这项工作得到了中国国家自然科学基金 (31371129) 的支持。

该协议由中山大学心理系机构审查委员会批准. 
 注意: 自定义程序和 #34; BouncingBall 和 #34; 9 是为完成此协议而提供的。提取文件和 #34; BouncingBall. zip 和 #34; 生成目录和 #34; BouncingBall 和 #34; 包含听觉和视觉刺激文件 (见下面1节); 脚本和 #34; BouncingBall_run; #34; 刺激方案的编制和响应记录 (见下文2节), 并提出刺激和录音反应 (见下文3节), 以及脚本和 #34; BouncingBall_analyze 和 #34; 用于数据分析的编程 (见下文4节) 和执行数据分析 (见下文5节).
 1. 听觉和视觉刺激的准备 注意: #34; BouncingBall 和 #34; 目录包含生成的刺激。读者可以根据需要使用或修改刺激. 
<ol> <li> 使用可以生成听觉音调的软件, 以创建600赫兹和50毫秒持续时间的纯音. </li>
	<li> 使用可以生成可视图像的软件, 创建具有透明背景的橙色球的图像. </li>
	<li> 使用带有摄像头的智能手机拍摄橙色篮球的图片, 并使用可以生成可视图像的软件, 以创建具有黑色背景的篮球图像. </li>
</ol> 2。刺激方案和响应记录的编程 注意: 在脚本和 #34 中已经实现了刺激表示和响应记录的编程; BouncingBall_run #34; 在目录和 #34 中;BouncingBall 和 #34, 可以使用文本编辑软件打开和编辑。根据脚本中的注释, 读者可以根据需要设置或修改设置. 
<ol> <li> 将背景色设置为黑色. </li>
	<li> 将每个序列设置为具有55事件 (54 IOIs)。为练习 (见下文), 将事件编号设置为 20. </li>
	<li> 将每个序列设置为重复6次。在练习中, 将重复数设置为 2. </li>
	<li> 设置学会为600毫秒或900毫秒 </li>
	<li> 按顺序构造. 
	<ol> <li> 每学会呈现纯色调. </li>
		<li> 永久显示直径为1.74 厘米的橙色球 (1.66 和 #176;) 的视觉角度和一个 3.54 cm x 4.06 厘米的白色条. 将球放在计算机屏幕的中心, 并在球的底部边缘显示条形0.92 厘米. 
		注意: 橙色球和棒被提出, 以保持尽可能一致的视觉设置之间的顺序和视觉序列, 并保持主题盯着球和保持注意的听觉任务. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 构造 VF 序列。
	<ol> <li> 有橙色球闪烁每学会, 即 , 它持续50毫秒, 并在余下的学会时间消失. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 构造 VB 序列。
	<ol> <li> 将橙色球替换为逼真的橙色篮球. </li>
		<li> 让球连续移动 0.92 cm (移动距离) 下来并且触碰白色酒吧, 然后移动到最初的位置. 
		注: 球的速度随着恒定的加速度均匀地变化。对于 2-ms 学会的 600-ms 学会或 0.09 m/s 900 , 加速度是0.20 米/秒 2 。触杆时球达到峰值速度。对不同的 IOIs 使用不同的加速度. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 记录并保存主题在计算机键盘上按下响应键的时间. </li> </ol>
 3. 实验过程 注意: 通过打字和 #34 来完成刺激和记录反应; BouncingBall_run (SequenceType、学会、ScreenX、ScreenY、isFormal) 和 #34; 在命令中软件的窗口。#34; ScreenX 和 #34; 和 #34; ScreenY 和 #34; 分别指 cm 中计算机屏幕的宽度和高度。攻丝数据自动记录在文件和 #34; SequenceType_IOI_ScreenX_ScreenY. 垫和 #34; 由节目。IsFormal 指的是实验是正式的实验还是实践. 
<ol> <li> 要求主题在计算机屏幕前坐60厘米的查看距离并戴上耳机. </li>
	<li> 给予主体书面知情同意书以签署. </li>
	<li> 向主题提供书面实验说明. 
	<ol> <li> 在说明中, 将节拍器同步任务解释为主题: 点击 (在键盘键上使用其首选指针的食指) 与 AT 序列中的音调同步, 在 VF 序列中闪烁的球, 以及在 VB 序列中, 弹跳球移动到最低位置 ( 即 , 触及条形图). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 打开该软件. 
	注: 软件连续运行, 其命令窗口保持打开状态。在命令窗口中键入 Bouncingball_run 命令将运行刺激演示文稿, 并在完成刺激演示文稿后返回到命令窗口. </li>
	<li> 要求主题与 600 ms 学会在、VF 和 VB 序列中练习两次, 以便熟悉刺激和任务. 
	注意: 实践与下面的正式实验是相同的, 除了: (1) 三序列类型的顺序不改变横跨主题;(2) 每个序列重复2次;和 (3) 每个序列有20事件。
	<ol> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; 在和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 0) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 以按顺序执行操作. 
		注: Gan et al. 的屏幕大小为 53.1 cm x 29.8 厘米 4 , 但读者应根据所使用的屏幕分配大小。当实验程序运行时, 主体正在执行实验指令中描述的任务。此外, 序列演示程序是在进度的, 即 , 主题按空格键来启动序列. </li>
		<li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VF 和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 0) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 按键, 以执行 vf 序列的练习. </li>
		<li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VB 和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 0) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 按键, 以执行 vb 序列的操作. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 要求主题进行实验。在主题之间平衡学会类型和序列类型的顺序. 
	注意: 下面是一个主题的过程。
	<ol> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; 在和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 按顺序执行 600-ms 学会。
		<ol> <li> 请注意, 主题将敲击键盘按键, 使用食指与 AT 序列中的音调同步. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VF 和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 以执行 600-ms 学会 VF 序列。
		<ol> <li> 请注意, 主题将使用索引手指在与闪烁球同步时敲击键盘键. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VB 和 #39;, 600, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 执行 600-ms 学会 vb 序列。
		<ol> <li> 请注意, 主题将在键盘键上使用食指在同步时与弹跳球移动到最低位置 ( 即 , 触及该栏) 的时刻. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; 在和 #39;, 900, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 按顺序执行 900-ms 学会。
		<ol> <li> 注意, 主题将使用索引手指与 AT 序列中的音调同步敲击键盘键. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VF 和 #39;, 900, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 以执行 900-ms 学会 VF 序列。
		<ol> <li> 请注意, 主题将使用索引手指在与闪烁球同步时敲击键盘键. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_run (#39; VB 和 #39;, 900, 53.1, 29.8, 1) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按下和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键, 执行 900-ms 学会 vb 序列。
		<ol> <li> 请注意, 主题将在键盘键上使用食指在同步时与弹跳球移动到最低位置 ( 即 , 触及该栏) 的时刻. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 4。数据分析的编程 注意: 数据分析的编程已经在脚本和 #34 中实现; BouncingBall_analyze 和 #34; 在目录和 #34; BouncingBall 和 #34;, 可以使用文本编辑打开和编辑软件.根据脚本中的注释, 读者可以根据需要设置或修改设置。原始同步数据是一个分路时间序列。使用循环方法来分析可变周期同步数据, 它已在 4 , 5 , 10 中详细说明。这里, 本协议描述了一个分析同步的稳定性 (R) 的过程, 使用循环统计工具箱 ( 例如 , CircStat 工具箱 11 ), 如甘 et al. 中所述。 4 <ol> <li> 在分路序列中省略对前五事件的分路, 因为同步通常需要几个分路器才能稳定. </li>
	<li> 计算异步. 
	<ol> <li> 对于每个分路序列, 将异步计算为分路时间与相应事件发生时间之间的差异, 从而产生 asynchronies 序列. 
		注意: 最好排除每个序列的无效分路。无效的分路包括缺少的分路器 ( 即 , 在发生事件的1/2 到 + 1/2 学会间隔期间没有分路) 和多个抽头 ( 即 , 在1/2 到 + 1/2 学会间隔期间有多个分路器). </li>
		<li> 通过异步将 asynchronies 的时间 (毫秒) 转换为角度 (度) (360/学会)。然后使用函数 circ_ang2rad 11 将度数转换为弧度, 这将导致单位圆上的相对相位 (RP). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 计算同步稳定性 (R). 
	<ol> <li> 对于每个异步序列, 使用函数 circ_var 11 计算退休保障的方差. </li>
		<li> 使用 r = 1-s 计算 r. 
		注: R 是该退休保障的结果的长度 ( 即 , 向量的平均值), 从 0 (不稳定攻丝与均匀分布的退休保障) 到 1 (完全稳定的攻丝与一个单极分布的退休保障). </li>
		<li> 对于每个序列类型, 计算6试验的退休保障的平均值, 作为该主题的序列类型的 R. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 5。执行数据分析 注意: 下面是从上面介绍的一个主题收集的数据的分析。执行数据分析是通过打字和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (RecordedFile) 和 #34 在软件的命令窗口中完成的, 它返回稳定性的平均值和标准偏差 (SD). 
<ol> <li> 对 600-ms 学会按顺序、类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; AT_600_53.1、29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按和 #39; 输入和 #39; 密钥 </li>
	<li> 600 毫秒学会 VF 序列, 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; VF_600_53.1, 29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按 #39; 输入和 #39; 键 </li>
	<li> 600-ms 学会 VB 序列, 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; VB_600_53.1, 29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键 </li>
	<li> 对于 900-ms 学会按顺序、类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; AT_900_53.1、29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按 #39; 输入和 #39; 键 </li>
	<li> 900 毫秒学会 VF 序列, 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; VF_900_53.1, 29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按 #39; 输入和 #39; 键 </li>
	<li> 900-ms 学会 VB 序列, 类型和 #34; Bouncingball_analyze (#39; VB_900_53.1, 29.8.mat 和 #39;) 和 #34; 在命令窗口中, 然后按和 #39; 输入和 #39; 键 </li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

该协议说明了如何在节拍器同步任务中检查具有一致变化速度的弹跳球。考虑到它的同步性能与听觉音调, 弹跳球是特别重要的, 以解决当前的研究课题的 SMS 是否是特定模式。
当前协议中的关键步骤是引入弹跳球的均匀变化速度, 并提供 step-by 步指令来执行同步任务并分析同步数据。本协议还说明了如何使用不同的加速度在不同的 IOIs 弹跳球。在这里应该提到的是, 弹跳球的?...

运动同步 (SMS) 指的是动作 (例如、手指敲击) 与外部节奏的协调, 并使用一个简单的节拍器同步任务来进行规范研究, 在这种情况下, 需要用手指敲击一个同步序列1,2。一个多世纪以来, 节拍器同步中听觉视觉模式的优越性已经建立起来: 对由听觉音调 (图 1A) 组成的听觉序列, 同步比对视觉序列更稳定由视觉闪烁 (图 1B)1组成。然而, 节拍器同步的这种听觉优势最近受到了使用周期性移动视觉刺激的研究的挑战3,4,5,6 (注意周期性地移动视觉刺激提到连续的运动)。霍夫et al.使用一个由上下条移动的可视序列组成的恒定速度, 并发现上下条的同步比视觉闪烁的同步更稳定, 但仍然不如同步的稳定听觉音调3,6。伊韦尔森et al.使用了一个弹跳球, 它的速度根据整流正弦波的不同而变化, 并显示弹跳球的同步接近听觉音调的同步5。最近, Gan et al.使用了一个具有一致变化速度 (即, 模拟重力影响) 的弹跳球 (图 1C), 并发现弹跳球的同步性不低于同步听觉音调4。
当前协议的目的是引入一个程序, 在节拍器同步任务中应用一个具有一致变速的弹跳球, 如 Gan et al.中所述。4节拍器同步任务包括由听觉音调组成的听觉序列 (按顺序排列,图 1A), 以及由视觉闪烁组成的视觉序列 (VF 序列,图 1B), 在 SMS 中被广泛采用研究1。任务中的第三种序列是由弹跳球组成的可视序列 (VB 序列,图 1C)。而特定模式的机制长期以来一直被认为是短信的铺垫, 如听觉和运动神经皮层之间的连接比视觉和运动神经皮层2之间的联系更紧密, sms 是否是特定于最近的模式研究注意1,7。本协议中介绍的弹跳球对于解决模态问题特别有用, 因为弹跳球和听觉音调的同步性能是可比的。此外, 节拍器同步可以在有限的学会 (100-1、800毫秒)8范围内进行灵活的执行。为了说明弹跳球对不同 IOIs 的应用, 目前的协议包括一个600毫秒的学会 (这大约是最喜欢的学会), 和一个900毫秒的学会。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56205/56205fig1.jpg"> 
图 1:刺激的例证。这个主题按一个同步序列来敲击, 它由听觉音调 (A: AT 序列)、视觉闪烁球 (B: VF 序列) 或视觉弹跳球 (C: VB 序列) 组成。在C中, 弹跳球的速度和轨迹被绘制为时间函数, 分别用蓝线和绿线条表示。弹跳球的运动距离为 9.2 mm, 在弹跳点的峰值速度 (即, 在最低的球位) 是0.061 毫米/ms 八事件在 600-ms 学会序列显示。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56205/56205fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

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bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task

运动同步 (SMS), 一个基本的人的能力协调运动与外在节奏, 长期被认为是形式具体的。在标准节拍器同步任务中, 需要用一个手指和一个等时序列来敲击, 一个公认的发现是, 同步对由听觉音调组成的听觉序列要比对视觉由视觉闪光组成的序列。然而, 最近的研究表明, 周期性地移动视觉刺激可以大大改善同步与视觉闪光。特别是, 同步的视觉弹跳球, 具有一致的变化速度被发现是不低于稳定比同步的听觉音调。在这里, 当前的协议描述了在节拍器同步任务中具有一致变速的弹跳球的应用。在不同 inter-onset 间隔 (学会) 的序列中使用弹跳球。该代表的结果说明了弹跳球的同步性能, 与听觉音调和视觉闪光的表现相比较。考虑到它与听觉音调的同步性能, 弹跳球对于解决当前的研究课题, 特别是情态机制是否是 SMS, 具有特别重要的意义。

在 SMS 研究中最著名的结果之一是, 节拍器同步对由听觉音调组成的听觉序列比对由视觉闪烁1组成的视觉序列更稳定, 这意味着特定于模式的机制SMS2。然而, 最近的研究表明, 与视觉闪光相比, 周期性地移动视觉刺激可以大大改善同步3,4,5,6, ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task at JoVE.com

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

节拍器同步任务中具有均匀变速的弹跳球

本协议的目的是在节拍器同步任务中引入一个具有一致变速的弹跳球的应用。

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...

bouncing-ball-with-uniformly-varying-velocity-metronome

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

5.9K 次观看.  Sun Yat-Sen University. 本协议的目的是在节拍器同步任务中引入一个具有一致变速的弹跳球的应用。

视频: Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

量化学习婴幼儿:跟踪腿操作期间发现，学习任务

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...