Some details of this protocol were optimized with the assistance of Dr. Adam Dobson, who also provided helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) grant number R01GM095372 (JMC, A(CN)W, AJD, and AED). FNIH grant number 1F32GM099374-01 (PDN), and Brigham Young University startup funds (JMC, MLK, MV). Publication costs were supported by the Brigham Young University College of Life Sciences and Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences.

1. Culture Bacteria (Start ~1 Week before Picking Eggs)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare modified MRS20 (mMRS) plates and broth tubes (Table 1). Pour 20 ml mMRS agar into each 100 mm Petri plate and allow to cool/dry overnight, or 5 ml mMRS broth into 18 mm test tubes.</li>
	<li>Streak Acetobacter pomorum, A. tropicalis, Lactobacillus brevis, and L. plantarum on mMRS agar plates. Incubate Acetobacter overnight at 30 &#176;C. Incubate Lactobacillus anaer...

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wisdom+from+the+fly.">Wisdom from the fly.</a> Trends Genet. 30 (11), 479-481 (2014).</li><li>Arias, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+and+the+development+of+biology+in+the+20th+century.">Drosophila melanogaster and the development of biology in the 20th century.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 420, 1-25 (2008).</li><li>Lee, W. J., Brey, P. 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F., Benzer, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+lifespan+enhancement+by+exogenous+bacteria.">Drosophila lifespan enhancement by exogenous bacteria.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (35), 12974-12979 (2004).</li><li>Cox, C. R., Gilmore, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Native+microbial+colonization+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+its+use+as+a+model+of+Enterococcus+faecalis+pathogenesis.">Native microbial colonization of Drosophila melanogaster and its use as a model of Enterococcus faecalis pathogenesis.</a> Infect Immun. 75 (4), 1565-1576 (2007).</li><li>Ridley, E. V., Wong, A. C., Douglas, A. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenome-wide+association+of+microbial+determinants+of+host+phenotype+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Metagenome-wide association of microbial determinants of host phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> MBio. 5 (5), 01631-01714 (2014).</li><li>Huang, J. H., Douglas, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consumption+of+dietary+sugar+by+gut+bacteria+determines+Drosophila+lipid+content.">Consumption of dietary sugar by gut bacteria determines Drosophila lipid content.</a> Biology Letters. , (2015).</li><li>Shin, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+microbiome+modulates+host+developmental+and+metabolic+homeostasis+via+insulin+signaling.">Drosophila microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signaling.</a> Science. 334 (6056), 670-674 (2011).</li><li>Storelli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lactobacillus+plantarum+promotes+Drosophila+systemic+growth+by+modulating+hormonal+signals+through+TOR-dependent+nutrient+sensing.">Lactobacillus plantarum promotes Drosophila systemic growth by modulating hormonal signals through TOR-dependent nutrient sensing.</a> Cell Metab. 14 (3), 403-414 (2011).</li><li>Wong, A. C., Chaston, J. M., Douglas, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inconstant+gut+microbiota+of+Drosophila+species+revealed+by+16S+rRNA+gene+analysis.">The inconstant gut microbiota of Drosophila species revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis.</a> ISME J. 7 (10), 1922-1932 (2013).</li><li>Newell, P. D., Douglas, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+interactions+determine+the+impact+of+the+gut+microbiota+on+nutrient+allocation+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Interspecies interactions determine the impact of the gut microbiota on nutrient allocation in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 80 (2), 788-796 (2014).</li><li>Broderick, N. A., Lemaitre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut-associated+microbes+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Gut-associated microbes of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Gut Microbes. 3 (4), 307-321 (2012).</li><li>Ren, C., Webster, P., Finkel, S. E., Tower, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+internal+and+external+bacterial+load+during+Drosophila+aging+without+life-span+trade-off.">Increased internal and external bacterial load during Drosophila aging without life-span trade-off.</a> Cell Metab. 6 (2), 144-152 (2007).</li><li>Wong, A. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+genetic+determinants+of+microbiota-dependent+nutrition+revealed+by+genome-wide+analysis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Host genetic determinants of microbiota-dependent nutrition revealed by genome-wide analysis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6312 (2015).</li><li>Bakula, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+persistence+of+a+microbial+flora+during+postembryogenesis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The persistence of a microbial flora during postembryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Invertebr Pathol. 14 (3), 365-374 (1969).</li><li>Ryu, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+homeostasis+by+the+homeobox+gene+caudal+and+commensal-gut+mutualism+in+Drosophila.">Innate immune homeostasis by the homeobox gene caudal and commensal-gut mutualism in Drosophila.</a> Science. 319 (5864), 777-782 (2008).</li><li>Blum, J. E., Fischer, C. N., Miles, J., Handelsman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequent+replenishment+sustains+the+beneficial+microbiome+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Frequent replenishment sustains the beneficial microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> MBio. 4 (6), 00860 (2013).</li><li>Bitner-Mathe, B. C., Klaczko, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+wing+morphology:+effects+of+sex,+temperature+and+density.">Plasticity of Drosophila melanogaster wing morphology: effects of sex, temperature and density.</a> Genetica. 105 (2), 203-210 (1999).</li><li>Edward, D. A., Chapman, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-specific+effects+of+developmental+environment+on+reproductive+trait+expression+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Sex-specific effects of developmental environment on reproductive trait expression in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Ecol Evol. 2 (7), 1362-1370 (2012).</li><li>Ridley, E. V., Wong, A. C., Westmiller, S., Douglas, A. 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The method described here is one of several approaches for embryo dechorionation8,11,18,25,26,27, together with alternative methods of rearing axenic flies, including serial transfer of axenic adults18,27 or antibiotic treatment13,18. Other dechorionation methods include ethanol washes and reduce11,25,26 or extend8 hypochlorite treatment. Different wash steps may aid rearing different fly genotypes: in a previous study most of ~100 Drosophila genotypes were ...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.
Step 6.1.4.2 of the Protocol was updated from:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.052), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.056), L. plantarum (0.077).
to:
If using the 4 species described here, normalize cells to equivalent colony forming unit (CFU)/ml densities (OD600 to CFU conversion determined previously20) using this equation: 
E = ((O-B) x V x D)/C 
where E = volume to resuspend pellet in (&#956;l), O = OD600 bacteria, B = OD600 blank media, D = fold-dilution, V = &#181;l bacterial culture prior to centrifugation, C = OD600 of predetermined constant. See Supplemental Code File for examples of calculations using these equations. For spectrophotometers that automatically blank, use &#34;O&#34; in place of &#34;O-B&#34;. 
Note: The predetermined constants (units OD600, normalized to 107 CFU ml-1, constants derived in20) are as follows: A. tropicalis (0.053), A. pomorum (0.038), L. brevis (0.077), L. plantarum (0.056).

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/t/54219/rearing-fruit-fly-drosophila-melanogaster-under-axenic-gnotobiotic">Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions</a>. The Protocol was updated.

Erratum: Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

Most animals are intimately associated with bacteria (&#39;microbiota&#39;) from birth to death1. Comparisons of microorganism-free (&#39;axenic&#39;) and microorganism-associated (&#39;conventional&#39;) animals have shown microbes influence diverse aspects of animal health, including metabolic, nutritional, vascular, hepatic, respiratory, immunological, endocrine, and neurological function2. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a key model for understanding many of these processes in the presence of microbes3,4 and for studying microbiota influence on animal health5,6. No bacterial species is present in every individual (&#39;core&#39;), but Acetobacter and Lactobacillus species numerically dominate the microbiota of both laboratory-reared and wild-caught D. melanogaster. Other Acetobacteraceae (including Komagataeibacter and Gluconobacter), Firmicutes (such as Enterococcus and Leuconostoc), and Enterobacteriaceae are either frequently present in Drosophila individuals at low abundance, or irregularly present at high abundance7-12.
The microbiota of Drosophila and mammals is inconstant within and across generations14,19. Microbiota inconstancy can lead to phenotypic noise when measuring microbiota-dependent traits. For example, the Acetobacteraceae influence lipid (triglyceride) storage in Drosophila15-18. If Acetobacteraceae are more abundant in flies of one vial than in another19, isogenic flies can have different phenotypes20. A solution for the problem of microbiota inconstancy in mice14 has been in practice since the 1960&#39;s, by introducing a defined community of 8 dominant microbial species to mouse pups each new generation (altered Schaedler flora), ensuring that each pup is exposed to the same key members of the mouse microbiota. This practice controls for microbiota composition even when the microbiota is not the primary target of study32, and sets precedent to ensure the presence of key microbes in a variety of experimental conditions.
To define the influence of microbes on Drosophila nutrition, several protocols for deriving axenic fly lines have been developed, including hypochlorite dechorionation of embryos (either derived de novo each generation or maintained generationally by transfer to sterile diets) and antibiotic treatment13. There are benefits to different approaches, such as ease and rapidity for both of antibiotics treatment and serial transfer, versus greater control of confounding variables with de novo dechorionation (e.g., egg density, residual contaminating microbes, off-target antibiotic effects). Regardless of the method of preparation, introduction of specified microbial species to axenic embryos permits culture of Drosophila with defined (&#39;gnotobiotic&#39;) communities. Alternatively, mimicking the use of Schaedler flora, this community could be inoculated to conventionally-laid eggs (following steps 6-7 only) to ensure the presence of trait-influencing microbes in each vial and avoid complications of microbiota inconstancy. Here we describe the protocol for raising axenic and gnotobiotic Drosophila by de novo dechorionation of embryos, and for confirming the presence of introduced or contaminating microbial taxa.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="851">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:259px;">Brewer&#39;s Yeast</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">903312</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=02903312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>158968-3KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/158968?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher--Lab Scientific</td>
			<td>fly802010</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/drosophila-agar-8-100mesh-10kg/nc9349177</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Welch&#39;s 100% Grape Juice Concentrate</td>
			<td>Walmart or other grocery store</td>
			<td>9116196</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Welch-s-Frozen-100-Grape-Juice-Concentrate-11.5-oz/10804406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cage: 32 oz. Translucent Round Deli Container</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999L5032Y</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-sd5032y-32-oz-translucent-round-deli-container-24-pack/999L5032Y.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Translucent Round Deli Container Lid</td>
			<td>Webstaurant Store</td>
			<td>999YNL500</td>
			<td>http://www.webstaurantstore.com/newspring-delitainer-ynl500-translucent-round-deli-container-lid-60-pack/999YNL500.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Stock Bottles</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">32-130</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=32-130</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Droso-Plugs</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">49-101</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=49-101</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nylon Mesh</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>57-102&#160;</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/715/?product=57-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Bushing</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">100343125</td>
			<td>http://www.homedepot.com/p/Halex-2-1-2-in-Rigid-Insulated-Plastic-Bushing-75225/100343125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Specimen Cup</td>
			<td>MedSupply Partners</td>
			<td>K01-207067</td>
			<td>http://www.medsupplypartners.com/covidien-specimen-containers.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Repeater M4</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>4982000322</td>
			<td>https://online-shop.eppendorf.us/US-en/Manual-Liquid-Handling-44563/Dispensers--Burettes-44566/Repeater-M4-PF-44619.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>TR2003</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=TR2003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Food Boxes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>2316-5001</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=2316-5001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lysing Matrix D Bulk</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116540434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/search.php?q=6540-434&#38;s=Search</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 300&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1120-9810</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1120-9810</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>Laboratory Product Sales</td>
			<td>M089303</td>
			<td>https://www.lpsinc.com/Catalog4.asp?catalog_nu=M089303</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>http://www.deconlabs.com/products.php?ID=88</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>5133</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Chenille-Kraft-5133-Acrylic-Handled-Brush-Set-Assorted-Sizes-colors-8-Brushes-set/41446005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-882</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-medium-pointed-forceps-3/p-128693</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Household Bleach (6-8% Hypochlorite)</td>
			<td>Walmart</td>
			<td>550646751</td>
			<td>http://www.walmart.com/ip/Clorox-Concentrated-Regular-Bleach-121-fl-oz/21618295</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Universal Peptone</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-260</td>
			<td>https://geneseesci.com/shop-online/product-details/?product=20-260</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>&#160;Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisher-bioreagents-microbiology-media-additives-yeast-extract-3/bp1422500?matchedCatNo=BP1422500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dipotassium Phosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=P3786-1KG&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium Citrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>25102-500g</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=25102-500g&#38;interface=All&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-994</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/catalog/product.jsp?catalog_number=97061-994</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/magnesium-sulfate-heptahydrate-crystalline-certified-acs-fisher-chemical-3/m63500?matchedCatNo=M63500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Manganese Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10034-96-5</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?term=10034-96-5&#38;interface=CAS%20No.&#38;N=0&#38;mode=match%20partialmax&#38;lang=en&#38;region=US&#38;focus=product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MRS Powder</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">69966-500G</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/69966?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plate Reader</td>
			<td>BioTek (Epoch)&#160;</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>http://www.biotek.com/products/microplate_detection/epoch_microplate_spectrophotometer.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.7 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1615-5500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Pipette Tips, 1000&#956;l</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1122-1830</td>
			<td>http://www.usascientific.com/search.aspx?find=1122-1830</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 Well Plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>655101</td>
			<td>https://shop.gbo.com/en/usa/articles/catalogue/article/0110_0040_0120_0010/13243/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ceramic Beads</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>6540-434</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116540434</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tissue Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals, LLC.</td>
			<td>116004500</td>
			<td>http://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=116004500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Class 1 BioSafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>Model 1395</td>
			<td>http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/product/1300-series-class-ii-type-a2-biological-safety-cabinet-packages.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rearing the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Successful rearing of axenic flies is confirmed by isolation of no CFUs from whole-body homogenizations of D. melanogaster adults (Figure 1). Alternatively, if the plated homogenate yields colonies, the vials are contaminated and should be discarded. For gnotobiotic flies, each of the four bacterial isolates were isolated from pools of 5 adult males, demonstrating differences in total viable CFUs associated with adult flies (Figure 1). Each bacte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions at JoVE.com

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

A method for rearing Drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions is presented. Fly embryos are dechorionated in sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to sterile diet, and reared in closed containers. Inoculating diet and embryos with bacteria leads to gnotobiotic associations, and bacterial presence is confirmed by plating whole-body Drosophila homogenates.

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to rear fruit flies that are free of associated microorganisms. This method can help any researcher in the Drosophila field control for, manipulate, or study the microbiota, including its relationship to various host traits. The main advantage of this technique is that it permits researchers to rear fruit flies in the complete absence of external microorganisms.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle, because the sterilization and rinsing steps must be conducted without introducing any contaminating microbes. To begin the experiment, streak previously prepared cultures on modified MRS, or mMRS, agar plates. Incubate the plates overnight at 30 degrees Celsius.Incubate anaerobic cultures in an airtight container, and flood it with carbon dioxide before sealing. The next day, pick a single colony from the mMRS plate into a test tube containing mMRS broth. Grow lactobacillus species under static conditions, and grow acetobacter species with shaking.Prepare the sterile diet in a one-liter Erlenmeyer flask. Microwave the diet until it has boiled three sequential times, and mix the flask by swirling in between each boil. Transfer the diet to a wide-mouth container on a stir plate to maintain stirring, and transfer the diet to conical centrifuge tubes.Loosely cap the tubes and place them in a covered autoclavable polypropylene rack. Autoclave the fly diet. When the autoclave is complete, remove the racks and immediately shake each rack horizontally to ensure the diet does not separate.Allow the diet to cool on a shaker for exactly 45 minutes. After cooling, immediately shake the diet horizontally by hand. Microwave the grape juice agar ingredients.Bring the mixture to a boil three times, and add 10 grams of frozen grape juice concentrate to increase egg visibility on the agar plate. When the agar has cooled to 55 degrees Celsius, pour 20 milliliters into 100-millimeter Petri dishes, and allow the agar to solidify. Next, pour the yeast paste onto the agar plate, and make sure that the surface is covered, then pour off the excess, leaving a thin yeast residue behind.Transfer the agar plates to the bottom of a cage. Transfer 250 flies into the container, and cover it with a lid. Cover the mesh-protected hole with an empty Petri dish lid.Incubate the flies. Place nylon mesh into a plastic bushing to prepare the sieve for egg collection. If the same flies will be used the next day, immediately transfer them to a new cage containing freshly yeasted grape juice agar plates.The grape juice plate in the previous cage contains the fruit fly eggs. Remove dead flies with a clean paint brush, and take caution not to break up the agar. Rinse the agar plate with distilled watar, and gently brush the eggs from the agar surface.Then pour the slurry over the mesh to collect the eggs. Sterilize the biosafety cabinet with 70%ethanol, then turn on the UV light. Spray all non-biological supplies with 70%ethanol, and immediately place them in the biosafety cabinet, then sterilize them with UV light.It is critical to ensure that good aseptic technique is practiced when working within, or when adding or removing new materials to the biosafety cabinet. Transfer the bushing with the eggs into a 120-milliliter specimen cup, and slowly pour 90 milliliters of 0.6%sodium hypochlorite solution or 7%bleach into the bushing just below the rim. Using forceps, periodically move the bushing up and down in the solution to re-suspend the eggs.Transfer the bushing directly into a second specimen cup pre-filled with 90 milliliters of bleach. At the end of the second bleach treatment, the eggs should begin to adhere to the sides of the bushing. Discard the bleach and completely rinse the bushing with sterile water.Again, use forceps to re-suspend the eggs several times during each wash. By the end of the third wash, most eggs should be attached to the side of the bushing. Using a sterile paint brush, transfer the eggs from the side of the bushing to the sterile diet.Leave the caps loose to allow oxygen to enter the tube. The transferred eggs will be visible on the surface of the diet. Use filter tips to transfer 100 microliters of overnight growth to a sterile microfuge tube.Next, transfer 200 microliters of each culture to a 96-well plate. Remove the samples from the biosafety cabinet and centrifuge them to pellet the bacteria. After making one, two, and four full dilutions, measure the optical density, or OD600, on a multi-well plate reading spectrophotometer.After obtaining the OD600, remove the supernatant with a pipette tip, and use fresh mMRS to re-suspend the pellet. Mix the diluted bacterial strains in equal ratios to create a multi-species cocktail. Transfer 50 microliters of the cocktail to the conical tubes containing the sterile diet and dechorionated eggs.Be sure to add the bacteria after the egg transfer to prevent contamination between vials. Then place the inoculated tubes in an incubator. To measure the colony-forming units, or CFUs, transfer five flies to a 1.7-milliliter microfuge tube containing 125 microliters of ceramic beads and 125 microliters of mMRS broth.Homogenize the flies using a tissue homogenizer. There should be no whole pieces of fly remaining. Next, dilute the homogenate with 875 microliters of mMRS, vortex the homogenate for five seconds, and pipette 120 microliters into the first well of a microtiter plate.Remove 10 microliters from the first well, and add it to the second well containing 70 microliters of MRS. Mix the contents of the second well thoroughly, then transfer 10 microliters from the second well to the third well containing 70 microliters of MRS, and mix thoroughly. Transfer 10 microliters of each dilution to an mMRS plate.Slightly incline the dish to spread the dilution several millimeters down the agar surface, and allow the liquid to dry before moving the plate. Remove the plates from the incubator once distinct individual colonies are visible, and count them from a dilution with 10 to 100 isolated colonies. Finally, calculate the CFU per fly.Each of the four species in the gnotobiotic Drosophila melanogaster presents different morphologies. Acetobacter colonies are a clear light brown, and come in varying sizes. A.tropicalis is opaque, whereas A.pomorum is transparent.L.Brevis colonies are small and white, and L.plantarum colonies are large and yellow. This graph displays the colony-forming units, or CFUs per fly, of four bacterial strains isolated from axenic and gnotobiotic Drosophila. Lack of colonies in the axenic homogenates confirms D.melanogaster sterility.Once mastered, microbe-free Drosophila can be prepared in under an hour, if performed properly. This procedure can be performed with bacterial strains other than those described in this video, in order to explore the effects of myriad bacteria on Drosophila melanogaster. Instead of starting with microorganism-free Drosophila, a bacterial cocktail can be inoculated to conventional Drosophila stocks to ensure that flies in each vial have access to a shared set of microbes.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

20.7K 조회수.  Brigham Young University. The overall goal of this procedure is to rear fruit flies that are free of associated microorganisms. This method can help any researcher in the Drosophila field control for, manipulate, or study the microbiota, including its relationship to various host traits. The main advantage of this technique is that it permits researchers to rear fruit flies in the complete absence of external microorganisms.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle, because the sterilization and r...