Name: a versatile method of patterning proteins and cells
Uploaded: 2017-02-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Versatile Method of Patterning Proteins and Cells at JoVE.com

Funding for this research was provided by the New Jersey Commission on Spinal Cord Research (NJCSCR) (to FHK), grant CSCR14IRG005 (to BLF), NIH grant R15NS087501 (to CHC), and the F.M. Kirby Foundation (to ETA).

NOTE: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) before use. Some of the chemicals used in this protocol are toxic and carcinogenic. Please use all appropriate safety practices (fume hood, glovebox) and personal protective equipment (safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, closed-toe shoes) when using toxic or acid/base materials.
1. Fabrication of Master Molds for Soft Lithography using Photolithography
<ol>
	<li>Draw the layout of the microchannel using a c...

     

<ol>
	<li>Kane, R. S., Takayama, S., Ostuni, E., Ingber, D. E., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+proteins+and+cells+using+soft+lithography.">Patterning proteins and cells using soft lithography.</a> Biomaterials. 20 (23-24), 2363-2376 (1999).</li><li>Lin, R. Z., Ho, C. T., Liu, C. H., Chang, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dielectrophoresis+based-cell+patterning+for+tissue+engineering.">Dielectrophoresis based-cell patterning for tissue engineering.</a> Biotechnol J. 1 (9), 949-957 (2006).</li><li>Veiseh, M., Zareie, M. H., Zhang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Selective+Protein+Patterning+on+Gold-Silicon+Substrates+for+Biosensor+Applications.">Highly Selective Protein Patterning on Gold-Silicon Substrates for Biosensor Applications.</a> Langmuir. 18 (17), 6671-6678 (2002).</li><li>Kung, F., Wang, J., Perez-Castillejos, R., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+along+the+nasal/temporal+plane+affects+synaptic+development+by+adult+photoreceptors,+revealed+by+micropatterning.">Position along the nasal/temporal plane affects synaptic development by adult photoreceptors, revealed by micropatterning.</a> Integr Biol. 7 (3), 313-323 (2015).</li><li>Dickinson, L. E., Lutgebaucks, C., Lewis, D. M., Gerecht, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+microscale+extracellular+matrices+to+study+endothelial+and+cancer+cell+interactions+in+vitro.">Patterning microscale extracellular matrices to study endothelial and cancer cell interactions in vitro.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (21), 4244-4248 (2012).</li><li>Khademhosseini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-culture+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+with+murine+embryonic+fibroblasts+on+microwell-patterned+substrates.">Co-culture of human embryonic stem cells with murine embryonic fibroblasts on microwell-patterned substrates.</a> Biomaterials. 27 (36), 5968-5977 (2006).</li><li>Bogdanowicz, D. R., Lu, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+cell-cell+communication+in+co-culture.">Studying cell-cell communication in co-culture.</a> Biotechnol J. 8 (4), 395-396 (2013).</li><li>Choi, Y., Lee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+cell+growth+through+surface+treatments.">Guided cell growth through surface treatments.</a> J of Mech Sci Technol. 19 (11), 2133-2137 (2005).</li><li>Hwang, I. -. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Immobilization+and+Patterning+of+Biomolecules+on+Poly(ethylene+terephthalate)+Films+Functionalized+by+Ion+Irradiation+for+Biosensor+Applications.">Efficient Immobilization and Patterning of Biomolecules on Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Films Functionalized by Ion Irradiation for Biosensor Applications.</a> ACS Appl Mater Interf. 3 (7), 2235-2239 (2011).</li><li>Clark, P., Britland, S., Connolly, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+cone+guidance+and+neuron+morphology+on+micropatterned+laminin+surfaces.">Growth cone guidance and neuron morphology on micropatterned laminin surfaces.</a> J Cell Sci. 105 (1), 203-212 (1993).</li><li>Th&#233;ry, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropatterning+as+a+tool+to+decipher+cell+morphogenesis+and+functions.">Micropatterning as a tool to decipher cell morphogenesis and functions.</a> J Cell Sci. 123 (24), 4201-4213 (2010).</li><li>Douvas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biocompatible+photolithographic+process+for+the+patterning+of+biomolecules.">Biocompatible photolithographic process for the patterning of biomolecules.</a> Biosens Bioelectron. 17 (4), 269-278 (2002).</li><li>Alom, R. S., Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcontact+printing:+A+tool+to+pattern.">Microcontact printing: A tool to pattern.</a> Soft Matter. 3 (2), 168-177 (2007).</li><li>Ess&#246;, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modifying+Polydimethylsiloxane+(PDMS)+surfaces.">Modifying Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces.</a> Institutionen f&#246;r biologi och kemiteknik. , (2007).</li><li>Zhou, J., Ellis, A. V., Voelcker, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+in+PDMS+surface+modification+for+microfluidic+devices.">Recent developments in PDMS surface modification for microfluidic devices.</a> Electrophoresis. 31 (1), 2-16 (2010).</li><li>Folch, A., Jo, B. H., Hurtado, O., Beebe, D. J., Toner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabricated+elastomeric+stencils+for+micropatterning+cell+cultures.">Microfabricated elastomeric stencils for micropatterning cell cultures.</a> J Biomed Mater Res. 52 (2), 346-353 (2000).</li><li>Yeo, W. S., Yousaf, M. N., Mrksich, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+interfaces+between+cells+and+surfaces:+electroactive+substrates+that+sequentially+release+and+attach+cells.">Dynamic interfaces between cells and surfaces: electroactive substrates that sequentially release and attach cells.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 125 (49), 14994-14995 (2003).</li><li>Bhatia, S. N., Toner, M., Tompkins, R. G., Yarmush, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+adhesion+of+hepatocytes+on+patterned+surfaces.">Selective adhesion of hepatocytes on patterned surfaces.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 745, 187-209 (1994).</li><li>Song, E., Kim, S. Y., Chun, T., Byun, H. -. J., Lee, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+scaffolds+derived+from+a+marine+source+and+their+biocompatibility.">Collagen scaffolds derived from a marine source and their biocompatibility.</a> Biomaterials. 27 (15), 2951-2961 (2006).</li><li>Yamato, M., Konno, C., Utsumi, M., Kikuchi, A., Okano, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermally+responsive+polymer-grafted+surfaces+facilitate+patterned+cell+seeding+and+co-culture.">Thermally responsive polymer-grafted surfaces facilitate patterned cell seeding and co-culture.</a> Biomaterials. 23 (2), 561-567 (2002).</li><li>Takayama, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterning+cells+and+their+environments+using+multiple+laminar+fluid+flows+in+capillary+networks.">Patterning cells and their environments using multiple laminar fluid flows in capillary networks.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96 (10), 5545-5548 (1999).</li><li>Kim, D. S., Lee, K. -. C., Kwon, T. H., Lee, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-channel+filling+flow+considering+surface+tension+effect.">Micro-channel filling flow considering surface tension effect.</a> J of Micromech Microeng. 12 (3), 236 (2002).</li><li>Kim, E., Xia, Y., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micromolding+in+Capillaries:+Applications+in+Materials+Science.">Micromolding in Capillaries: Applications in Materials Science.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 118 (24), 5722-5731 (1996).</li><li>Kim, E., Xia, Y. N., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+Microstructures+Formed+by+Molding+in+Capillaries.">Polymer Microstructures Formed by Molding in Capillaries.</a> Nature. 376 (6541), 581-584 (1995).</li><li>Jeon, N. L., Choi, I. S., Xu, B., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-area+patterning+by+vacuum-assisted+micromolding.">Large-area patterning by vacuum-assisted micromolding.</a> Adv Mater. 11 (11), 946 (1999).</li><li>Shrirao, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=System+and+method+for+novel+microfluidic+device.">System and method for novel microfluidic device.</a> US patent. , (2010).</li><li>Merkel, T. C., Bondar, V. I., Nagai, K., Freeman, B. D., Pinnau, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas+sorption,+diffusion,+and+permeation+in+poly(dimethylsiloxane).">Gas sorption, diffusion, and permeation in poly(dimethylsiloxane).</a> J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys. 38 (3), 415-434 (2000).</li><li>Shrirao, A. B., Hussain, A., Cho, C. H., Perez-Castillejos, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive-tape+soft+lithography+for+patterning+mammalian+cells:+application+to+wound-healing+assays.">Adhesive-tape soft lithography for patterning mammalian cells: application to wound-healing assays.</a> Biotechniques. 53 (5), 315-318 (2012).</li><li>Shrirao, A. B., Perez-Castillejos, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chips+&amp;+tips:+simple+fabrication+of+microfluidic+devices+by+replicating+scotch-tape+masters.">Chips &amp; tips: simple fabrication of microfluidic devices by replicating scotch-tape masters.</a> Lab Chip. , (2010).</li><li>Anil, B. S., Frank, H. K., Derek, Y., Cheul, H. C., Ellen, T. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vacuum-assisted+fluid+flow+in+microchannels+to+pattern+substrates+and+cells.">Vacuum-assisted fluid flow in microchannels to pattern substrates and cells.</a> Biofabrication. 6 (3), 035016 (2014).</li><li>Yuen, P. K., Goral, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-cost+rapid+prototyping+of+flexible+microfluidic+devices+using+a+desktop+digital+craft+cutter.">Low-cost rapid prototyping of flexible microfluidic devices using a desktop digital craft cutter.</a> Lab on a Chip. 10 (3), 384-387 (2010).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-loading+and+cell+culture+in+one+layer+microfluidic+devices.">Self-loading and cell culture in one layer microfluidic devices.</a> Biomed Microdevices. 11 (3), 679-684 (2009).</li><li>Feng, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+of+mammalian+cells+under+high+vacuum+condition+for+ion+bombardment.">Survival of mammalian cells under high vacuum condition for ion bombardment.</a> Cryobiology. 49 (3), 241-249 (2004).</li><li>Haubert, K., Drier, T., Beebe, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PDMS+bonding+by+means+of+a+portable,+low-cost+corona+system.">PDMS bonding by means of a portable, low-cost corona system.</a> Lab on a Chip. 6 (12), 1548-1549 (2006).</li><li>Fan, D. -. H., Yuan, S. -. W., Shen, Y. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+modification+with+BSA+blocking+based+on+in+situ+synthesized+gold+nanoparticles+in+poly+(dimethylsiloxane)+microchip.">Surface modification with BSA blocking based on in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles in poly (dimethylsiloxane) microchip.</a> Colloids Surf, B. 75 (2), 608-611 (2010).</li><li>Hideshima, S., Sato, R., Inoue, S., Kuroiwa, S., Osaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+tumor+marker+in+blood+serum+using+antibody-modified+field+effect+transistor+with+optimized+BSA+blocking.">Detection of tumor marker in blood serum using antibody-modified field effect transistor with optimized BSA blocking.</a> Sens Actuator B-Chem. 161 (1), 146-150 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+immunoassay+through+in-channel+microfluidic+patterning.">High-throughput immunoassay through in-channel microfluidic patterning.</a> Lab on a Chip. 12 (14), 2487-2490 (2012).</li><li>MacLeish, P., Barnstable, C., Townes-Anderson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+monoclonal+antibody+as+a+substrate+for+mature+neurons+in+vitro.">Use of a monoclonal antibody as a substrate for mature neurons in vitro.</a> Procs Nat Acad of Sci. 80 (22), 7014-7018 (1983).</li><li>Suchodolskis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+properties+of+chemically+modified+baker's+yeast+cells+studied+by+AFM.">Elastic properties of chemically modified baker's yeast cells studied by AFM.</a> Surf Interface Anal. 43 (13), 1636-1640 (2011).</li></ol>

While conventional photolithography is a well-established technique for the creation of molds for soft lithography, the equipment, materials, and skills necessary to use conventional photolithography are not readily available to most laboratories. For laboratories without access to these resources, we have presented adhesive tape fabrication as a method of creating molds with relatively simple features for microfluidic devices. This method allows any laboratory to create and utilize microfluidic devices for research purp...

In tissue engineering and biosensing, the ability to control the spatial organization of proteins and cells on a &#181;m scale, has become increasingly important over the last four decades1,2,3. Precise spatial organization of proteins and cells has allowed researchers to examine the interaction between cells and substrates containing similar or different types of cells, to guide cell growth, and to immobilize biomolecules for the fabrication of biosensors4,5,6,7,8,9.
Current methods of patterning proteins include photopatterning and microcontact printing. Photopatterning utilizes light sensitive material which is crosslinked upon exposure to ultra violet (UV) light. UV light directed at a photomask (consisting of transparent areas with darker regions to prevent UV light transmission) causes crosslinking in specific regions which can then be used for subsequent attachment of biomaterials or cells10,11. While this scheme is very accurate and allows for precise control of the topography of the culture surface, it is limited to UV-sensitive biomolecules that can be patterned by UV radiation12. Microcontact printing is another popular method of patterning specific proteins13,14. In this method, a poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) stamp is treated with a variety of surface modification reagents before being soaked in a solution of the chosen biomolecular substrate. It is then gently pressed onto a glass coverslip or other surface thus &#34;stamping&#34; the biomolecule onto the culture surface. However, stamping is limited to the type of material that can be transferred as well as the wettability of biomolecules to the surface of the PDMS stamp15.
Direct patterning of cells can be more difficult and relies on complex methods such as switchable substrates, stencil based methods, or patterning with specific cell adhesion molecules16,17. These methods are limited in their ability to pattern cells due to the lack of compatible cell adhesion substrates, incompatibility of the process to work with sensitive biological cells and constraints, inconsistency in reproducing the patterning, and complexity of the procedure. For example, with switchable substrates, custom substrates need to be designed for every cell type, to switch their adherence to specific cell types without degradation upon exposure to the UV light and heat used in process17,18,19,20. Stencil based patterning methods are versatile in their ability to pattern cells; however, it is difficult to manufacture PDMS stencils at the appropriate thicknesses for use16,21. Direct injection of cells into PDMS microfluidic channels have some advantages such as: 1) ease in fabrication of microfluidic channels and 2) suitability for many different cells and substrates. However, the prevalent issue of air bubble capture during the injection process due to the hydrophobicity of PDMS without the use of plasma cleaning, or other methods to decrease air bubbles, makes it difficult to consistently create patterned cells on glass or plastic surfaces21.
This work expands upon capillary micromolding22,23,24,25,26 and reports a method to inject protein and cell suspensions into microchannels. The method used here demonstrates the patterning of substrates and both direct and indirect patterning of specific cell types. This technique overcomes the high hydrophobicity of PDMS and eliminates the presence of bubbles during injection of either substrates or cells by taking advantage of the gas permeability of PDMS27. This paper demonstrates the use of the technique with several different substrates and cell types. The article also highlights the fabrication of molds for soft lithography using conventional photolithography as well as a simple and low-cost adhesive tape method useful in resource limited settings28,29.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CorelDRAW X4 CAD Drawing Tools</td>
			<td>Corel Corporation, Canada</td>
			<td>X4 Version 14.0.0.701</td>
			<td>CAD tool used to draw the layout of the microfluidic device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Printer HP</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard, CA</td>
			<td>1739629</td>
			<td>Used to print the layout of microfluidic device for adhesive tape technique</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bel-Art Dessicator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>08-594-16B</td>
			<td>Used to degass the PDMS mixture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive Scotch Tape</td>
			<td>3M Product, MN</td>
			<td>Tape 600</td>
			<td>Used to fabricate adhesive tape Master</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS Sylgard 184</td>
			<td>Dow Corning, MI</td>
			<td>1064291</td>
			<td>Casting polymer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>08-772-23</td>
			<td>Used to keep the mold to cast with PDMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel Scalpel (#3) with blade (# 11)</td>
			<td>Feather Safety Razor Co. Ltd. Japan</td>
			<td>2976#11</td>
			<td>Used to cut the PDMS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, CA</td>
			<td>5627-07</td>
			<td>Used to handle the PDMS cast during peeling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>12-546-2</td>
			<td>Used as surface to pattern the Substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>12-544-4</td>
			<td>Used as surface to pattern the Substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber Roller</td>
			<td>Dick Blick Art Materials, IL</td>
			<td>40104-1004</td>
			<td>Used to attach adhesive tape on glass without trapping air bubbles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser Mask Writer</td>
			<td>Heidelberg Instruments, Germany</td>
			<td>DWL66fs</td>
			<td>Used to fabricate quartz mask used in photolithography fabrication process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVG Mask Aligner (Photolithography UV exposure tool)</td>
			<td>EV Group, Germany</td>
			<td>EVG 620T(B)</td>
			<td>Used to expose the photoresist to UV light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin Coater Headway</td>
			<td>Headway Research Inc, TX</td>
			<td>PWM32-PS-CB15PL</td>
			<td>Used to spin coat the photoresist on silicon wafer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresists SU-8 50</td>
			<td>MicroChem, MA</td>
			<td>Y131269</td>
			<td>Negative photoresist used for mold fabrication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU-8 Devloper</td>
			<td>MicroChem, MA</td>
			<td>Y020100</td>
			<td>Photoresist developer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-Tetrahydrooctyl-1-Trichlorosilane</td>
			<td>UCT Specialties, PA</td>
			<td>T2492-KG</td>
			<td>Coat mold to avoid PDMS adhesion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>190764</td>
			<td>Cleaning Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>24102</td>
			<td>Sterilization Solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine hydrobromide (PDL)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>P0899-10MG</td>
			<td>PDL solution is made at 0.1 mg/mL in Sodium Tetraborate Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Laminin aliquoted into 10 &#181;L aliquots and diluted to 20 &#181;g/&#181;L in PBS prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>BP1605100</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C2C12 Myoblast cell lline</td>
			<td>ATCC, VA</td>
			<td>CRL-1722</td>
			<td>Used to demonstrate C2C12 patterning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC12 Cell Line</td>
			<td>ATCC, VA</td>
			<td>CRL-1721</td>
			<td>Used to demonstrate PC12 patterning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen type 1, rat tail</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>40236</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>GIBCO, MA</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum, heat inactivated</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, MA</td>
			<td>26050-070</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate (TRITC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td>To label cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcein-AM live dead cell Assay kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, MA</td>
			<td>L-3224</td>
			<td>Cell viability Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy Hole Punch</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, CA</td>
			<td>15110-10</td>
			<td>Punched hole in PDMS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a versatile method of patterning proteins and cells

Substrate and cell patterning techniques are widely used in cell biology to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions. Conventional patterning techniques work well only with simple shapes, small areas and selected bio-materials. This article describes a method to distribute cell suspensions as well as substrate solutions into complex, long, closed (dead-end) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels using negative pressure. This method enables researchers to pattern multiple substrates including fibronectin, collagen, antibodies (Sal-1), poly-D-lysine (PDL), and laminin. Patterning of substrates allows one to indirectly pattern a variety of cells. We have tested C2C12 myoblasts, the PC12 neuronal cell line, embryonic rat cortical neurons, and amphibian retinal neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that this technique can directly pattern fibroblasts in microfluidic channels via brief application of a low vacuum on cell suspensions. The low vacuum does not significantly decrease cell viability as shown by cell viability assays. Modifications are discussed for application of the method to different cell and substrate types. This technique allows researchers to pattern cells and proteins in specific patterns without the need for exotic materials or equipment and can be done in any laboratory with a vacuum.

This method allows the patterning of proteins and indirect patterning of cells using dead-end microfluidic channels with dimensions as small as 10 &#181;m and equipment available in almost all biological laboratories once the master mold is made. This technique can be utilized with PDMS microfluidic channels created using traditional soft photolithography, or with PDMS microfluidic channels created with adhesive tape fabrication (Figure 1)28,<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Versatile Method of Patterning Proteins and Cells at JoVE.com

A Versatile Method of Patterning Proteins and Cells

This report describes a simple, easy to perform technique, using low pressure vacuum, to fill microfluidic channels with cells and substrates for biological research.

Substrate and cell patterning techniques are widely used in cell biology to study cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions. Conventional patterning ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to pattern cells or substrates by distributing them into complex long and closed microchannels using simple bench top tools available in most biological laboratories. This method can help answer key questions in the field of biology regarding cell-to-cell and cell-to-protein interactions. The main advantage of this technique is that it is easy to perform and it only requires tools that are readily available in most biological laboratories.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because it requires optimization of the incubation conditions for the cells and substrates chosen by the researcher. Visual demonstration of this method is critical, as the proper placement of the PDMS stamp and solution significantly improves the reproducibility of the experiment. Start by drawing out the layout of the microchannel using a CAD drawing tool.Then, print the drawing onto white paper. Next, use isopropanol to clean a glass slide that is large enough to accommodate the design. And then dry the slide with an air gun.Attach adhesive tape to the cleaned glass slide, taking care not to trap any air bubbles. Then, tape the sides of the glass slide onto the paper with the design, so that the tape side is facing up. Use a scalpel to cut the tape on the glass slide, using the paper design as a reference.Once cut, peel off the tape from the unwanted areas of the glass slide. Next, rinse the glass slide with isopropanol to remove any residual adhesive. And then use an air gun to dry the surface.Once patterned and cleaned, bake the glass slide in an oven at 65 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Then, gently roll over the tape with a rubber roller, to remove air bubbles and allow the slide to cool to room temperature in a petri dish. Begin by mixing 10 parts of a PDMS elastomer with 1 part of its curing agent and stir the mixture vigorously.Then, place the mixture into a vacuum chamber to de-gas the mixture until no air bubbles remain. Pour a 2mm thick layer of the mixture onto the adhesive tape mold, and de-gas the mold until all air bubbles disappear. Once cooled, use a scalpel to cut the PDMS layer at least 5mm away from the features.And then, peel the cured PDMS off the mold using a pair of tweezers. Punch a single inlet hole with a 1mm biopsy punch, preferably at the end of a network of microchannels. Then, clean the PDMS cast with adhesive tape, to remove dust particles from the device.Sterilize the PDMS microchannel device by rinsing it with a solution of 70%ehtanol, followed by sterile deionized water, and expose it to UV light for 30 minutes. Use tweezers to place the sterile PDMS cast onto a sterile glass cover slip, and apply gentle pressure using the tip of the tweezers. Next, place a droplet of poly d lysine in sodium tetraborate buffer on the inlet of the microchannels.Place the petri dish under vacuum for 10 minutes. During this time, observe air coming out of the channel in the form of bubbles. Release the vacuum and observe the substrate solution flowing into the microchannel Incubate the dish at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour.Then, carefully peel off the PDMS stamp using sterile tweezers, and wash the pattern three times with deionized water. Add a 1%BSA solution to the glass cover slip, to reduce non-specific adhesion, and incubate the sample overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. The next day, aspirate the BSA solution.To start the indirect patterning of cells, prepare a cell suspension in serum free culture medium as described in the accompanying text protocol. Add the cell suspension to the patterned petri dish, completely submerging the patterned region in cell suspension. Then, incubate the petri dish at 37 degrees Celsius in an incubator for 15 minutes to allow cells to attach to the patterned substrate.Following incubation, aspirate the excess cell suspension from the petri dish and wash the patterned cells three times with PBS, while gently shaking for ten seconds to remove the unattached cells. Then, add the appropriate culture medium to the patterned cell cultures, and incubate the patterned cells at 37 degrees Celsius in a carbon dioxide buffered incubator. For the direct patterning of cells, first, sterilize the microfluidic device by rinsing it with a solution of 70%ethanol followed by deionized water.Then, soak the device overnight in a solution of 1%BSA to prevent non-specific cell adhesion to the PDMS. Dry the device at room temperature, and then attach it to the bottom of the tissue culture treated petri dish. Place 4 to 8 microliters of the cell suspension, enough to fill the microchannels, on the inlet, completely covering the hole.Then, put the petri dish in a vacuum chamber for 10 minutes. Release the vacuum and observe the cell suspension flowing into the microchannel. Incubate the petri dish at 37 degrees Celsius in a carbon dioxide buffered incubator, for up to one hour.Then, remove the dish from the incubator and use a pair of tweezers to carefully peel the PDMS from the dish. Wash the pattern with PBS, and then add cell culture media to the petri dish. When finished, place the cells back into the incubator.Shown here are embryonic rat cortical neurons patterned on poly d lysine and laminin surfaces. The location of the cells demonstrate general adherence to the patterned areas and growth along the PDL and laminin stripes. Shown here, at a higher magnification, are C2C12 myoblasts.This cell type also adheres to the patterned areas and demonstrates fusion into multinucleated myotubes. This technique has also been adapted for direct cell patterning, shown here with fibroblasts. This direct cell patterning method has no adverse effect on cell survival.Following this procedure, other methods like fluorescent microscopy can be performed in order to answer additional questions involving protein localization or cell-substrate interactions. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember that proper placement of the droplet of cells or substrate solution to cover the entire inlay is critical for success. After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of neuroscience to explore photoreceptor axon guidance in retinal biology.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to pattern cells and substrate with gas permeable PDMS microfluidic devices using negative pressure. Thanks for watching and good luck with your experiment.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Plasma Lithography Surface Patterning for Creation of Cell Networks

Systematic manipulation of a cell microenvironment with micro- and nanoscale resolution is often required for deciphering various cellular and molecular ...

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a ...

Visualization of Cortex Organization and Dynamics in Microorganisms, using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

TIRF microscopy has emerged as  a powerful imaging technology to study spatio-temporal dynamics of fluorescent molecules  in vitro and in living cells1. ...

A Versatile Automated Platform for Micro-scale Cell Stimulation Experiments

Study of cells in culture (in vitro analysis) has provided important insight into complex biological systems. Conventional methods and equipment for in ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

Cell Patterning on Photolithographically Defined 
Parylene-C: SiO2 Substrates

Cell patterning platforms support broad research goals, such as construction of predefined in vitro neuronal networks and the exploration of certain ...

Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one ...

Light-mediated Formation and Patterning of Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In ...

Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications

There are many biological stimuli that can influence cell behavior and stem cell differentiation. General cell culture approaches rely on soluble factors ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...