This work was funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) to K. M., and an infrastructure grant of the Netherlands Research Organization (NWO) to B. H.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

在这篇文章中，我们描述了两个具体方案为虚拟手和虚拟面错觉范例，在我们的虚拟面的研究是第一个复制在虚拟现实中传统的行程引起的面所有权的错觉，从代表性的结果一起两种范式。 该显著同步效果表明，我们成功地诱导了虚拟手虚幻的所有权和虚拟的脸，类似于更传统的幻想典范。如果能够通过虚拟现实技术手段重现这些影响有很大的优势11，24。虚拟现实技术是从相当人为干扰性和抚摸的过程释放实验者并打开实验操作新的可能性。例如，变形的虚拟效应使我们能够系统地操纵APPEA的影响虚拟手的朗斯和虚拟和参与者的真实手，或虚拟面部的面部表情之间的相似性。机构的影响也可以通过不同的程度（ 例如直接），以参与者可以控制人工效应的运动进行系统的探讨。 为未来的虚拟现实研究的另一个充满希望的途径是第一人称视角（1PP）虚拟现实体验。 1PP经验可以存在的，在一个完全不同的规模比第三人称视角的虚拟现实体验25，26，27，28创建和沉浸感的一个巨大的意义。在经历1PP人能够真正感觉一个是分身，一个是从字面上体现头像。这开辟了各种操作的可能性，如一个分离部件<html>人的身体28，伸长29，重新缩放的身体部位30，或改变人的皮肤颜色31,32。 作为本和其他许多研究结果表明，控制同步方式虚拟事件大大增加属于自己的身体这些事件的看法。例如，我们从手研究发现表明立即控制为区分的重要线索自产和其它副产物的事件（ 即 ，个人代理）和之间的自相关和其他相关的事件（ 即 ，身体所有权） 。这里和其他地方提出的调查结果表明，自下而上的信息在惊人的自我表现出现决定性的作用，甚至对身体部位都不如身份相关的作为自己身体的一部分4。 jove_content"&gt;所描述的协议的最关键的部分是感应过程，它引入了视觉，触觉和马达之间的相关性（ 即 ，本体）信息这些相关性允许认知系统推导所有权和机构。作为这些相关性依赖于各个事件，如参与者的自身运动和人工效应器的运动之间的延迟的相对定时，关键的是要保留的处理延迟（特别是关于数据的翻译从数据手套到虚拟执行器的运动屏幕），以最低的。随着我们的实验装置的最大延迟时间大约是40毫秒，这是难以察觉的，不妨碍因果关系和机构的看法。岛田，福田和HIRAKI 33提出，关键的时间窗口构成自体表示多感觉整合过程的发生是300毫秒，这意味着更长的延迟可能减少在虚拟事件控制的感知。 协议的另一个重要方面是在参与者的手或脸的动作紧实验对照，取决于范例。诱导期间，各因子的活性的动作是必要的，因为所需的intersensory相关依靠于参与者的侧有源探索运动。鼓励参与者频繁移动和积极的探索搞这是重要的。在实验中的其他阶段，运动可以然而损害测量。例如，在虚拟手错觉范式，移动左手（从其中的SCR被记录）可能呈现的SCR级嘈杂和不可靠的测量。 虚拟手错觉范式技术的局限性是，对于实际的原因，与会者通常佩戴数据手套和方向TR阿克尔在整个实验过程中（以便最大限度地减少分心）。这未必是舒服，这又可能影响参与者的情绪或动机。对于这个问题的一种可能的解决办法是使用打火机设备或定做身打扮的。我们当前的虚拟面错觉范例技术的另一个限制是，该设备只注册头部运动但在面部表情中没有改变。允许参与者控制虚拟面部的面部表情是可能有助于所有权幻想，但这需要的硬件和软件，提供在人类-我们还没有可用的在我们的实验室可靠的检测和面部表情的分类。使用例如实时（面部）动作捕捉事业将大有裨益克服这些限制，并允许我们增加机构和化身为显著更高水平的主人翁意识。 正如所建议的从我们的研究8的结果，人们考虑的各种信息来源，不断更新自己的身体表示。他们似乎使用一个补偿性的方式自下而上的信息与自上而下的信息，该信息的来源之一起着在没有其他相似的是什么已经承担了机构34的感更强的角色意识。这提供了进一步的研究有趣的途径，因为它例如表明所有权即使对于在不良姿势人工效应被感知，提供一个足够程度的表面的相似性，或反之亦然（的即 ，如果人工效应完全与实际效应对齐但它的不同之处的表面特征而言）。可用发现还表明自己和他人之间的界限是相当塑料，使得其他人或代理人的功能可被视为自身的一个特征，提供了某种程度的顺的自己的行为和其他35，36之间chrony。

据西方哲学，人类自我包括两个方面1:首先，我们认为我们自己的身体和我们的活动在这里，现在，它创建了一个惊人的自我表现（通常被称为最小的个体经营 ）。另一方面，我们通过存储关于我们的个人历史信息，整合新的信息新兴的自我概念创造我们自己的更持久的表现，并呈现于我们相应的社会环境，这相当于建立一个所谓的叙事自我 。最小或自我惊人一直认为从两种信息来源出现。一个是关于我们的身体的更持久的方面，例如约我们拥有效应或我们的面的形状信息自上而下信息 。另一种是自我认知在当前形势下提供自下而上的信息 。 后者的调查，斯特龙通过Botvinick和Cohen 2的巧妙研究甘氨酸的启发。这些作者提出的人类受试者用橡胶手趴在他们的面前，接近其真实的手中，这是不过从视图中隐藏的一个。当真正的手和橡胶手同步进行抚摸，所以创造联运同步输入，参与者倾向于认为橡胶的手，自己的身体， 橡胶手错觉的一部分。进一步研究表明，认为所有权还跟到目前为止，与会者将开始出汗，并试图当橡胶手被刀或以其他方式攻击正在撤回其真正的手"伤"3。 虽然Botvinick和Cohen解释了他们的研究结果证明，从自下而上的信息的处理，即自我认知出现的时候，其他的作者认为，从联运SYNCHR之间的相互作用的橡胶手错觉结果输入的信息自下而上的来源，并亲手存储表示，信息4自上而下源ONY。这个想法是刺激同步给人的印象是真实和橡胶手是同一个东西，考虑到橡胶手看起来像一个真正的手，这种印象被认为是现实。 通过Kalckert和艾尔逊5以后的研究增添了视觉-马达组件的橡胶手模式，它允许两个感知的所有权（印象中的人工效应属于自己的身体）的调查和感知机构（的印象，一个是生产观察自己的动作）。参与者能够通过移动自己食指上下移动橡胶手的食指，并且实部和橡胶手手指的动作之间的同步，运动的模式（被动与主动模式），并且positionin克橡胶手（不协调与一致性的关于参与者的手）被操纵。结果被送往为概念提供支持该机构和所有权在功能上是不同的认知现象:而运动的同步性废除所有权和机构，运动不仅影响机构的模式的两个意义，并且橡胶手的位置的一致性对效果只有所有权。后两个结果被复制在一个后续的研究中，在垂直平面实和橡胶手之间的距离变化6:用于橡胶手所有权降低其位置日益不匹配参与者的真实手。然而，代理没有受到在任何条件下的橡胶手的错位。 然而，使用虚拟现实技术，其提供具有在人工效应主动控制的参与者，最近的研究表明，自顶向下的作用一部分所有权和机构之间的区别可能被高估7,8。这些技术已被呈现给参与者在他们面前的屏幕上，或通过虚拟现实眼镜9装置的虚拟手更换橡胶手。与会者普遍穿翻译参与者真实的手部动作到虚拟手的动作，同步或异步（ 例如 ，具有明显的延迟）数据手套一个。类似于橡胶手错觉，同步翻译大大增加参与者的印象，即虚拟手成为他或她自己的身体10的一部分。 采用虚拟现实技术来制造橡胶手错觉具有优于传统的橡胶手范例和橡胶手范例与视觉一马达的直流电阻的组合都几个优点TS 11。移动一个人的手，看到效应的同步移动与它创建一个比一个面临橡胶手和实验者被抚摸一个更自然的情况。此外，虚拟操作提供了更为灵活的实验和超过感知和移动一个真实的手和人工效应产生的事件之一的感知之间的关系感性得多控制实验者。特别是，使用虚拟技术便于有可能影响感知的所有权和机构因素的操作。例如，虚拟手的形状可以被修改更容易和比橡胶手的形状更快，并且在虚拟手的运动可以是任何种类的并且例如涉及生物不可能的移动。别的不说，这有利于探索幻想的界限，作为人工效应不必看起来像一只手，但可能是replac任何一种静态或动态事件的主编。实践和理论的兴趣，一个虚拟的效应可以说是很多更加身临其境，感觉很多更真实比橡胶手，这很可能减少需要调用自上而下的解释，使目前的情况感觉。 所有权幻想都，然而，并非仅限于手。 Tsakiris 12是第一个使用冲程技术来创建参与者的印象是，在他们面前呈现一个画面一个静态人脸是自己的。斯福扎等。 13还发现了证据对于这种现象，它们所参考的enfacement:成立一个合作伙伴的五官参与者当自己和他们的合作伙伴的脸同步被感动。在enfacement错觉的神经机制，最近被各种研究人员调查;一个全面的评论和INT调查结果erpretation看到Bufalari 等。 14。最近，我们变成了常规enfacement错觉设计成一个虚拟现实的版本（虚拟面的错觉），其中的参与者通过移动自己的头15控制在他们面前的一个虚拟的脸的动作。 在这里，我们描述了使用的虚拟手错觉7与虚拟面错觉15范式，分别调查自表示两个实验。虚拟手实验包括三个完全越过实验因素:（a）（毡）实手和（看到）虚拟效应的动作，这是任一接近零以诱导所有权和机构到三秒作为之间的同步控制条件; （b）该虚拟效应，这看起来或者像人的手或类似矩形的外观（以便测试实虚拟EFF的效果在所有权幻觉厄克托相似性）;和（c）的机会，以控制虚拟效应，这是在被动状态或不存在，或直接在活跃状态的行为。假想面实验包括二，完全越过实验因素:（a）实面和虚拟面的运动，这是任一接近零以诱导所有权和机构到三秒作为控制条件之间的同步; （二）虚拟的脸，这是中性或露出一丝笑容的表情，检验积极情绪是否会解除参与者的情绪和提高他或她的心情敏感的创意任务绩效。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="620">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="399">
			<td height="399" style="height:399px;width:163px;">Vizard (Software controlling the virtual reality environment)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Worldviz</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Vizard allows importing hand models and integrating the hand, dataglove and orientation tracker modules through self-written command scripts. These scripts can be run to control the presentation of the virtual hand in the virtual environment, the appearance of the hand and the way it moves; they also control vibrator activities.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="189">
			<td height="189" style="height:189px;width:163px;">Cybertouch (Dataglove)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">CyberGlove&#160;Systems</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cybertouch</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants wear this dataglove to control the movements of the virtual hand in the virtual environment. Measurement frequency = 100 Hz; Vibrator vibrational frequency = 0-125 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:163px;">Intersense (Orientation tracker)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thales</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">InertiaCube3</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants wear the Intersense tracker to permit monitoring the orientation of their real hand (data that the used dataglove does not provide). Update rate = 180 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:163px;">Biopac system (Physiological measurement device)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">MP100</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">The hardware to record skin conductance response.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:163px;">Acquisition unit (Physiological measurement device)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BN-PPGED</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">The hardware to record skin conductance response.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:163px;">Remote transmitter (Physiological measurement device)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BN-PPGED-T</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants wear the remote transmitter on their left hand wrist; it sends signals to the Biopac acqusition unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:163px;">Electrode (Physiological measurement device)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">EL507</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants wear&#160; the electrode on their fingers; it picks up skin conductance signals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:163px;">AcqKnowledge (Software controlling acquisition of physiological data)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ACK100W, ACK100M</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">The software to record skin conductance responses.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:163px;">Box</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants put their right hand into the box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:163px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Any standard PC + Screen (could be replaced by VR glasses/devive)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Necessary to present the virtual reality environment, including the virtual hand.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:163px;">Cape</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Custom-made</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Participants wear this cape on their right shoulder so they cannot see their right hand and arm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:163px;">Kinect (Head position tracker)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Kinect tracks the X-Y position of the participant&#39;s head. Recording frame rate = 30 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:163px;">FAAST (Head position tracker software)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">MXR</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">FAAST 1.0</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Software controls Kinect and is used to track the position of the participant&#39;s head.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:163px;">Intersense (Head orientation tracker)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thales</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">InertiaCube3</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Intersense tracks rotational orientation changes of the participant&#39;s head. Update rate = 180 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:163px;">Facegen (Face-model generator software)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Singular Inversions</td>
			<td>FaceGen&#160;Modeller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Facegen allows creating various virtual faces by varying various parameters, such as male/female-ness or skin color.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:163px;">Cap</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Any cap, e.g., baseball cap</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">The cap carries the Intersense orientation tracker.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:163px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Any standard PC + Screen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Necessary to present the virtual reality environment, including the virtual head.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

creating virtual-hand and virtual-face illusions to investigate self-representation

调查研究人们如何代表自己和自己的身体经常使用"所有权幻觉"，如传统的橡胶手错觉还是最近发现enfacement幻想的变体。然而，这些示例需要而人为实验装置，其中人工效应需要通过与参与者的真正的手或脸的情况下同步进行抚摸，参与者有超过抚摸或他们的真实的或人工效应的运动没有控制。在这里，我们描述的技术来建立一个配置，它更逼真，更直观，想必较高生态效度的所有权幻想。它允许通过具有参与者控制虚拟手的呈现在屏幕上，或在他们面前虚拟空间中的运动创建虚拟手错觉 。如果虚拟手与参与者自己真正的手同步移动时，他们往往认为Ť他虚拟手作为自己身体的一部分。该技术还通过创建具有参与者，他们往往认为面当作自己的，如果它在同步移动与他们的真正面目的影响控制虚拟脸的运动在他们面前，再一次虚拟面的错觉 。研究认为这种幻想可以创建，增加，减少或者提供有关人们如何创建和维护自己的表示重要信息的情况。

虚拟手错觉我们使用虚拟手错觉范式，来调查人们如何表示自己的身体，在这种情况下，他们的手跑了几个实验。测试参与者的数量取决于条件的量，一般在20名学员每个条件。在这里，我们提供了最详细阐述研究中，我们在我们的实验室进行的一个相关的结果。我们会限制我们的讨论主观数据，平均李克特规模反馈四个所有权问题（O1-O4）和李克特规模答复原子能机构的问题（A1）的。 在这项研究8中 ，我们系统地研究的partic同步（同步和异步），虚拟效应的外观（虚拟手与矩形），和活性（被动与主动）的效应ipants的所有权和机构的意识感（所有条件的参与者中测试）。结果是为所有权和机构是相同的。 如图2所示，认为所有权和机构均强，如果现实和虚拟携手同步移动[F（1,43）= 48.35; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,43）= 54.64; P &lt;0.001;所有权和机构，分别]，如果虚拟效应是比手，如果它是一个矩形[F（1,43）= 14.85; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,43）= 6.94; P &lt;0.02]，如果嘉宾主动而非被动的[F（1,43）= 9.32; P &lt;0.005;和F（1,43）= 79.60; P &lt;0.001。该同步效果复制了标准的虚拟手错觉。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig2.jpg" /> 图2: 所有权和机构的评级作为零件同步的功能，虚拟效应的外观和活动icipant。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig3.jpg" /> 图3: 所有权和机构的评级作为参与者的同步和活动的功能。注意，同步效果是主动的参与者更明显。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 更有趣的是，所有权和机构表现出的活性和同步性[F（1,43）= 13.68之间有显著的相互作用; P = 0.001;和F（1,43）= 23.36; P &lt;0.001;参见图3]，但外观和同步之间不。这种模式建议活动起到了更主要的作用，为所有权和错觉比外表确实，它甚至表明，虚幻的所有权观念是虚拟比传统的橡胶手错觉范强。根据霍梅尔22，客观机构（ 即 ，向其中加入可以客观地控制的程度的外部事件）有助于主观所有权和主观机构，这可以解释为什么在该实验中，在虚拟的效应活性，同步控制增加主观所有权和主观的机构。 虽然外观上没有与同步互动，这表明所有权幻觉不依赖于外观，它也产生重要影响。这表明，外观确实对感知的所有权产生影响。这是有道理的假设，人们有什么外界物体可能会或可能不会是一个PL一般预期他们的身体，它支持所有权感知一般但不适度同步的效果的ausible一部分。因此，我们得出结论，多源信息有助于主观的主人翁意识:一般自上而下的预期和自下而上的同步信息。这两个信息来源之间的关系似乎并不是互动的，但代偿，从而使总的期望可能会在没有同步的主宰，反之亦然。 虚拟面对面错觉在另一项研究中，我们研究人们如何代表自己的脸。我们能够复制传统enfacement错觉在虚拟环境中，这是我们称之为虚拟面错觉 12。我们进一步调查人们是否采纳他们认同一个虚拟的面部表情的心情。有一个内参与者因子同步（同步和异步）和一个参与者之间因数的面部表情（高兴与中性）。诱导期前IOS的评级被从诱导期后IOS的评分中减去，也影响电网的评分的诱导期是从诱导期后的影响电网的评分中减去之前，这些等级的变化被用作IOS和影响电网结果。 所有权分数的分析（O1-4），该机构评分（A1-2）和IOS规模18的变化都表现出[F（1,58）= 38.24同步的主要影响; P &lt;0.001; F（1,58）= 77.33; P &lt;0.001;和F（1,58）= 43.63; P &lt;0.001;分别]，表现出了自己的头部运动和虚拟脸的运动之间的同步增加感知的所有权和机构，并协助对方的脸融入自己的自我（见网络古尔4）。同步也改善情绪，如通过一个同步效果的影响电网19的变化F（1,58）= 7.99表示; P &lt;0.01]。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig4.jpg" /> 图4:所有权和机构评级，以及IOS的变化，同步的功能。需要注意的是积极的IOS的变化意味着进入一个人的自我增加了其他的集成。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig5.jpg" /> 图5: 影响格变化（正值意味着正向影响），并用AUT灵活性分数，作为同步的函数，所述虚拟的面部表情。请注意，同步和表达之间的相互作用是通过更多的正向情绪，特别是良好的弹性性能同步和快乐的虚拟脸的组合驱动。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54784/54784fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 有关于IOS改变面部表情的显著主效应，影响电网的变化，并在AUT 20，21，23，但更重要的灵活性是一个事实，即影响到电网的变化和灵活性得分互动与同步[F（1， 58）= 4.40; P &lt;0.05;和F（1,58）= 4.98; P &lt;0.05;分别]。 如图5所示，参与者报告改善情绪和之后enfacing（ 即同步表现出更多的创新行为LY与移动）笑脸相比，他们有快乐的脸，或用同步中性面移动异步的条件。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>的F / P / PES </td><td> EFF </td><td>法案</td><td> SYN </td><td> EFF * ACT </td><td> EFF * SYN </td><td> ACT * SYN </td><td> EFF * ACT * SYN </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O1 </td><td> 11.66 </td><td> 10.11 </td><td> 45.38 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 10.08 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.21 </td><td> 0.19 </td><td> 0.51 </td><td> 0.19 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O2 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 5.37 </td><td> 47.65 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0。025 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.11 </td><td> 0.53 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O3 </td><td> 10.75 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 41.30 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 9.81 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.002 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.003 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.49 </td><td> 0.19 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O4 </td><td> 12.86 </td><td> 17.17 </td><td> 15.12 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 10.60 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.002 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 0.26 </td><td> 0.20 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> O1-4 </td><td> 14.85 </td><td> 9.32 </td><td> 48.35 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 13.68 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>0 0.001 </td><td> 0.004 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.26 </td><td> 0.18 </td><td> 0.53 </td><td> 0.24 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> A1 </td><td> 6.94 </td><td> 79.60 </td><td> 54.64 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 23.36 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.012 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.14 </td><td> 0.65 </td><td> 0.56 </td><td> 0.37 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:F，P 和偏埃塔平方（PES）的值的问题项的评分的效应，用df = 43的因素是EFF:虚拟效应器（虚拟手与矩形）; ACT:活动（积极的探索与被动的刺激）;和SYN:同步（同步和异步）。只为显著的影响结果如图。 <table bordER ="1"FO:保together.within页="1"FO:保持与 - next.within页="总是"&gt; <tbody><tr><td> M / SE </td><td> HP-SY </td><td> HP-AS </td><td> HA-SY </td><td> HA-AS </td><td> RP-SY </td><td> RP-AS </td><td> RA-SY </td><td> RA-AS </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> O1-4 </td><td> 4.37 </td><td> 3.44 </td><td> 5.09 </td><td> 3.50 </td><td> 3.79 </td><td> 3.14 </td><td> 4.68 </td><td> 3.05 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.19 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.21 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> A1 </td><td> 3.59 </td><td> 3.11 </td><td> 6.36 </td><td> 4.36 </td><td> 3.07 </td><td> 2.57 </td><td> 6.09 </td><td> 3.80 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.30 </td><td> 0.32 </td><td> 0.15 </td><td> 0.33 </td><td> 0.28 </td><td> 0.27 </td><td> 0.24 </td><td> 0.33 </td></tr></tbody></table>表2: 平均值（M），并在所有八个条件所有权和机构的评级标准误差（SE）。 H:手; R:矩形;答:活跃;病人:被动的; SY:同步; AS:异步的。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td>的F / P / PES </td><td>表情</td><td>同步性</td><td>面部表情*同步性</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">所有权（O1-4） </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 38.24 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.40 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">局（A1-2） </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 77.33 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> &lt;0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.57 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> IOS变化</td><td> 4.03 </td><td> 43.63 </td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td> 0.049 </td><td> 0.001 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.07 </td><td> 0.43 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">影响电网价变化</td><td> 6.06 </td><td> 7.99 </td><td> 4.40 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.017 </td><td> 0.007 </td><td> 0.041 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.10 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.07 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> AUT-灵活性</td><td> 5.42 </td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 4.98 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.024 </td><td> 0.03 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.09 </td><td> 0.08 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> AUT-流利</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td><td> 7.89 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.007 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.12 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3:F，P 和部分埃塔平方（PES）的值取决于相关措施，用df = 58问卷调查和IOS的结果，和df = 56对电网影响的哞价维度D和AUT结果。只为显著的影响结果如图。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> M / SE </td><td>中性SY </td><td>中性-AS </td><td>快乐-SY </td><td>快乐-AS </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">所有权（O1-4） </td><td> 2.88 </td><td> 2.03 </td><td> 3.38 </td><td> 2.36 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.27 </td><td> 0.16 </td><td> 0.23 </td><td> 0.22 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">局（A1-2） </td><td> 5.90 </td><td> 4.25 </td><td> 6.16 </td><td> 4.08 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.32 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> IOS变化</td><td> 0.37 </td><td> -0.80 </td><td> 1.00 </td><td> -0.40 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.21 </td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.20 </td><td> 0.24 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">影响电网价变化</td><td> -1.07 </td><td> -1.33 </td><td> 0.60 </td><td> -1.20 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.42 </td><td> 0.33 </td><td> 0.39 </td><td> 0.31 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> AUT-灵活性</td><td> 5.87 </td><td> 6.07 </td><td> 7.43 </td><td> 6.10 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.31 </td><td> 0.37 </td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 0.39 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> AUT-流利</td><td> 7.27 </td><td> 8.27 </td><td> 9.73 </td><td> 7.37 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.51 </td><td> 0.68 </td><td> 0.68 </td><td> 0.49 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表4: 装置（M）和在四个条件相关依赖措施的标准误差（SE）。中性:中性表情;快乐:快乐的表情; SY:同步; AS:异步的。

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Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

这里，我们描述了虚拟手和可以用于研究身体相关的自我感知/ - 表示虚拟面错觉范式。它们已经在各种研究用于证明，在特定条件下，一个虚拟手或脸可并入一个人的身体的表示，这表明体表示是相当灵活的。

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

creating-virtual-hand-virtual-face-illusions-to-investigate-self

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13.1K 次观看.  Leiden University. 这里，我们描述了虚拟手和可以用于研究身体相关的自我感知/ - 表示虚拟面错觉范式。它们已经在各种研究用于证明，在特定条件下，一个虚拟手或脸可并入一个人的身体的表示，这表明体表示是相当灵活的。 

视频: Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET:  Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking

We describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute fluctuations of dopamine induced by smoking a cigarette. The smoker is imaged during a natural smoking experience while other possible confounding effects (such as head motion, expectation, novelty, or aversion to smoking repeatedly) are minimized.
We present the details of our unique analysis. Conventional methods for PET analysis estimate time-invariant kinetic model parameters which cannot capture short-term fluctuations in neurotransmitter release. Our analysis - yielding a dopamine movie - is based on our work with kinetic models and other decomposition techniques that allow for time-varying parameters 1-7. This aspect of the analysis - temporal-variation - is key to our work. Because our model is also linear in parameters, it is practical, computationally, to apply at the voxel level. The analysis technique is comprised of five main steps: pre-processing, modeling, statistical comparison, masking and visualization. Preprocessing is applied to the PET data with a unique 'HYPR' spatial filter 8 that reduces spatial noise but preserves critical temporal information. Modeling identifies the time-varying function that best describes the dopamine effect on 11C-raclopride uptake. The statistical step compares the fit of our (lp-ntPET) model 7 to a conventional model 9. Masking restricts treatment to those voxels best described by the new model. Visualization maps the dopamine function at each voxel to a color scale and produces a dopamine movie. Interim results and sample dopamine movies of cigarette smoking are presented.

We present a novel PET imaging approach for capturing dopamine fluctuations induced by cigarette smoking. Subjects smoke in the PET scanner. Dynamic PET images are modeled voxel-by-voxel in time by lp-ntPET, which includes a time-varying dopamine term. The results are 'movies' of dopamine fluctuations in the striatum during smoking.

创建动态图像的短命多巴胺波动与LP-ntPET:多巴胺电影吸烟

We describe experimental and statistical steps for creating dopamine movies of the brain from dynamic PET data. The movies represent minute-to-minute ...

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行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务:一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

使用虚拟商店作为调查消费者店内行为的研究工具

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Related proteins that have been studied in different labs using varying organisms may lack a uniform system of nomenclature and classification, making it difficult to discuss the group as a whole and to place new sequences into the appropriate context. Developing a reference that prioritizes important sequence features related to structure and/or activity can be used in addition to established names to add some coherency to a diverse group of proteins. This paper uses the cysteine-stabilized alpha-helix (CS-&#945;&#946;) superfamily as an example to show how a reference generated in&#160;spreadsheet software can clarify relationships between existing proteins in the superfamily, as well as facilitate the addition of new sequences. It also shows how the reference can help to refine sequence alignments generated in commonly used software, which impacts the validity of phylogenetic analyses. The use of a reference will likely be most helpful for protein groups that include highly divergent sequences from a broad spectrum of taxa, with features that are not adequately captured by molecular analyses.

The goal of this protocol is to develop a reference for divergent proteins in a group that lacks coherent criteria for nomenclature and classification. This reference will facilitate analyses and discussion of the group as a whole and can be used in addition to established names.

创建和应用的参考，以便不同的组中的蛋白质分类与探讨

Related proteins that have been studied in different labs using varying organisms may lack a uniform system of nomenclature and classification, making it ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the appearance and behavior of visual stimuli, compared to manipulating live animals. Here, we present the FishSim Animation Toolchain, a software framework developed to provide researchers with an easy-to-use method for implementing 3D computer animations in behavioral experiments with fish. The toolchain offers templates to create virtual 3D stimuli of five different fish species. Stimuli are customizable in both appearance and size, based on photographs taken of live fish. Multiple stimuli can be animated by recording swimming paths in a virtual environment using a video game controller. To increase standardization of the simulated behavior, the prerecorded swimming path may be replayed with different stimuli. Multiple animations can later be organized into playlists and presented on monitors during experiments with live fish.
In a case study with sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), we provide a protocol on how to conduct a mate-choice copying experiment with FishSim. We utilized this method to create and animate virtual males and virtual model females, and then presented these to live focal females in a binary choice experiment. Our results demonstrate that computer animation may be used to simulate virtual fish in a mate-choice copying experiment to investigate the role of female gravid spots as an indication of quality for a model female in mate-choice copying.
Applying this method is not limited to mate-choice copying experiments but can be used in various experimental designs. Still, its usability depends on the visual capabilities of the study species and first needs validation. Overall, computer animations offer a high degree of control and standardization in experiments and bear the potential to &#39;reduce&#39; and &#39;replace&#39; live stimulus animals as well as to &#39;refine&#39; experimental procedures.

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Using the novel FishSim Animation Toolchain, we present a protocol for non-invasive visual manipulation of public information in the context of mate-choice copying in sailfin mollies. FishSim Animation Toolchain provides an easy-to-use framework for the design, animation and presentation of computer-animated fish stimuli for behavioral experiments with live test fish.

利用fishsim动画工具链调查鱼类行为--以鱼翅钼中的选物复制为例

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

真空采血系统和眼镜放大镜从非麻醉小鼠尾静脉中修饰采血

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which people walk on a treadmill to intercept gaps between two moving vehicles in an immersive virtual environment. Virtual reality allows for a safe and ecologically varied investigation of gap crossing behavior. Manipulating the initial starting distance can further the understanding of a participant&#8217;s speed regulation while approaching a gap. The speed profile may be assessed for various gap crossing variables, such as initial distance, vehicle size, and gap size. Each walking simulation results in a position/time series that can inform how velocity is adjusted differently depending on the gap characteristics. This methodology can be used by researchers investigating pedestrian behavior and behavioral dynamics while employing human participants in a safe and realistic setting.

This protocol describes use of a walking simulator that serves as a safe and ecologically valid method to study pedestrian behavior in the presence of moving traffic.

使用虚拟现实步行模拟器调查行人行为

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which ...