The authors thank all members of the Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab for their help in data collection, particularly Stephen M. Mattingly for proofreading the final manuscript.

圣母大学的机构审查委员会批准的所有的程序，包括使用人类受试者，在这里讨论。制备和下面描述的DRM任务材料的管理在发表的研究26，在这种心理压力的下面DRM词表编码的影响进行了评估24小时后进行使用。 1. DRM任务的研制<ol><li>使用来自施泰德，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特48的单词列表，在附录中提出，要选择单词列表适当数量的实验。从表1和表 2，选择假回忆和识别的概率最高的单词列表。在实验中使用了更多的单词列表，更大的假字的数目参加者将有机会记住。 注： 表1和2示出了probabil假自由回忆和再认记忆，分别由施泰德等人使用的前18单词列表的性。 41。附录给出了完整的单词列表。参见加洛和洛蒂格49额外的范单词列表。 </li><li> 准备编码任务 <ol><li>单词选择列表的呈现方式。见讨论，了解有关演示模式的选择问题。 注意：演示模式可以是视觉或听觉。 </li><li>如果选择了听觉介绍，数字记录在每个列表中的所有单词。使用专业级设备（ 例如 ，策马NT1-A话筒），最好是一个陌生的声音和隔音或耐药声音的房间。 </li><li>记录在降关联的强度的词列表，因为它们是在附录中提出的，在每两秒一个字的速率。 </li><li>在每个列表的末尾，包括相当长的延迟时间（&lt;EM&gt;例如，12秒）的沉默，接着是1语气，2秒的沉默，然后下一个列表的开始。这有助于与会者解析个人名单。 </li><li>使用音频编辑软件（ 如 Audacity的）来应用这些标准。 <ol><li>拖放音频文件到音频编辑软件。 </li><li>使用鼠标光标，以选择沉默将被应用在音频部分。 </li><li>在顶部，选择编辑&gt;删除音频&gt;静音音频。 </li><li>在每个表的开始应用1-S音效，使用音频编辑软件的复制和粘贴选项。 </li><li>要保存录音，按STOP，选择文件&gt;导出，然后选择文件格式和音频文件的目的地。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 准备测试任务 <ol><li>选择的编码和检测之间的保持间隔为适合实验。如果寻址应激对记忆PERFORMA的影响NCE，至少选择24小时。 </li><li> 对于自由回忆任务，有一个空白的纸上或在文字处理应用程序中的空白文档（ 例如 ，微软Word）准备好了。 </li><li> 对于识别任务，选择的话，包括在识别任务。 <ol><li>包括从位置1,8研究词语（ 即在编码展示的话），和10从包括在编码任务2各自列表。参见附录完整的单词列表。 </li><li>包括包含在编码任务（代表单词列表的要点在编码没有提出即假字）从每个列表中的所有关键的诱惑的话。参见附录完整的单词列表及其相应的关键诱惑。 </li><li>包括相同数量的附加的，非提出词语（ 即箔字不相关的任何所研究的DRM列表）中，从其他的非研究的DRM单词列表，从相同的位置（1,8，一个<html> ð10）和它们的相应的临界诱饵。 注：例如，如果15 DRM的单词列表在编码过程中提出，为表彰测试，目前120字：45学习的话，15个关键的诱惑的话，从其他非研究的DRM词表45 nonpresented列表项和15微词从这些nonstudied DRM的单词列表。 </li></ol></li><li>使用实验制作软件（ 如 E-总理）创建的话自学介绍，并实现数据的采集。 <ol><li>使用黑色字体与白色背景，合理的字体大小，根据屏幕尺寸/分辨率。 </li><li>在一个标准的旧/新识别测试中，使用单独的密钥分配响应;如旧的&#39;Z&#39;键和新的“M”键。如果可能的话，在加入这个传说与屏幕上的每个字的文稿。软件，如E-总理会自动收集反应时间和关键响应。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>e_title“&gt; 2。DRM任务管理<ol><li> 编码任务管理 <ol><li>向受试者在含有单词列表的记录设备的前面坐。确保主题是舒适。 </li><li>阅读以下说明，以科目为：“对，你会听单词表这一认知任务在每个列表的最后一个字，就会有12秒休息，其次是1的语气，其次是2秒的。沉默，再下一张表的开始时间，请密切关注的话，因为你对他们在下次会议上进行测试。“ </li><li>请受戴上耳机。为了确保参与者有没有杂念，关掉电脑显示器。按播放。 </li><li>告知参与者，这个会议已经结束，并为他们提供下一个（测试）会话的说明。 </li></ol></li><li> 测试任务管理 <ol><li> 自由回忆测试 <ol><li>请受坐到一张桌子或书桌前（如果使用笔和纸），或在电脑前（如果使用字处理空白文档）。 </li><li>阅读下面的说明这个问题：“任务的这部分涉及一个简单的内存测试请写下你可以从你的最后一次会议听取了名单还记得的话你有10分钟召回所有的话，你可以。还有2分钟时离开，我会让你知道。有问题吗？“ </li><li>回答这个问题的任何问题。 </li><li>启动定时器，并告知两分钟警示标记的主题。 </li><li>停止主语之后的时间到了。 </li></ol></li><li> 在计算机识别测试 <ol><li>与实验创作软件打开识别测试。 </li><li>问学科在电脑前坐。 </li><li>阅读下面的说明的主题：“这是一个简单的识别任务你会看到一个单词O操作。n个屏幕。使用键盘来回答每个单词是否是旧的（也就是，你听到了列表中的一个/先前看到的）或新的。如果你认为这个词是旧的和&#39;M&#39;键，如果你认为这个词是新的，你会用&#39;Z&#39;键。这是自定进度，但我们也测量你的反应时间，从而迅速，但准确，你可以接听。让我知道你做。任何问题？ “。 </li><li>回答这个问题的任何问题。 </li><li>启动识别测试，并等待接受完成。 </li></ol></li><li>听取汇报的主题和感谢他们参与这项研究。 </li></ol></li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html>在这份报告中，作者描述了可靠的生产基础依据，错误记忆在人类受试者使用频率高的认知任务。要注意的是，在目前的报告中，DRM任务在其最简单的形式，非常类似于由德泽1和洛蒂格与Mcdermott 2中使用的原始协议之一表示是非常重要的。在这里描述的实验中使用的原始协议的相似度具有一个特定的异常：编码和测试之间长时间的延迟（24，48小时），测试...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/54793">The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory</a>.&#160; Additional references have been added to the References section.

An erratum was issued for: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/54793">The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory</a>. Additional references have been added to the References section.

Erratum: The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

<html>该德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务最初由德泽1中创建，后来由洛蒂格和麦克德莫特2在实验室研究错误记忆的方便手段活力。虽然有些3,4认为这应该叫DRMRS任务，为读5和6索尔索的贡献，在文学中最常见的名字是DRM任务，我们用这个名字在这里调用它。由洛蒂格和麦克德莫特2发表了开创性的论文后，错误记忆的研究兴趣猛增7，导致该文章日期2800引文。据洛蒂格和麦克德莫特，他们通过复兴创造德泽因为没有可靠的实验范式诱发虚假召回的实验设计，而错误识别的证据“&gt; 8，9没有”小劝阻那些需要更多的自然，连贯的材料来证明强大的错误记忆效应的信仰“2。 “更自然”的范式的一个例子是误传范式10,11。在这个任务中，受试者都通过图片，幻灯片或视频的故事。后来，误导性信息提供，问题是主体是否将这一误导性的资料到他们的故事回味。则DRM任务比在若干方面的误传范例简单。 DRM编码仅需要快速呈现和词的列表的学习，可以在视觉上或听觉上。无论所使用的特定方法为DRM任务检索测试是同样方便。在识别测试参与者都带有日的一个子集Ë编码的话，关键的诱惑的话（ 例如 ，&#39;医生&#39;），以及不相关的诱惑的话，不得不使他们是否还记得每一个字或没有，而在回忆测试中，参与者要记下所有的话简单判断他们能记住。与此相反，对于误传范例自由回忆测试是不切实际的，因为它需要费时内容分析。此外，DRM任务不需要编码和检测之间的任何操作，因为DRM“假记忆&#39;是自发自我生成。误传误差，另一方面，通过外部建议诱导。虽然两者的DRM和误传范式被认为以评估假存储器，更新的研究已经发现小相关（r = 0.12）12或没有关系13,14的误传和DRM效果之间，这表明不同的机制可为播放为每种类型的虚假记忆。此外，DRM幻想被认为是的存储器15的建设性的性质，这可以被认为是一种进化上自适应处理16的副产物。 该DRM虚假记忆效应是不同的研究非常强劲（定量的评论见文献17，18），并有相当的证据表明，DRM任务是相当可靠的27，28。则DRM假记忆效应已经使用各种延迟间隔，包括那些短立即测试发现，这些延迟存储器测试直到60后19，20，21，22 D。警告DRM假象减少，但不会删除，效果14，23的主题。该DRM效果也已发现具有不同编码策略，例如在字显示持续时间24的变化，并可以由几个编码后处理，如睡眠25或应力26而增加。 此外，DRM任务已经用于通过许多实验室研究中的各种主题的人群，例如儿童29，30，31，32和老年人33的假记忆形成，并在各种研究领域，包括个体认知（ 例如 ，工作记忆28，34）和个性差异35，神经影像学36，37，和神经心理学38。尽管它的普及，然而，许多人认为抗T他的DRM任务的普遍性，以及是否DRM错误记忆创造可媲美自然创造的实验室，外假自传体记忆等心理治疗39，40，41恢复虐待儿童的回忆。尽管如此，一些研究发现，受试者认为更容易受到DRM错误记忆也更容易自传体记忆的扭曲42，梦幻般的自传体记忆（外星人绑架43;前世44），并回收自传体记忆45。 总之，DRM任务是调查（重新）的神经认知基础的存储器16，46建设性，无论正在进行的辩论的有关如何应用一个有用的工具ropriate和有关它在自传错误记忆7的研究。在目前的报告中，DRM任务程序最简单的形式中的定位记忆的巩固过程解释，重点（ 即实验操作，如睡眠和压力，编码已完成，因此被作为工具来评估合并后可能出现） ，因为这已在我们的实验室中的焦点。作者读者参考加洛，2013 47对DRM任务的一个很好的回顾，对编码和测试程序的不同变化一起。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="905">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Computer</td>
			<td style="width:275px;"></td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;">No particular brand/type required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Headphones</td>
			<td style="width:275px;"></td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td>No particular brand/type required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">RODE NT1-A 1&#34; cardioid condenser microphone</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Rode</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">http://www.rode.com/microphones/nt1-a</td>
			<td>recording equipment used to record the wordlists</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">Audacity</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Audacity</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">http://www.audacityteam.org/</td>
			<td>for editing the recording of the wordlists</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:247px;">E-Prime&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">https://www.pstnet.com/eprime.cfm</td>
			<td>for stimuli presentation and/or testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">MS PowerPoint (optional)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td>for stimuli presentation and/or testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">MS Word (optional)</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
			<td>for free recall testing. Any word processor application will work.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the deese-roediger-mcdermott (drm) task: a simple cognitive paradigm to investigate false memories in the laboratory

该德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务是假内存范例，其中科目都带有的语义相关的词（ 例如 ，护士，医院等 ），在编码列表。延时后，科目要求召回或识别这些词。在任务的识别记忆版本，受检者被问及他们是否还记得以前提交的话，以及相关的（但从未提交）关键诱字（&#39;医生&#39;）。通常情况下，临界字被识别以高概率和信心。这种虚假的记忆效应已经在整个短（ 例如 ，立竿见影，20分钟）和长期（ 如 1，7，60天）的编码和测试内存之间的延迟得到有力证明。使用此任务来研究错误记忆的优势在于它的简单性和持续时间短。如果任务的编码和提取成分发生在同一个会议上，整个任务可以低至2 - 30分钟。然而，人虽然DRM任务被广泛认为是“虚假记忆”的范式，一些研究者认为基于语义记忆网络在大脑中的激活的DRM幻想，认为这种基于语义要点假的内存错误可能实际上是一些有用的场景（ 例如 ，记住树木不见森林;记住一个单词列表是关于“医生”，即使实际单词“医生”从来没有提出学习）。记忆经验的要旨（代替或与个别细节一起）可以说是一个自适应过程，此任务提供知识了大量有关的存储器的建设性，自适应性质。因此，在使用此任务时，研究“虚假记忆”，因为DRM内存错误可能无法充分反映在现实世界中虚假记忆，比如在目击者的证词错误记忆讨论整体的覆盖面和他们的实验意义时，研究者应谨慎使用，还是假的性虐待的回忆。

用这里介绍的过程中，作者已经能够可靠地产生在两个独立的实验的DRM效果;也就是说，受试者回忆和认识，与可以被视为虚假记忆的单词列表的“要点”高概率，不提出微词。 结果实验1（ 见图1和图 2）已在其他地方26日公布。在这个实验中，受试者67到达实验室，听（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

在这里，我们目前的德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务，研究错误记忆的实验工具。学科研究的语义相关的词（ 如护士，生病等 ）列表，以后记得虚假表示的要点，或主题，字表的字未学（医生）。

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务：一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

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The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Memory

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

37.0K 次观看.  University of Notre Dame. 在这里，我们目前的德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务，研究错误记忆的实验工具。学科研究的语义相关的词（ 如护士，生病等 ）列表，以后记得虚假表示的要点，或主题，字表的字未学（医生）。 

视频: The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

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行为学

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务：测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务：评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...