以检索与在其上的蛋的板，通过转移到一个空的容器从笼中移除苍蝇。如果相同蝇将要使用的第二天，立即转移到含有新鲜yeasted葡萄果汁琼脂平板新笼子。果蝇可用于3-5顺序天</li><li>取下琼脂死苍蝇用干净的画笔，小心不要分手琼脂。 </li><li>通过用蒸馏水冲洗琼脂平板上，轻轻地从琼脂表面涂刷鸡蛋，并浇在网状浆料收集鸡蛋。重复3-4次，直到所有或​​大部分卵已经从琼脂平板中移除。 </li></ol> 5. Dechorionate鸡蛋，并转移到无菌ðIET <ol><li>通过用70％乙醇喷雾内（包括边）制备的生物安全柜中。擦拭用实验室组织的底部，并消毒用UV光对〜15分钟的引擎盖。通过用乙醇喷涂和在生物安全柜立即放置消毒所有非生物用品（样品杯，画笔，镊子，废物容器，加入400ml无菌水和100ml 0.6％次氯酸钠）。用UV光杀菌15分钟。 </li><li>通过将与鸡蛋衬套到120ml的样品杯或其它无菌容器开始第一次的2次氯酸钠洗涤。慢慢倒入〜90毫升0.6％的次氯酸钠溶液注入衬套直到刚好低于边缘。 </li><li>冲洗鸡蛋2.5分钟。通过使用镊子上下在次氯酸盐溶液移动至衬套定期重新悬浮卵。 </li><li>直接传输衬套成第二试样杯，预填充用90毫升漂白剂，生物安全柜的内部。 </li><li>重复步骤5.3生物安全柜内。在第二漂白处理结束时，鸡蛋应开始粘附到套管的侧面。 </li><li>执行步骤在生物安全柜5.7-5.8。 </li><li>丢弃漂白，并用无菌水冲洗套管3次。通过移动与钳套管重悬卵每次洗涤过程中数次。由第三洗涤的端部最蛋应连接到套管的侧。 </li><li>使用在乙醇灭菌画笔，从套管的侧转移蛋无菌饮食。单独或小批量传输鸡蛋。瞄准每瓶30-50鸡蛋。离开松瓶盖，让氧气进入管。如果小瓶保持无菌，转移到昆虫孵化器;否则，如下补充细菌。 </li></ol> 6.进行悉生蝇使用4种细菌<ol><li>准备细菌<ol><li>准备好必要的用品消毒生物安全柜（Pipettes，枪头盒，灭菌离心管，MRS肉汤，和试管架）如在步骤4.1。擦拭试管的外面用乙醇浸泡过的实验室生物安全柜放置前擦拭。 </li><li>通过第一转印500微升过夜生长至无菌微量离心管沉淀细菌。如果细菌密度低，最多1.5毫升添加到每个管或依次除去上清液，加入额外培养到相同的管中。从生物安全柜，离心在10000克10分钟取出样品。使用过滤嘴，以避免样品间污染。 </li><li>通过测量OD 600确定每种培养的密度。如果使用多孔板读取器，转移200μl的每种培养到96孔板中的1-，2-，和4-倍稀释液。 </li><li>确定MMRS在其中稀释使用平板读数分光光度计每个细胞沉淀（5.2.2）和下列公式的量。计划添加的肉汤接种50＃956; l每个飞瓶。 <ol><li>收集的OD 600读数为1:1，1:2和1:在平板读数分光光度计4稀释各细菌培养。选择稀释产生0.1和0.2，并使用这个值和相应的稀释因素，因为在6.1.4.2 6.1.4.3或给出的公式&#39;O&#39;和&#39;D&#39;之间的OD值600各种菌株。 </li><li>如果使用4种这里描述的，使用此方程正常化细胞等效集落形成单位（CFU）/ ml的密度（OD 600〜CFU转换确定先前20）: E =（（OB）x垂直x深）/ C 其中E =体积重悬在（微升）颗粒，O = OD 600细菌，B = 600 OD空白介质，D =倍稀释，V =微升细菌培养离心前，预定常数C = OD 600。见补充代码文件使用这些公式计算的例子。对于分光光度计S中的自动空白，代替"OB"使用"O"。 注意:预定常数（单位OD 600，归一化至10 7 CFU毫升-1，在20导出常数）如下:A.热带 （0.052），A。 pomorum（0.038），L。 短 （0.056），L。杆菌 （0.077）。 </li><li>如果使用其他的细菌种类（无CFU / OD 600恒定可用），密度正常化使用这个公式OD 600 = 0.1: E =（（OB）x垂直x深）/0.1 OD 600 注:单位中的相同步骤6.1.4.2。见补充代码文件使用这些公式计算的例子。 </li></ol></li><li>在生物安全柜，除去上清液用枪头重悬新鲜MMRS或PBS颗粒作为步骤6.1.4.2计算。 </li></ol></li><li>细菌接种<ol><li>转移50微升细菌到锥形管中，用无菌饮食的d。在生物安全柜dechorionated鸡蛋。加入鸡蛋的细菌转移后，以防止小瓶间污染。 </li><li>放置接种管在培养箱中在25℃ </li></ol></li></ol>对于无菌7.测量负荷CFU /测试<ol><li>为了测量整个身体飞匀浆，转移5苍蝇（5-7天后羽化）含有的陶瓷珠125微升和125微升MMRS肉汤1.7 ml离心管中CFU负荷。以4.0米/秒均化使用30秒的组织匀浆苍蝇。 <ol><li>或者，省略珠和手在微量离心管均质用塑料杵1分钟。 </li><li>如果量化肠道菌群，表面消毒苍蝇删除外源性微生物22。转印蝇至含有100μl的70％乙醇1分钟，吸出乙醇，并转移到为homogenizations一个新的离心管离心管。如果肠的DNA含量进行测定，漂洗˚F或1分钟用乙醇洗涤前0.6％次氯酸钠。 </li></ol></li><li>稀释用875微升MMRS，涡旋5秒匀浆，和吸管120微升匀浆到微量滴定板的第一井。 </li><li>执行两个连续的1:8使用10微升匀浆和70微升MRS在接下来的两个井稀释。 <ol><li>从第一井去除10微升，并将其添加到第二阱含有70微升的MRS。调匀第二阱中的内容，传输从第二井10微升到第三孔含有70微升的MRS，调匀。这导致3总浓度原始1000微升匀浆:未稀释的，1:8，和1:64。 </li></ol></li><li>转移10微升每种稀释到MMRS板（如果需要使用多通道移液管）。略微倾斜的菜扩散稀释几毫米下来琼脂表面，并允许液体移动板之前干燥。液体晒干日e盘若快速板2天，减少了两个相邻液滴混合。 </li><li>孵育在30℃下1-2天。从培养箱一次不同，单个菌落是可见的除去板，以及从与10-100分离的菌落稀释计数。 </li><li>用公式:E = C x深/ P X [V / F，其中每飞E = CFU，C =计数的菌落数，D =稀释，P =微升镀金，V =掺量匀浆计算每飞CFU和F =匀浆蝇数。 </li></ol>

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A., Lemaitre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut-associated+microbes+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Gut-associated microbes of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Gut Microbes. 3 (4), 307-321 (2012).</li><li>Ren, C., Webster, P., Finkel, S. E., Tower, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+internal+and+external+bacterial+load+during+Drosophila+aging+without+life-span+trade-off.">Increased internal and external bacterial load during Drosophila aging without life-span trade-off.</a> Cell Metab. 6 (2), 144-152 (2007).</li><li>Wong, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Host+as+the+Driver+of+the+Microbiota+in+the+Gut+and+External+Environment+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The Host as the Driver of the Microbiota in the Gut and External Environment of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 81 (18), 6232-6240 (2015).</li><li>Dobson, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+genetic+determinants+of+microbiota-dependent+nutrition+revealed+by+genome-wide+analysis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Host genetic determinants of microbiota-dependent nutrition revealed by genome-wide analysis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6312 (2015).</li><li>Bakula, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+persistence+of+a+microbial+flora+during+postembryogenesis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The persistence of a microbial flora during postembryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Invertebr Pathol. 14 (3), 365-374 (1969).</li><li>Ryu, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+homeostasis+by+the+homeobox+gene+caudal+and+commensal-gut+mutualism+in+Drosophila.">Innate immune homeostasis by the homeobox gene caudal and commensal-gut mutualism in Drosophila.</a> Science. 319 (5864), 777-782 (2008).</li><li>Blum, J. E., Fischer, C. N., Miles, J., Handelsman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequent+replenishment+sustains+the+beneficial+microbiome+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Frequent replenishment sustains the beneficial microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> MBio. 4 (6), 00860 (2013).</li><li>Bitner-Mathe, B. C., Klaczko, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+wing+morphology:+effects+of+sex,+temperature+and+density.">Plasticity of Drosophila melanogaster wing morphology: effects of sex, temperature and density.</a> Genetica. 105 (2), 203-210 (1999).</li><li>Edward, D. A., Chapman, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+effects+of+developmental+environment+on+reproductive+trait+expression+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sex-specific effects of developmental environment on reproductive trait expression in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Ecol Evol. 2 (7), 1362-1370 (2012).</li><li>Ridley, E. V., Wong, A. C., Westmiller, S., Douglas, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+the+resident+microbiota+on+the+nutritional+phenotype+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Impact of the resident microbiota on the nutritional phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e36765 (2012).</li><li>Newell, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+function+and+comparative+genomic+analyses+of+the+Drosophila+gut+microbiota+identify+candidate+symbiosis+factors.">In vivo function and comparative genomic analyses of the Drosophila gut microbiota identify candidate symbiosis factors.</a> Front Microbiol. 5, 576 (2014).</li><li>Dewhirst, F. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogeny+of+the+defined+murine+microbiota:+altered+Schaedler+flora.">Phylogeny of the defined murine microbiota: altered Schaedler flora.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 65 (8), 3287-3292 (1999).</li><li>Min, K. T., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wolbachia,+normally+a+symbiont+of+Drosophila,+can+be+virulent,+causing+degeneration+and+early+death.">Wolbachia, normally a symbiont of Drosophila, can be virulent, causing degeneration and early death.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (20), 10792-10796 (1997).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

<html>此处所描述的方法是几种方法用于胚胎dechorionation 8,11,18,25,26,27之一，饲养无菌蝇，包括无菌的成年人18,27的串行传输或抗生素治疗13,18的替代方法在一起。其他dechorionation方法包括乙醇洗涤，减少11,25,26或延长8次氯酸盐治疗。不同的洗涤步骤可以帮助饲养不同蝇基因型:在先前的研究中最〜的饲养时如这里概述（无乙醇洗涤）100 果蝇基因型无菌的...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.
Step 6.1.4.2 of the Protocol was updated from:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.052), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.056), L. plantarum (0.077).
to:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.053), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.077), L. plantarum (0.056).

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.

Erratum: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

大多数动物密切与细菌（&#39;微生物&#39;）从出生到死亡1有关。免费微生物（&#39;无菌&#39;）和微生物相关的（"传统"）的动物的比较表明微生物影响动物健康的各个方面，包括代谢，营养，血管，肝脏，呼吸系统，免疫，内分泌和神经功能2。果蝇果蝇是用于理解许多微生物3,4的存在下这些方法的并为研究对动物健康5,6-菌群影响的关键模式。没有细菌种类存在于每一个个体（"核心"），但醋酸和乳酸杆菌数字都占据主导地位实验室饲养和野生捕捞D的微生物果蝇 。其他Acetobacteraceae（包括Komagataeibacter和葡萄糖酸 ）， 菲尔米cutes（如肠球菌和明串珠菌 ）和肠杆菌科细菌无论是在低丰度经常出现在果蝇中的个人，或不定期出现在高丰度7-12。 果蝇和哺乳动物的微生物是内和跨世代14,19见异思迁。测量微生物相关的特征时，菌群世态炎凉会导致表型的噪音。例如，Acetobacteraceae影响脂质（甘油三酯）存储在果蝇 15-18。如果Acetobacteraceae是比另外19一小瓶的苍蝇更丰富，同基因苍蝇可以有不同的表型20。自1960年代以来，一种用于小鼠14菌群世态炎凉的问题的解决方案已经在实践中，通过引入定义8优势微生物物种社会的乳鼠每一代新产品（改变Schaedler菌群）确保每个小狗暴露于小鼠菌群的同一主要成员。即使当菌群不研究32的主要目标，并设置先例，以确保密钥的微生物在各种实验条件下的存在于微生物群组成这种做法控制。 上定义果蝇营养微生物的影响下，用于导出无菌飞线几个协议已被开发，包括胚胎次氯酸钠dechorionation（无论是衍生从头每一代或通过转移到无菌的饮食的世代保持）和抗生素治疗13。有益处的不同方法，如方便与快捷为抗生素治疗和串行传输，相对于与从头 dechorionation混杂变量（ 例如 ，卵密度，残留污染微生物，脱靶抗生素效果）的更大的控制。不管该方法的准备，出台规定微生物物种对无菌胚胎允许果蝇的文化与自定义（"悉生&#39;）社区。可替代地，模仿使用Schaedler菌群，该社区可以接种到常规的鸡蛋（以下步骤6-7只），以确保在每个小瓶特质影响微生物的存在，并避免菌群反复无常的并发症。在这里，我们描述了协议用 ​​于通过胚胎从头 dechorionation提高无菌和限菌果蝇 ，并确认导入或污染微生物类群的存在。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="851">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Brewer&#39;s Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">903312</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=02903312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>158968-3KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/158968?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher--Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>fly802010</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/drosophila-agar-8-100mesh-10kg/nc9349177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape Juice Concentrate</td>
			<td>Walmart or other grocery store</td>
			<td>9116196</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Welch-s-Frozen-100-Grape-Juice-Concentrate-11.5-oz/10804406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cage: 32 oz. Translucent Round Deli Container</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999L5032Y</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-sd5032y-32-oz-translucent-round-deli-container-24-pack/999L5032Y.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Translucent Round Deli Container Lid</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999YNL500</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-ynl500-translucent-round-deli-container-lid-60-pack/999YNL500.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stock Bottles</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">32-130</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=32-130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">49-101</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=49-101</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>57-102&#160;</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/715/?product=57-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Bushing</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">100343125</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.com/p/Halex-2-1-2-in-Rigid-Insulated-Plastic-Bushing-75225/100343125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Specimen Cup</td>
			<td>MedSupply Partners</td>
			<td>K01-207067</td>
			<td>http://www.medsupplypartners.com/covidien-specimen-containers.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Repeater M4</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4982000322</td>
			<td>https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Manual-Liquid-Handling-44563/Dispensers--Burettes-44566/Repeater-M4-PF-44619.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>TR2003</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=TR2003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Food Boxes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>2316-5001</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=2316-5001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysing Matrix D Bulk</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116540434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=6540-434&#38;s=Search</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1120-9810</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1120-9810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>M089303</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=M089303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>http://www.deconlabs.com/products.php?ID=88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5133</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Chenille-Kraft-5133-Acrylic-Handled-Brush-Set-Assorted-Sizes-colors-8-Brushes-set/41446005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-882</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-medium-pointed-forceps-3/p-128693</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Household Bleach (6-8% Hypochlorite)</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>550646751</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Clorox-Concentrated-Regular-Bleach-121-fl-oz/21618295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Universal Peptone</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=20-260</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisher-bioreagents-microbiology-media-additives-yeast-extract-3/bp1422500?matchedCatNo=BP1422500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=P3786-1KG&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium Citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>25102-500g</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=25102-500g&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-994</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=97061-994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?matchedCatNo=M63500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Manganese Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10034-96-5</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=10034-96-5&#38;interface=CAS%20No.&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MRS Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">69966-500G</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/69966?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek (Epoch)&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/epoch_microplate_spectrophotometer.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.7 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 1000&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1122-1830</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1122-1830</td>
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			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/articles/catalogue/article/0110_0040_0120_0010/13243/</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ceramic Beads</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>6540-434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116540434</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116004500</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116004500</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Class 1 BioSafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Model 1395</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/1300-series-class-ii-type-a2-biological-safety-cabinet-packages.html</td>
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</table>

rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

无菌蝇饲养成功是没有从D的全身homogenizations CFU的隔离证实果蝇成虫（ 图1）。或者，如果镀覆匀浆得到的菌落，小瓶被污染并应该被丢弃。为限菌苍蝇，四个细菌菌株是从5成年男性池隔离，以表明其与成蝇（ 图1）相关联的总活菌的CFU的差异。每个细菌物种具有不同的形态，并可以在视觉上加以区分（ 图2）。如果没有?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

提出了一种用于无菌和限菌条件下饲养果蝇的方法。飞胚dechorionated在次氯酸钠，无菌转移到无菌的饮食，并在密闭容器中饲养。接种饮食和胚胎与细菌导致限菌协会，和细菌的存在是通过电镀全身果蝇匀浆证实。

饲养果蝇<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;在无菌和悉生条件

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

20.9K 次观看.  Brigham Young University. 提出了一种用于无菌和限菌条件下饲养果蝇的方法。飞胚dechorionated在次氯酸钠，无菌转移到无菌的饮食，并在密闭容器中饲养。接种饮食和胚胎与细菌导致限菌协会，和细菌的存在是通过电镀全身果蝇匀浆证实。 

视频: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila melanogaster, inductive microenvironments known as larval Hematopoietic Pockets (HPs) have been identified as anatomical sites for the development and regulation of blood cells (hemocytes), in particular of the self-renewing macrophage lineage.&#160;HPs are segmentally repeated pockets between the epidermis and muscle layers of the larva, which also comprise sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes are exposed to anti-apoptotic, adhesive and proliferative cues from these sensory neurons and potentially other components of the HPs, such as the lining muscle and epithelial layers. During normal development, gradual release of resident hemocytes from the HPs fuels the population of circulating hemocytes, which culminates in the release of most of the resident hemocytes at the beginning of metamorphosis. Immune assaults, physical injury or mechanical disturbance trigger the premature release of resident hemocytes into circulation. The switch of larval hemocytes between resident locations and circulation raises the need for a common standard/procedure to selectively isolate and quantify these two populations of blood cells from single Drosophila larvae. Accordingly, this protocol describes an automated method to release and quantify the resident and circulating hemocytes from single larvae. The method facilitates ex vivo approaches, and may be adapted to serve a variety of developmental stages of Drosophila and other invertebrate organisms.

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Drosophila blood cells, or hemocytes, cycle between resident sites and circulation. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes localize to inductive microenvironments, the Hematopoietic Pockets, while circulating hemocytes move freely in the hemolymph. The goal of this protocol is the standardized isolation and quantification of these two, behaviorally distinct but interchanging, hemocyte populations.

的测定血细胞种群<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

科研

发育生物学

The Complete and Updated "Rotifer Polyculture Method" for Rearing First Feeding Zebrafish

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism of increasing importance in many fields of science. One of the most demanding technical aspects of culture of this species in the laboratory is rearing first-feeding larvae to the juvenile stage with high rates of growth and survival. The central management challenge of this developmental period revolves around delivering highly nutritious feed items to the fish on a nearly continuous basis without compromising water quality. Because larval zebrafish are well-adapted to feed on small zooplankton in the water column, live prey items such as brachionid rotifers, Artemia, and Paramecium are widely recognized as the feeds of choice, at least until the fish reach the juvenile stage and are able to efficiently feed on processed diets. This protocol describes a method whereby newly hatched zebrafish larvae are cultured together with live saltwater rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) in the same system. This polyculture approach provides fish with an "on-demand", nutrient-rich live food source without producing chemical waste at levels that would otherwise limit performance. Importantly, because the system harnesses both the natural high productivity of the rotifers and the behavioral preferences of the fish, the labor involved with maintenance is low. The following protocol details an updated, step-by-step procedure that incorporates rotifer production (scalable to any desired level) for use in a polyculture of zebrafish larvae and rotifers that promotes maximal performance during the first 5 days of exogenous feeding.

Larval zebrafish are adapted to feed on zooplankton. It is possible to capitalize on this natural feature in the laboratory by growing first feeding fish together in the same system with live saltwater rotifers. This "polyculture" strategy promotes high growth and survival with minimal labor and disturbance to the larvae.

完整的和更新的"轮虫混养法"饲养第一移送斑马鱼

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism of increasing importance in many fields of science.  One of the most demanding technical aspects of ...

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via their strong adherence to tissue culture plastic and then further expanded in vitro, most commonly using fetal bovine serum (FBS). Since FBS can cause MSCs to become immunogenic, its presence in MSC cultures limits both clinical and experimental applications of the cells. Therefore, studies employing chemically defined xeno-free (XF) media for MSC cultures are extremely valuable. Many beneficial effects of MSCs have been attributed to their ability to regulate inflammation and immunity, mainly through secretion of immunomodulatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, MSCs require activation to produce these factors and since the effect of MSCs is often transient, great interest has emerged to discover ways of pre-activating the cells prior to their use, thus eliminating the lag time for activation in vivo. Here we present protocols to efficiently activate or prime MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) cultures under chemically defined XF conditions and to administer these pre-activated MSCs in vivo. Specifically, we first describe methods to generate spherical MSC micro-tissues or &#39;spheroids&#39; in hanging drops using XF medium and demonstrate how the spheres and conditioned medium (CM) can be harvested for various applications. Second, we describe gene expression screens and in vitro functional assays to rapidly assess the level of MSC activation in spheroids, emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of the cells. Third, we describe a novel method to inject intact MSC spheroids into the mouse peritoneal cavity for in vivo efficacy testing. Overall, the protocols herein overcome major challenges of obtaining pre-activated MSCs under chemically defined XF conditions and provide a flexible system to administer MSC spheroids for therapies.

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well-documented, however the best method of preparing the cells for patients remains controversial. Herein, we communicate protocols to efficiently generate and administer therapeutic spherical aggregates or 'spheroids' of MSCs primed under xeno-free conditions for experimental and clinical applications.

生产和治疗间充质干行政/基质细胞（MSC）球体底漆在三维培养下无异物条件

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response to&#160;growth and reproduction. In insects, the larval prothoracic gland (PG) and the adult female ovary play essential roles in biosynthesizing the principal steroid hormones called ecdysteroids. These ecdysteroidogenic organs are innervated from the nervous system, through&#160;which the timing of biosynthesis is affected by environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol for visualizing ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs in larvae and adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which provides a suitable model system for studying steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. Skillful dissection allows us to maintain the positions of ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs including the brain, the ventral nerve cord, and other tissues. Immunostaining with antibodies against ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, along with transgenic fluorescence proteins driven by tissue-specific promoters, are available to label ecdysteroidogenic cells. Moreover, the innervations of the ecdysteroidogenic organs can also be labeled by specific antibodies or a collection of GAL4 drivers in various types of neurons. Therefore, the ecdysteroidogenic organs and their neuronal connections can be&#160;visualized simultaneously&#160;by immunostaining and transgenic techniques. Finally, we describe how to visualize germline stem cells, whose proliferation and maintenance are controlled by ecdysteroids. This method contributes to comprehensive understanding of steroid hormone biosynthesis and its neuronal regulatory mechanism.

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for dissection, fixation, and immunostaining of steroidogenic organs in Drosophila larvae and adult females to study steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. In addition to steroidogenic organs, we visualize the innervation of steroidogenic organs as well as steroidogenic target cells such as germline stem cells.

协议的可视化类固醇机关及其互动器官在果蝇免疫染色<em&gt;果蝇</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

成人果蝇脑内蘑菇体和感光神经元的解剖和荧光染色

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at &#60;60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.

This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.

低血清条件下心脏祖细胞内皮分化的诱导作用

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

解冻、培养和冷冻保存的嗜酸性粒细胞系

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals may alter the normal balance of endocrine systems and lead to adverse effects, as well as an increasing number of hormonal disorders in the human population or disturbed growth and reduced reproduction in the wildlife species. For some EDCs, there are documented health effects and restrictions on their use. However, for most of them, there is still no scientific evidence in this sense. In order to verify potential endocrine effects of a chemical in the full organism, we need to test it in appropriate model systems, as well as in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report detailed in vivo protocols to study endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on the fecundity/fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly. In the last few years, we used these Drosophila life traits to investigate the effects of exposure to 17-&#945;-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol AF (BPA F). Altogether, these assays covered all Drosophila life stages and made it possible to evaluate endocrine disruption in all hormone-mediated processes. Fecundity/fertility and developmental timing assays were useful to measure the EDC impact on the fly reproductive performance and on developmental stages, respectively. Finally, the lifespan assay involved chronic EDC exposures to adults and measured their survivorship. However, these life traits can also be influenced by several experimental factors that had to be carefully controlled. So, in this work, we suggest a series of procedures we have optimized for the right outcome of these assays. These methods allow scientists to establish endocrine disruption for any EDC or for a mixture of different EDCs in Drosophila, although to identify the endocrine mechanism responsible for the effect, further essays could be needed.

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) represent a serious problem for organisms and for natural environments. Drosophila melanogaster represents an ideal model to study EDC effects in vivo. Here, we present methods to investigate endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on fecundity, fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly.

检测果蝇黑色素的内分泌干扰的方法

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous system and protects neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. Defects in the formation of this barrier have been correlated with neuropathies, and the breakdown of this barrier has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is critical to identify the genes that regulate the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier to identify potential therapeutic targets. In order to understand the exact roles these genes play in neural development, it is necessary to assay the effects of altered gene expression on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Many of the molecules that function in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier have been found to be conserved across eukaryotic species, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have proven to be an excellent model system for examining the molecular mechanisms regulating nervous system development and function. This protocol describes a step-by-step procedure to assay for blood-brain barrier integrity during the embryonic and larval stages of D. melanogaster development.

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Blood-brain barrier integrity is critical for nervous system function. In Drosophila melanogaster, the blood-brain barrier is formed by glial cells during late embryogenesis. This protocol describes methods to assay for blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance in D. melanogaster embryos and third instar larvae.

果蝇黑色素血脑屏障完整性分析

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Efficient Differentiation of Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells under Feeder-free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously presented a differentiation protocol for the derivation of autonomic neurons with sympathetic character that has been applied to patients with autonomic neuropathy. However, the protocol was built on Knock Out Serum Replacement (KSR) and feeder-based culture conditions, and to ensure high differentiation efficiency, cell sorting was necessary. These factors cause high variability, high cost, and low reproducibility. Moreover, mature sympathetic properties, including electrical activity, have not been verified. Here, we present an optimized protocol where PSC culture and differentiation are performed in feeder-free and chemically defined culture conditions. Genetic markers identifying trunk neural crest are identified. Further differentiation into postganglionic sympathetic neurons is achieved after 20 days without the need for cell sorting. Electrophysiological recording further shows the functional neuron identity. Firing detected from our differentiated neurons can be enhanced by nicotine and suppressed by the adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Intermediate sympathetic neural progenitors in this protocol can be maintained as neural spheroids for up to 2 weeks, which allows expansion of the cultures. In sum, our updated sympathetic neuron differentiation protocol shows high differentiation efficiency, better reproducibility, more flexibility, and better neural maturation compared to the previous version. This protocol will provide researchers with the cells necessary to study human disorders that affect the autonomic nervous system.

In this protocol, we describe a stable, highly efficient differentiation strategy for the generation of postganglionic sympathetic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. This model will make neurons available for the use of studies of multiple autonomic disorders.

在无馈体和化学定义的培养条件下，使用人类多能干细胞的后多能感感神经元的有效分化

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a powerful tool for disease modeling and the study of human embryonic development in vitro. We previously ...

饲养果蝇

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的测定血细胞种群