此处描述的所有方法都已由堪萨斯大学的 "人类主题研究" 内部审查委员会批准. 
 1. 选择参与者 <ol> <li> 使用右手的参与者进行 DVF 研究。在少数情况下 (10%), left-handed 个体是侧的语言处理在右半球, 这将导致头皮记录的 ERP 组件与非的地形分布. </li>
	<li> 让参与者完成爱丁堡惯用手清单 9 以确定强右。八或更高的分数表示强右. </li>
</ol> 2。刺激 <ol> <li> 通过情感和注意力的研究中心和 #39 的网站 11 , 请求国际情感图片系统 (IAPS) 10 的研究副本。根据步骤 2.2-2.4 中的规范选择 IAPS 的刺激。IAPS 带有每个刺激的图像文件和一个制表符分隔的文本文件, 其中包含每个图像的价和唤醒的赋范分级. 
	<ol> <li> 使用电子表格程序查看准则并进行刺激选择。为 O 和 #39 的刺激选择的完整列表; 野兔, Atchley, 和年轻 (2016) 请参见 表 1 . 
		注意: 这个刺激集提供了对情绪刺激的额定价和唤醒的规范。刺激的规范是通过参与者评分在自我评估模特 10 上创建的。这个比例描绘了一个图形, 从一个皱着眉头, 不快乐的身影, 以微笑, 幸福的数字, 和一个放松, 昏昏欲睡的身影, 兴奋, wide-eyed 的形象, 以唤醒。价是额定的9点李克特规模与1等于最令人不快的 (皱眉, 不愉快的数字) 和9等于最愉快的 (微笑, 快乐的身影)。觉醒也被评为9点李克特规模与1等于最小激起 (放松, 昏昏欲睡的数字) 和9等于最激起 (兴奋, wide-eyed 的数字)。每个图像中唤起情感反应的各个组成部分都集中在每个映像中. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用 IAPS 手册 12 中提供的规范, 在每个组中创建具有60图像的三价组图像: 不愉快、愉快和中性. 
	<ol> <li> 若要执行此项, 请按平均价差对 IAPS 图像进行排序。不愉快的刺激范围平均价差从1到3.99。中性刺激范围平均价差从4到6.99。宜人的刺激范围平均价差从7到9。每一个价群必须在平均价差上有显著的差异, 且其范围内没有重叠. </li>
		<li> 确认价组在使用独立的样本 t 测试时彼此显著不同 13 。由于没有发现图像复杂度影响 LPP 14 , 因此无法控制图像组之间的图片复杂性. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在不愉快和令人愉快的价刺激中, 创建30图像的高和中唤醒子组. </li>
	<li> 在中性价刺激内, 创建中等和低唤醒子群。高觉醒分组的平均唤醒率从4.30 到 8.70, 并没有显著不同, 在平均唤醒评分。中等唤醒分组的平均唤醒率从2.40 到 7.29, 并没有显著不同, 在平均唤醒评分。低觉醒亚群的平均唤醒率从 1.4-5.44. </li>
	<li> 一旦选择了刺激, 测试它们 (通过 t 测试) 13 以确保刺激组可靠地不同. 
	注意: 每个唤醒子群 (高、中、低) 在平均唤醒率上都必须显著不同, 但在价群中的唤醒子群在价差上没有显著差异。这只允许检查 1) 价效应单独, 2) 唤醒效果, 和 3) 的互动效应之间的价和唤醒. </li>
	<li> 使用图像编辑软件程序, 调整最终的刺激图像的大小, 以确保它们将以17.06 水平和10.85 的垂直视角显示在刺激-演示监视器上. 
	<ol> <li> 使用公式 (v = 2 arctan (s/2 D) 15 计算视觉角度 (v), 其中 S = 可视对象的高度或宽度, 以及 D = 从查看器和 #39 的瞳孔到可视对象的距离。刺激图像的大小将取决于参与者和 #39 的学生和经济刺激的表现监测 (D) 之间的距离. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 为图像刺激的向后掩蔽创建蒙版刺激。掩模刺激由一组向后斜杠 (即 #34; \ #34 与图像的空间尺寸匹配的;) 组成。创建一个文本框, 它在图像编辑软件程序中具有与图像刺激相同的像素尺寸。在文本框中输入向后斜杠, 直到它们填充整个空间而不更改指定的尺寸。将此文本框保存为图像以创建蒙版刺激. </li>
	<li> 对于 DVF 范例, 创建要加载到刺激演示软件中的图像演示幻灯片. 
	<ol> <li> 在图像编辑软件程序中, 将固定标记 (#34; + #34;) 在图像的中间。将您的第一个刺激图像垂直居中, 其右边缘3和 #176; 在固定标记左侧的视觉角度. </li>
		<li> 创建一个与刺激图像具有相同尺寸的褐色矩形, 并将它的左边缘与固定标记的右侧3度的视角垂直居中。将此安排保存为此刺激图像的左视场显示. </li>
		<li> 切换刺激图像和棕色矩形的位置, 并将此安排保存为该刺激图像的正确的可视化字段表示。对所有刺激图像执行此项 ( 图 1 ). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 对于 DVF 范例, 创建蒙版演示文稿幻灯片, 以与为图像演示文稿幻灯片所做的相同方式加载到刺激演示软件中。将蒙版图像放在固定标记的两侧, 同时从固定标记 ( 图 2 ) 的内边3度视角。保存这种安排作为 DVF 范式的面具刺激. </li>
</ol> 3。实验设备 <ol> <li> 使用银-银 (Ag-氯化) 活性电极或其他 eeg 电极, 根据国际10-20 系统 16 从头皮位置记录脑电图。在右眼下方另外放置一个电极, 记录垂直眼球运动. </li>
	<li> 使用 EEG 采集软件进行数据采集, 采样率为250-500 赫兹, 具体取决于设备规格。详细考虑 EEG 采集参数参见运气 (2014) 17 . </li>
	<li> 当前 stimuli 通过一个刺激演示软件包 18 在一台计算机上的一个镜像24英寸刺激演示液晶显示器 (1920 x 1200 分辨率), 是在一个单独的, 电屏蔽, 和声音减毒室将镜像显示器置于屏蔽室内, 同时将计算机从实验室中排除, 可降低电气噪音。声音衰减降低了 EEG 数据中听觉诱发电位的发生。刺激-演示软件软件包必须允许用户设置的演示时间和屏幕的刺激位置. </li>
</ol> 4。准备参与者 <ol> <li> 在提供任何数据之前让参与者完成知情的书面同意. </li>
	<li> 让参与者完成一项人口统计调查, 以提供性别、年龄、惯用手、母语、视力和神经系统病史。收集性别和年龄报告在最后的研究传播。使用所有其他人口统计信息来确定参与者是否符合纳入研究的标准: 右撇子 (通过爱丁堡惯用手的清单进行评估), 通过自我报告收集的母语为英语的人 (或本机使用的语言在学习指导中), 正常或 correct-to-normal 视力, 没有神经外伤史. </li>
	<li> 在参与者身上应用脑电图电极。任何包括头皮枕顶叶区域的脑电图蒙太奇都适用于记录 LPP 反应. </li>
	<li> 座椅参与者在一个黑暗的, 电屏蔽, 声音衰减的房间。使用下巴休息, 以稳定头部和减少运动。将下巴的位置保持在远离刺激表示显示器的正确距离上, 以维持在视觉角度计算中使用的 D 变量。将键盘 (或响应框) 放在参与者的前面, 通过他们的右手进行响应收集. </li>
	<li> 检查数据信号以确保所有通道阻抗小于 50 kiloohms 17 . </li>
	<li> 指示参与者被动地查看图像刺激, 而不将其视线移离屏幕中心。在屏幕中心显示固定标记 (和 #34; + 和 #34;), 以帮助参与者关注 17 。指示参与者在每个图像块后面都有一个识别测验, 因此他们必须注意。每个参与者只完成 CVF 或 DVF 范例, 创建一个介于主题之间的设计. 
	注意: CVF 和 DVF 范式都可以在同一参与者上进行, 以创建一个内部主题的设计。如果这样做, 平衡两个范式的顺序, 以控制任何熟悉的影响与刺激. </li>
</ol> 5。中央视场 (CVF) 范例 注意: 在 CVF 范式中, 随机呈现在屏幕中心的图像刺激。每项试验由 500 ms 中央固定 (和 #34; + 和 #34;) 后, 刺激的 150 ms 表示, 其次是一个向后面具, 在呈现期间随机变化 2,000-4, 000 ms. 抖动的表示持续时间为掩码服务于减少对下一个试验 20 开始时的任何预期 ERP 响应. 
<ol> <li> 指定演示持续时间和刺激位置为固定、刺激图像和刺激演示软件中的掩码刺激创建单独的演示幻灯片. 
	<ol> <li> 对于固定标记的表示形式, 请指定加号符号 (和 #34 的表示形式; + 和 #34;) 垂直和水平居中, 并将持续时间设置为500毫秒. 这可以通过此幻灯片的属性来完成. </li>
		<li> 对于刺激的表示形式, 请在矩阵或列表对象中输入用于刺激的图像文件名. </li>
		<li> 在图像显示幻灯片上, 将图像对象置于垂直和水平居中, 并将此对象链接到图像文件名列表中以加载图像刺激。将 "矩阵" 或 "list" 对象与图像文件名一起从列表中随机选择, 而无需替换已选定的刺激。将图像演示文稿幻灯片的持续时间设置为150毫秒 </li> <li> 用于掩码演示幻灯片, 再次将图像对象置于垂直和水平居中。通过在属性中输入文件名, 可以将此对象直接链接到掩码图像文件。将掩码演示幻灯片的持续时间设置为随机更改2,000-4、000毫秒 </li> </ol> </li> <li> 当前图像刺激在四实验块45试验每 (180 试验共计)。每个区块有相同数量的刺激从价/唤醒条件。这可以通过创建四独立的矩阵或列表对象与图像文件的名称, 每个包含7-8 图像从每个价激发组 ( 例如 , 在列表1有可能是 7 high-arousing 不愉快的图像, 并在列表2有可能是8high-arousing 不愉快的图像)。参与者被动地查看每项试验的图像刺激. </li>
	<li> 在每个区块之后, 进行10项识别测试, 以确保参与者在研究的被动观察部分时注意。在识别测试中显示前一个块和新的四项的六项。选择这六项目, 使他们代表所有类别的价和唤醒。让参与者通过按键, 用右手表示他们以前看过的刺激. </li>
</ol> 6。分视场 (DVF) 范例 注意: DVF 范式与 CVF 范式相同, 包括图像刺激的大小, 除了目前每个图像刺激的横向, 左或右的固定标记使用在步骤2.7 中创建的图像演示幻灯片 (请参见 图 3 ) 4 。
<ol> <li> 在左侧可视字段中显示每个图像一次, 在正确的可视字段中呈现一次。以完全随机的顺序呈现所有刺激. </li>
	<li> 当每个刺激方案呈现两次时, 实验块的数量 (8) 和识别测试的两倍, 总共360试验. </li>
	<li> 配对每个图像刺激与同时呈现一个坚实的棕色矩形相同的刺激维度在对面的固定。这样做是为了减少对刺激的反身扫视。此外, 150 毫秒的呈现持续时间比大多数扫视延迟 21 短, 这意味着如果参与者将他/她的眼睛转移到刺激, 那么在参与者能够注视它之前就会被掩盖。 22 . </li> <li> 将每个刺激和其配对的褐色矩形与其内边缘3和 #176; 从固定的视觉角度。这样做是为了确保刺激完全落在仅由一个半球 4 处理的视网膜区域内. </li>
	<li> 向后蒙版使用与在 CVF 范式中完成的标准和过程相同的条件和方法 20 . </li>
</ol> 7。数据分析 <ol> <li> 从数据中删除在识别测试中得分少于 50% (机会) 的参与者, 因为不能保证他/她正在注意刺激. </li>
	<li> 使用 eeg 软件包对 eeg 数据进行预处理和分析 23 。用连续的0.01-30 赫兹带通来过滤数据离线, 标记数据波动200和 #956; v 在 100 ms 时间窗口中为坏, 正确的眼睛眨眼工件使用每个参与者生成的平均模板, 手动删除水平眼移从数据后的目视检查, 和 rereference 数据使用 com周一平均 rereference 24 , 25 . </li>
	<li> 根据 200 ms pre-stimulus 基线 26 , 在刺激开始后计算1000毫秒的世纪. </li>
	<li> 使用波形和 ERP 文献的目视检查来确定 LPP 的地形 27 。在本研究中, LPP 以通道 CPz 为中心。在这种情况下, 平均通道 CPz、Pz、Cz、CP1 和 CP2 一起创建了 LPP 的表示. </li>
	<li> 在 DVF 数据中, 进行侧分析, 比较左枕顶叶通道和右枕顶叶通道的 LPP 振幅, 以确保 DVF 的演示不会改变 LPP 组件的典型地形。在通道对 CP1 和 CP2、CP3 和 CP4、C1 和 C2、C3 和 C4、P1 和 P2、P3 和 P4 分别进行配对样本 t 检验, 以确保它们在平均振幅上没有显著差异. </li>
	<li> 由于 LPP 是一个长期的, 持续的组成部分, 提取两个不同的 LPP 世纪: 早期 (400-700 毫秒刺激发病) 和后期 (700-1, 000 ms 刺激发病). </li>
	<li> 通过3分析 CVF LPP 数据 (价: 不愉快, 愉快, 和中性) 由 2 (世纪: 早和晚) 在组内方差分析 (方差), 以确保典型的 LPP 效果的情绪刺激产生较大的 LPP 反应比中性刺激存在。这种分析是为了确认刺激是正常处理的. </li>
	<li> 研究化学价和唤醒对 LPP 的交互作用的行为 2 (价: 不愉快和愉快) 由 2 (唤醒: 高和低) 由 2 (世纪: 早和晚) 内组方差分析的 CVF LPP 数据. </li>
	<li> 要检查演示半球的效果, 请在7.8 节中指定的方差分析中, 使用半球的附加因素: 左和右 DVF LPP 数据. </li>
</ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+brief+introduction+to+the+use+of+event-related+potentials+(ERPs)+in+studies+of+perception+and+attention.">A brief introduction to the use of event-related potentials (ERPs) in studies of perception and attention.</a> Atten Percept Psychophys. 72 (8), 2031-2046 (2010).</li><li>Carpenter, R. H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Movements of the eyes. , (1988).</li><li>Young, K. M., Atchley, R. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+correction,+averaging,+and+time-frequency+analysis.">Baseline correction, averaging, and time-frequency analysis.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , 249-282 (2014).</li><li>Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., Luck, S. J., Kappenman, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERP+components:+the+ups+and+downs+of+brainwave+recordings.">ERP components: the ups and downs of brainwave recordings.</a> The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. , 3-30 (2012).</li><li>Hajcak, G., Weinberg, A., MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Luck, S. J., Kappenman, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERPs+and+the+study+of+emotion.">ERPs and the study of emotion.</a> The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. , 441-474 (2012).</li><li>Hugdahl, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateralization+of+cognitive+processes+in+the+brain.">Lateralization of cognitive processes in the brain.</a> Acta Psychol. 105 (2-3), 211-235 (2000).</li><li>Kayser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+generator+patterns+at+scalp+elicited+by+lateralized+aversive+pictures+reveal+consecutive+stages+of+motivated+attention.">Neuronal generator patterns at scalp elicited by lateralized aversive pictures reveal consecutive stages of motivated attention.</a> NeuroImage. 142 (15), 337-350 (2016).</li><li>Kayser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-Related+Potential+(ERP)+asymmetries+to+emotional+stimuli+in+a+visual+half-field+paradigm.">Event-Related Potential (ERP) asymmetries to emotional stimuli in a visual half-field paradigm.</a> Psychophysiology. 34, 414-426 (1997).</li><li>Smith, E. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

在本研究中, 刺激价和唤醒的操作使用 DVF 范式测试的理论, 侧处理的情绪, 因为它们适用于激励注意网络。然而, DVF 方法可以用来探索任何侧处理的视觉信息。当使用 DVF 范式时, 关键是控制刺激的呈现, 以确保信息被隔离到一个半球进行初始处理。有几个关键步骤的 DVF 范式, 有助于这方面的研究。
首先, 参与者被指示保持眼睛盯着屏幕的中心。固定标记, 双边假刺激 (或占位),...

关于侧处理的几个理论已经被假设为两个大脑半球。其中包括情绪处理理论。价模型1提出, 左半球是专门为愉快的情绪, 而右半球是专门为不愉快的情绪。右半球优势假说2建议右半球是专门用来处理与左半球相比的所有情感信息的。最后, Circumplex 理论3提出, 除了对价的额不对称外, 右半球的后部区域专门用于处理所有 high-arousing 的情绪。为了测试这些侧的加工理论, 必须使用能够区分两半球之间加工的方法。虽然神经影像技术可以提供这些信息, 但大多数研究科学家往往不容易接触到它们。此外, 许多标准的认知范式, 即使结合神经影像学方法, 也不能隔离在每个半球内处理的信息。分视场 (DVF) 方法为行为学和心理科学家提供了一个途径, 可以在不使用神经影像技术的情况下测试侧的处理理论。
DVF 的方法学是基于对一个视觉领域的刺激最初接受和处理的对侧半球4的知识。DVF 方法利用侧的刺激, 在短的时间间隔, 让一个大脑半球接收信息之前, 其他5。因此, 对右视野的 contralaterally 的刺激是由左半球处理的, 而对左视场的刺激是由右半球处理的。通过这种方式, 可以检查单个半球中信息的初始处理的差异。例如, 它是公认的左半球是专门为处理语言信息 (为荟萃分析参见参考6)。使用 DVF 范式的研究表明, 当向左半球 (即, 显示在正确的视野中) 的单词与向右半球呈现时相比, 处理速度提高了。
为了评估两个半球的加工差异, 可能需要比行为反应时间更精细的时间分辨措施。事件相关电位 (erp) 来源于人类脑电图 (eeg) 数据有时间分辨率的顺序毫秒 (ms)。因此, 利用 ERP 技术与 DVF 方法, 可以对两个半球之间的加工差异进行精确评估。最初, 中央视场 (CVF) 的介绍的刺激可以用来复制既定的 ERP 效果。然后, DVF 的介绍的刺激可以用来检查独特的贡献, 每个半球的传播这些 ERP 的影响。对当前研究的特别感兴趣的7, 后期的正电位 (LPP) 已经被确定为对刺激的情绪唤醒敏感的 ERP 组件8。有趣的是, LPP 并没有被发现能够始终如一地区分不愉快和愉悦的刺激, 而是对中性刺激的情绪刺激做出同样的反应。这项研究的目的是测试侧处理的情绪理论, 使用 LPP 作为一个指标的动机关注情绪刺激的两个半球之间。
此外, 本研究还系统地考察了 LPP 早期和晚期表现的情绪刺激的价和觉醒维度。这些刺激操作结合了 CVF 和 DVF 刺激的介绍是独特的文学, 因为它们允许研究的价, 唤醒, 和半球的处理的独特和互动的影响 LPP 的传播.因此, 与愉快的刺激相比较, 不愉快的动作的即时性的影响, 这应该是有动机的注意, 从而 LPP, 可以探索。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">64-channel Ag-AgCl active electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cortech Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DA-AT-ESP32102064A/DA-AT-ESP32102064B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EEG electrodes for data collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ActiveTwo Base System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Cortech Solutions</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DA-AT-BCBS</td>
			<td>Digitizes and ampliphies EEG data at 500 Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">E-Prime Professional 2.0</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>Stimulus presentation software, available at https://www.pstnet.com/eprime.cfm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">CURRY 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Compumedics Neuroscan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td>EEG/ERP data processing and analysis, available at http://compumedicsneuroscan.com/products/by-name/curry/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

central and divided visual field presentation of emotional images to measure hemispheric differences in motivated attention

文学中存在着两种主要的情绪信息侧处理理论。有一种理论认为, 不愉快的情绪是由右前额区处理的, 而愉悦的情绪则由左前额区域处理。另一种理论认为右半球更专门处理情绪信息的整体, 特别是在后区。
如果不使用神经影像学方法, 评估大脑半球在处理情绪信息方面的不同作用可能会很困难, 因为这是所有科学家都无法获取或负担不起的。不同的视觉场呈现的刺激可以允许调查的侧处理信息, 而不使用神经影像技术。
这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。未来的工作将对这个范例与一个更积极的行为任务, 以探索行为影响的注意差异发现。

为了复制先前对 LPP 的研究, LPP 对不愉快和令人愉悦的图像的反应应大于对中性图像的 LPP 响应。这由 CVF 分析证实, 发现 LPP 在早期的世纪是明显地大到令人不快的 (m = 1.90 μ) 和宜人 (m = 1.71 μ) 图片比较中性图片 (m = 0.72 μ), 但令人不快和宜人没有发现图像有明显的不同。有趣的是, 在晚期, LPP 被发现是更大的令人不快的 (m = 1.19 μ) 相比, 令人愉快?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention at JoVE.com

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

central-divided-visual-field-presentation-emotional-images-to-measure

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.5K 次观看.  University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. 这项研究比较了中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以评估不同的动机注意两个半球。晚阳性电位 (LPP) 记录使用脑电图 (eeg) 和事件相关电位 (erp) 方法, 以评估积极的注意。

视频: Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

科研

行为学

Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of the most commonly used platforms to measure behaviors in animal models. It is a fast and relatively easy test that provides a variety of behavioral information ranging from general ambulatory ability to data regarding the emotionality of the subject animal. As it relates to rodent models, the procedure allows the study of different strains of mice or rats both laboratory bred and wild-captured. The technique also readily lends itself to the investigation of different pharmacological compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic effects. Here, a protocol for use of the open field maze to describe mouse behaviors is detailed and a simple analysis of general locomotor ability and anxiety-related emotional behaviors between two strains of C57BL/6 mice is performed. Briefly, using the described protocol we show Wild Type mice exhibited significantly less anxiety related behaviors than did age-matched Knock Out mice while both strains exhibited similar ambulatory ability.

A protocol is provided to use an Open Field Maze to access general locomotor activity, anxiety and emotionality in a laboratory mouse model.

使用开放式现场迷宫来衡量小鼠的运动能力和焦虑样行为

Animal models have proven to be invaluable to researchers trying to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of behavior. The Open Field Maze is one of ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

啮齿动物脑显微注射学习动机行为的分子基板

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务:评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Basic Methods for the Study of Reproductive Ecology of Fish in Aquaria

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a series of basic techniques are described to enable observations of the reproductive behavior of a wild-caught gobiid fish, as a model, kept in an aquarium. The method focuses on three steps: collection, transport, and observations of reproductive ecology of a substrate spawner. Essential aspects of live fish collection and transport are (1) preventing injury to the fish, and (2) careful acclimation to the aquarium. Preventing harm through injuries such as scratches or a sudden change of water pressure is imperative when collecting live fish, as any physical damage is likely to negatively affect the survival and later behavior of the fish. Careful acclimation to aquaria decreases the incidence death and mitigates the shock of transport. Observations during captive rearing include (1) the identification of individual fish and (2) monitoring spawned eggs without negative effects to the fish or eggs, thereby enabling detailed investigation of the study species' reproductive ecology. The subcutaneous injection of a visible implant elastomer (VIE) tag is a precise method for the subsequent identification of individual fish, and it can be used with a wide size range of fish, with minimal influence on their survival and behavior. If the study species is a substrate spawner that deposits adhesive eggs, an artificial nest site constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with the addition of a removable waterproof sheet will facilitate counting and monitoring the eggs, lessening the investigator's influence on the nest-holding and egg-guarding behavior of the fish. Although this basic method entails techniques that are seldom mentioned in detail in research articles, they are fundamental for undertaking experiments that require the captive rearing of a wild fish.

A series of basic methods to enable the study of the reproductive ecology of fish kept in aquaria are described. These are useful protocols for collecting fish using SCUBA, transporting live fish, and observing the reproductive behavior of wild-caught fish kept in aquaria.

鱼类生殖生态学研究的基本方法

Captive-rearing observations are valuable for revealing aspects of fish behavior and ecology when continuous field investigations are impossible. Here, a ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...