Name: composition and properties of aquafaba: water recovered from commercially canned chickpeas
Uploaded: 2018-02-10T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 35 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了国际教育研究所的学者救助基金的支持。

Aquafaba 与鹰嘴豆的分离
<ol><li>从当地杂货店获得鸡豌豆罐头, 并打开一个手动开罐器。</li>
	<li>标签罐从 A 到 J。</li>
	<li>用不锈钢网状厨房过滤器从 aquafaba 中分离出鹰嘴豆, 并权衡分离的鹰嘴豆和 aquafaba。</li>
</ol>获得具有代表性的鹰嘴豆和 Aquafaba 的样品进行化学分析。
<ol start="4"><li>在排出 aquafaba 后随机选择十鹰嘴豆, 以确定水分含量。</li>
	<li>将所选的鹰嘴豆放在干燥的锡中, 加热100至2摄氏度, 在烘干炉中放置16-18 小时。</li>
	<li>干燥后, 将鹰嘴豆磨成粉末, 进一步使用 (例如蛋白质和碳含量分析)。</li>
	<li>冻结 aquafaba 和 aquafaba 泡沫从每个来源到-20 摄氏度, 然后在冷冻干燥干燥。干 aquafaba 将用于氮和碳含量的测定。</li>
</ol>Aquafaba 功能属性
<ol start="8"><li>用2号壳杯测定25摄氏度的 aquafaba 黏度。<ol>
<li>把贝壳杯浸入 aquafaba。</li>
		<li>记录耗尽杯11所需的时间。当杯子从 aquafaba 上抬起时就开始计时器, 当水流离开杯子时停止。</li>
		<li>aquafaba 粘度可以通过提供与粘度和排水时间有关的杯形图来确定。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>发泡能力<ol>
<li>在不锈钢碗中混合 aquafaba 溶液 (100 毫升), 在速度设置为 10 2 分钟的手搅拌机。</li>
		<li>将 aquafaba 溶液的100毫升与 Vf100混合后立即记录泡沫体积, 方法是将泡沫放入一个已毕业的测量杯中。</li>
		<li>允许泡沫站立和干燥的时间, 以观察泡沫的稳定性, 并获得一个样品的干泡沫。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>鹰嘴豆种子的颜色参数
<ol start="10"><li>随机选择鹰嘴豆种子从每个罐头为颜色决心。</li>
	<li>在测量之前使用白色、黑色和参考标准校准猎人实验室色度计。</li>
	<li>颜色坐标值由 CIE 实验室系统12确定, 其中包括L (正值表示白色和0表示暗色)、(正数为红色和负值为绿色), b (正值为黄色, 负值为蓝色)。三人一天轻65°。</li>
</ol>蛋白质和碳含量
<ol start="13"><li>使用元素分析器13确定蛋白质和碳含量。蛋白质含量估计为氮含量乘以 6.2514。</li>
</ol>水分含量
<ol start="14"><li>在烘干烤箱15中, 通过将样品加热100至2摄氏度, 确定种子和 aquafaba 含水量。</li>
</ol>核磁共振光谱分析
<ol start="15"><li>样品准备<ol>
<li>在光谱之前, 离心机 aquafaba 样品在 9200 x g 10 分钟。离心后, 通过0.45 µm 注射器过滤器 (25 毫米注射器过滤器与聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 膜) 通过上清。将 aquafaba 样品 (0.4 毫升) 转移到核磁共振管中, wuth 50 毫克, 加入氘氧化物内, 并对样品进行核磁共振分析。</li>
		<li>对于先前所描述的干泡沫样品, 样品 (25 毫克) 是氘氧化物 (500 毫克), 而溶液则受核磁共振分析。</li>
		<li>将13C 核磁共振和1H 核磁共振的所有样本放置在5毫米的核磁共振管中。将氘氧化物和 3 (三甲基硅) 丙-22, 33 维4酸钠盐 (第三次会议) 添加到每个核磁共振管中, 以提供溶剂锁信号, 并分别作为内部标准。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>核磁共振条件<ol>
<li>用500兆赫核磁共振或类似的高场核磁共振光谱仪获得质子核磁共振谱), 每频谱至少有16次扫描, 使用的是双脉冲场梯度自旋回波质子核磁共振 (DPFGSE nmr) 脉冲序列16的水抑制程序。</li>
		<li>调整光谱变换, 将第三次会议峰值放在 0 ppm, 然后使用集成软件来确定存在的化合物的相对数量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>电泳
注: 对于这一步骤, aquafaba, 产生了最稳定的泡沫 (品牌 H) 被选中。这个牌子不含盐。
<ol start="17"><li>样品准备<ol>
<li>介绍了 aquafaba 三离心再生纤维素超滤装置的上部储层, 各有3、10、50 kDa 的不同分子量切断 (MWCOs)。</li>
		<li>将离心过滤器单元放置在适当的离心机中, 4 °c, 离心机在 3900 x g 处为2小时, 获得上清和 retentate 馏分。在没有较高分子量 (兆瓦) 种的情况下, 将上清分数用于1H-核磁共振分析小分子。3 kDa 膜 retentate 分数用于电泳分离, 因为它被认为这膜将保留大多数蛋白质。</li>
		<li>采用改良的布拉德福德方法, 用牛血清白蛋白作为标准的17, 估计上清和 retenate 的蛋白质含量。</li>
		<li>将上清和 retentate 分数的样品放在离心管中, 并将这些分数置于适当的振动筛18的频率为 25 (10 分钟) 的震动。观察震动的溶液, 以确定泡沫是否由震动形成。</li>
		<li>将2.0 毫升蒸馏水添加到超滤装置中, retentate 二次离心处理, 以达到 diafilteration。将超滤装置以4°c 和 3900 x g 为 2 h 的第二离心机为准。</li>
		<li>将 retentate (0.025 克) 与1毫升0.02 米的三磷酸 ph 值7.4 或磷酸盐缓冲盐 (PBS) 的 ph 7.4 混合, 以溶解蛋白质。</li>
		<li>离心 21000 x g 的混合物1分钟。</li>
		<li>使用上清液, 用先前提到的修改后的布拉德福德来确定蛋白质含量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>电泳分离 注: 3 kDa 截留分子量膜 retentate (上文所述) 采用月桂酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS) 进行电泳分离。<ol>
<li>用15% 聚丙烯酰胺溶液凝胶和5% 聚丙烯酰胺堆积凝胶制备聚丙烯酰胺凝胶。</li>
		<li>将20µg 蛋白样品应用于凝胶和 PageRuler Prestained 蛋白阶梯的一条车道上, 其范围为 10-170 kDa 到单独的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶车道。</li>
		<li>将凝胶与 Laemmli (1970)19中的小蛋白四细胞系统中的电流进行了调整。对于电泳操作条件, 凝胶染色和脱色遵循 Ratanapariyanuch et 。(2012)20。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>肽质指纹图谱
注: 从 SDS 页凝胶 3 kDa retentate (MWs 约 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 20, 22, 31, 37, 55 和 100 kDa), 根据 Ratanapariyanuch et的胰蛋白酶消化剪切带。(2012)20并执行质谱分析。
<ol start="19"><li>凝胶消化<ol>
<li>在50% 乙腈 (ACN) 中浸泡100µL 200 毫米的碳酸氢铵 (NH4HCO3), 并在30°c 上孵育20分钟, 使带色变色两次。</li>
		<li>完成脱染后, 用 ACN (100 µL) 处理凝胶样品10分钟, 然后在真空下干燥, 使用离心真空蒸发器, 室温15分钟。</li>
		<li>将干燥的凝胶样品浸泡在100毫米 NH4HCO3溶液中100µL 10 毫米 dithiothreitol (德勤) 中, 并在56摄氏度孵化1小时。</li>
		<li>去除多余的减少缓冲, 并用100µL 烷基化缓冲器 (质谱 (MS) 级水中的100毫米 iodoacetamide) 替换。</li>
		<li>在室温下将凝胶样品在黑暗中孵化30分钟。</li>
		<li>两次洗涤凝胶样品200毫米 NH4HCO3 (100 µL), 将凝胶浸泡在 ACN (100 µL) 中, 用200毫米 NH4HCO3 (100 µL) 重新膨胀凝胶, 再用 ACN (100 µL) 治疗, 再收缩。</li>
		<li>将离心真空蒸发器中的 ACN 和干燥的凝胶样品排出15分钟。</li>
		<li>使用20µL 胰蛋白酶缓冲器 (50 ng/µL 胰蛋白酶 1:1, 200 毫米 nh4HCO3: 胰蛋白酶库存解决方案) 重新膨胀干胶样品, 随后增加30µL 200 毫米 NH4HCO3到每个样品。</li>
		<li>在30摄氏度的 Thermomixer 上孵化样品, 在300转每分钟晃动。</li>
		<li>通过在 0.1% ACN 中加入1/10 的最终体积 (混合物的体积) 和胰蛋白酶的 1% trifluoracetic 酸, 从凝胶样品中提取8肽, 并利用离心法在真空下干燥, 以防止胰蛋白酶消化反应。真空蒸发器。</li>
		<li>在质谱分析前-80 °c 储存胰蛋白酶肽。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>质谱<ol>
<li>通过添加12µL 的 MS 级水来重建胰蛋白酶肽: ACN: 甲酸 (97:3: 0.1, v/v), 然后涡旋1至2分钟以溶解肽。</li>
		<li>离心机的结果解决方案在1.8万克10分钟4摄氏度。</li>
		<li>转移解决方案整除数 (10 µL) 到 MS 瓶的液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-ms/毫秒) 分析的四极飞行时间 (QTOF) 质谱仪配备了液相色谱仪器和 LC MS 接口。</li>
		<li>用高容量高效液相色谱芯片进行色谱肽分离: 由 360 nL 富集柱和75µm x 150 毫米分析柱组成, 既装满 C18-A、180Å、3µm 固定相。</li>
		<li>将样品装载到富集柱上, 在水中0.1% 甲酸, 流速为2.0 µL/分钟。</li>
		<li>将样品从浓缩柱转移到分析柱上。</li>
		<li>肽分离条件为: 由溶剂 a (水中0.1% 甲酸) 和溶剂 B (ACN 中0.1% 甲酸) 组成的线性梯度溶剂体系。线性梯度开始与3% 溶剂 b 增加到25% 溶剂 b 50 分钟。随后, 溶剂 B 在流速为0.3 µL/分钟时, 从25增加到 90% 10 分钟。</li>
		<li>获得正离子电喷雾质谱数据, 使用毛细管电压设置在 1900 v, 片段离子设置在 360 v, 干燥气体 (氮气) 设置在225°c, 流速为12.0 升/分。</li>
		<li>收集光谱结果的质量范围为 250-1700 (质量/电荷;m/z)扫描率为8谱/秒. 收集 ms/毫秒数据, 其范围为50-1700 个m/z , 设置隔离宽度为1.3 个原子质量单位。选择前20最强的前体离子为每 ms 扫描的串联 ms 与0.25 分钟的积极排斥。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>蛋白质鉴定<ol>
<li>使用安捷伦 MassHunter 定性分析软件将光谱数据转换为质量/电荷数据格式。</li>
		<li>根据 UniProt Cicer arietinum (鹰嘴豆) 数据库处理数据, 使用 SpectrumMill 作为数据库搜索引擎。</li>
		<li>包括搜索参数, 如片段质量误差 50 ppm, 父母质量误差为 20 ppm, 胰蛋白酶裂解特异性, 和 carbamidomethyl 作为固定修饰半胱氨酸。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biorefinery+process+for+protein+extraction+from+oriental+mustard+(Brassica+juncea+L.,+Czern.)+meal+using+ethanol+stillage.">Biorefinery process for protein extraction from oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L., Czern.) meal using ethanol stillage.</a> AMB Express. 2, 1-9 (2012).</li><li>Lv, Q., Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., Gu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+on+separation+and+purification+of+isoflavones+from+the+seeds+and+sprouts+of+chickpea+by+HSCCC.">Comparative study on separation and purification of isoflavones from the seeds and sprouts of chickpea by HSCCC.</a> J. Liq Chromatogr Relat. Technol. 32, 2879-2892 (2009).</li><li>Behera, M. R., Varade, S. R., Ghosh, P., Paul, P., Negi, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foaming+in+micellar+solutions:+effects+of+surfactant,+salt,+and+oil+concentrations.">Foaming in micellar solutions: effects of surfactant, salt, and oil concentrations.</a> Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 18497-18507 (2014).</li><li>Tan, S. H., Mailer, R. J., Blanchard, C. L., Agboola, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canola+proteins+for+human+consumption:+Extraction,+profile,+and+functional+properties.">Canola proteins for human consumption: Extraction, profile, and functional properties.</a> J. Food Sci. 76, R16-R28 (2011).</li><li>Thiede, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+mass+fingerprinting.">Peptide mass fingerprinting.</a> Methods. 35, 237-247 (2005).</li><li>Hwang, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+NMR+spectroscopy+for+foods+and+lipids.">Application of NMR spectroscopy for foods and lipids.</a> Advances in NMR spectroscopy for lipid oxidation assessment. , 11-13 (2017).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

在这项研究中, 我们发现, 来自不同商业来源的鹰嘴豆 aquafaba 产生的泡沫, 两者的性质 (体积和稳定性的泡沫) 和化学成分。aquafaba 粘度与含水率呈正相关。泡沫体积增大 (Vf100) 与这些参数无关。添加剂, 如盐和 EDTA 二钠可以抑制粘度和泡沫稳定性, 因为 aquafaba 从鹰嘴豆罐头与这些添加剂有较低的粘度和产生泡沫的低泡沫稳定性。此结果与 Behera et al不同。(2014)22在报?...

越来越多的素食产品正在开发, 模仿肉类, 牛奶和鸡蛋的性质。脉冲的功能特性对其在食品中的应用具有重要的意义, 在动物蛋白替代品的开发中正在探索它们的性质。例如, 乳品替代品销售额在2015年为88亿美元, 这个市场正在迅速增长。预计到 2024年, 这个市场将增长到350.6亿美元。此外, 以植物为基础的牛奶替代品需求上升的趋势, 部分原因是消费者对牛奶生产中经常使用的胆固醇、抗生素和生长激素的关注, 这是1。同样, 蔬菜蛋白和胶体蛋乳粉市场也在迅速扩大, 预计在未来8年内, 这些材料的年增长率将达到 5.8%, 预计在 2026年2将销售15亿美元。越来越多的消费者喜欢素食蛋白来源, 过敏原减少了饮食, 减少了食品的碳足迹。由于高蛋白质含量、膳食纤维和脉冲的低饱和脂肪含量3, 对脉冲基产品的需求, 特别是从扁豆、鹰嘴豆和蚕豆的需求量正在稳步增长。脉冲还含有具有潜在有益的生物活性的植物化学物质4。
商业实体、科学家和个人已经采取不同的方法来交流鹰嘴豆的鸡蛋和牛奶替代品的质量特性。Gugger et al。5从高淀粉谷物 (包括小豆和鹰嘴豆) 生产出一种类似牛奶的产品。在他们描述的方法中, 拥护者试图表明他们的产品是独一无二的, 不同于 "aquafaba"6。在另一种商业方法 Tetrick et . 阐明。7开发了一种基于植物的卵子替代品。他们的专利申请描述了将脉冲面粉与已知的增稠剂相结合的方法, 模拟了烘烤材料中蛋清的作用。典型配方包括80-90% 脉粉和10-20% 增稠剂。
同行评审的文献也表明了鹰嘴豆的功能, 并表明从 kabuli 和鹰嘴豆面粉中获得的白蛋白组分具有良好的乳化性能。他们还发现鹰嘴豆源对白蛋白产量和性能的显著影响8。
在最初的互联网报告描述了法国厨师若埃尔·瓦西·阿德奇门林格尔的 "aquafaba" 之后, 一个开源运动显示了 aquafaba 在许多食品应用中取代蛋清和乳制品蛋白的效用。有许多高度被观看的网页和 YouTube 视频显示, aquafaba 在食品中的加入, 模仿冰淇淋, 蛋白酥皮, 奶酪, 蛋黄酱, 炒鸡蛋, 和生奶油的品质。大多数开拓者提供开源 aquafaba 应用 (食谱) 获得他们的材料, 通过紧张的罐装鹰嘴豆和使用的液体在他们的食谱。这些人大多不是训练有素的科学家。视频评论部分表明, 被调查者复制了食谱, 有些人未能复制 aquafaba 倡导者的成功。
所有三种方法 (公司、科学和开源) 开发鸡蛋和牛奶替代品都有优点, 但缺少一个重要的方面。应用科学家, 基础科学家和个人发布脉冲产品已经不完全的特征和标准化他们的输入材料。对某一特定用途的产品进行标准化是一项正常的工业实践。鹰嘴豆品种没有标准化的 aquafaba 质量和工业罐头做法标准化, 以生产一致的鹰嘴豆不 aquafaba。
在对其他商品进行研究的基础上, 基因型和环境对脉冲 aquafaba 质量的影响是可以预测的。众所周知, 基因型和环境都影响 kabuli 鹰嘴豆罐头性能9。典型地, 基因型效应在相关物种之间很大, 在物种的成员中较小。通过身份保护可以最大限度地减少物理和化学性质的变化, 允许选择具有所需属性的品种。环境影响也可以很大, 并通过质量评估和混合到特定测试中的标准性能来管理10。
鹰嘴豆在商业生产中有许多不同的基因品种。举例来说, 萨斯喀彻温省大学作物发展中心是商业鹰嘴豆种质资源的主要来源, 自1980年以来已发布了23鹰嘴豆品种, 其中6是目前推荐在加拿大种植的。虽然科学手稿经常描述研究中所使用的品种, 但所调查的专利和互联网页面并没有表明所使用的品种或鹰嘴豆的来源。标准化的品种和处理可以帮助用户提高其使用鹰嘴豆的成功, 但这些信息是不可用的罐装鹰嘴豆产品。
本研究的目的是确定贡献起泡性的 aquafaba 成分。本文对商业鹰嘴豆品牌 aquafaba 的流变特性进行了比较, 用核磁共振、电泳、肽质指纹图谱对其化学性质进行了研究。根据我们的知识, 这是第一个描述 aquafaba 增粘剂成分的化学成分和功能特性的研究。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Freeze Dryer&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stoppering Tray Dryer</td><td>Labconco Inc.</td><td>7948040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Mixer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel hand mixer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Loblaws</td><td>PC2200MR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Viscosity Measurement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shell cup No. 2&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Norcross Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Color Measurement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colorflex HunterLab spectrophotometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Protein and Carbon Contents&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elemental analyzer&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LECO Corp.</td><td>CN628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;NMR Spectrometry&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrafuge 24D&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Labnet International Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filters&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR International</td><td>CA28145-497</td><td>25 mm, with 0.45 &amp;micro;m PTFE membrane</td></tr><tr><td>Deuterium oxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc.</td><td>7789-20-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>169913-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bruker Avance 500 MHz NMR spectrometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker BioSpin</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TopSpin 3.2 software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bruker BioSpin GmbH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Electrophoresis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Regenerated cellulose membrane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore Corp.</td><td></td><td>3, 10, 50 kDa (MWCO)</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifugal filter unit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop centrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Allegra X-22R, Beckman Coulter Canada Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mixer Mill MM 300&amp;nbsp; bead mill&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F. Kurt Retsch GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf centrifuge 5417C</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P3813-10PAK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6789-10PAK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini-Protein Tetra Cell system</td><td>BioRad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Peptide Mass Fingerprinting&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermo-Savant SpeedVac</td><td>BioSurplus</td><td></td><td>Centrifugal vacuum evaporator&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin buffer&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>20 &amp;micro;L trypsin in 1 mM hydrochloric acid and 200 mM NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Iodoacetamide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>I1149-5 g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trifluoroacetic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fluka</td><td>BB360P050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>L14734</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>33015-500mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mass spectrometry vial&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Agilent Technologies Canada Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agilent 6550 iFunnel quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Agilent Technologies Canada Ltd.</td><td></td><td>Agilent 1260 series LC instrument and Agilent Chip Cube LC-MS interface</td></tr><tr><td>HPLC-Chip II: G4240-62030 Polaris-HR-Chip_3C18&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>360 nL enrichment column and 75 &amp;micro;m &amp;times; 150 mm analytical column, both packed with Polaris C18-A, 180&amp;Aring;, 3 &amp;micro;m stationary phase.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis Software</td><td>Agilent Technologies Canada Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SpectrumMill data extractors</td><td>Agilent Technologies Canada Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

composition and properties of aquafaba: water recovered from commercially canned chickpeas

鹰嘴豆和其他脉冲通常被出售为罐装产品包装在一个厚的溶液或盐水。这一解决方案最近被证明可以产生稳定的泡沫和乳液, 并可作为一个增稠剂。最近, 通过互联网提高了对该产品的兴趣, 建议该解决方案 (现在被越来越多的社区称为 aquafaba) 可以用来替代鸡蛋和牛奶蛋白。由于 aquafaba 是新的和正在开发的基于互联网的社区很少知道它的组成或性质。Aquafaba 从10个商用罐头鹰嘴豆产品中回收, 研究了 Aquafaba 成分、密度、粘度和发泡性能之间的相关性。质子核磁共振用于表征超滤前后的 aquafaba 成分, 通过不同分子量切割的膜 (MWCOs 3、10或 50 kDa)。文中还介绍了一种电泳和多肽质量指纹图谱。这些方法提供了有关负责 aquafaba 功能属性的组件的宝贵信息。这些信息将允许开发的做法, 以生产标准的商业 aquafaba 产品, 并可能帮助消费者选择的产品的优越或一致的效用。

每个罐头的小鸡豌豆被标记, 以表明添加的配料在罐头。配料包括水, 鸡豌豆, 盐和乙二胺四乙酸四酸 (EDTA)。此外, 两个罐子被标记为 "可能含有氯化钙"。观察到三种不同的衬里颜色;白色、透明黄色和金属 (表 1)。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>品牌代码</td>
			<td>盐</td>
			<td>EDTA 二钠</td>
			<td>氯化钙</td>
			<t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas at JoVE.com

Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Aquafaba 是从罐装鹰嘴豆的粘性果汁, 当搅拌旺盛, 产生一个相对稳定的白色泡沫或泡沫。主要的研究目标是通过核磁共振 (NMR)、超滤、电泳和多肽质量指纹 aquafaba 来识别贡献 viscosifying/增稠性的成分。

Aquafaba 的成分和性质: 从商用罐装鹰嘴中回收的水

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce ...

composition-properties-aquafaba-water-recovered-from-commercially

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

33.3K 次观看.  University of Saskatchewan. Aquafaba 是从罐装鹰嘴豆的粘性果汁, 当搅拌旺盛, 产生一个相对稳定的白色泡沫或泡沫。主要的研究目标是通过核磁共振 (NMR)、超滤、电泳和多肽质量指纹 aquafaba 来识别贡献 viscosifying/增稠性的成分。

视频: Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for skin-care cosmetics. The goals of the protocol are: (1) to process chicken feathers into KH by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and purify it by dialysis, and (2) to test if adding KH into an ointment base (OB) increases hydration of the skin and improves skin barrier function by diminishing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). During alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis feathers are first incubated at a higher temperature in an alkaline environment and then, under mild conditions, hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzyme. The solution of KH is dialyzed, vacuum dried, and milled to a fine powder. Cosmetic formulations comprising from oil in water emulsion (O/W) containing 2, 4, and 6 weight% of KH (based on the weight of the OB) are prepared. Testing the moisturizing properties of KH is carried out on 10 men and 10 women at time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h. Tested formulations are spread at degreased volar forearm sites. The skin hydration of stratum corneum (SC) is assessed by measuring capacitance of the skin, which is one of the most world-wide used and simple methods. TEWL is based on measuring the quantity of water transported per a defined area and period of time from the skin. Both methods are fully non-invasive. KH makes for an excellent occlusive; depending on the addition of KH into OB, it brings about a 30% reduction in TEWL after application. KH also functions as a humectant, as it binds water from the lower layers of the epidermis to the SC; at the optimum KH addition in the OB, up to 19% rise in hydration in men and 22% rise in women occurs.

The goal of the protocol is to prepare keratin hydrolysate from chicken feathers by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and to test whether adding keratin hydrolysate into a cosmetics ointment base improves skin barrier function (heightening hydration and diminishing transepidermal water loss). Tests are conducted on men and woman volunteers.

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for ...

科研

生物化学

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers (gelatin, agar, cellulose), only recently have biomasses been recognized as an abundant source of chemically diverse macromolecules for functional aerogel materials. Biopolymer aerogels (pectin, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, etc.) exhibit both specific inheritable functions of starting biopolymers and distinctive features of aerogels (80-99% porosity and specific surface up to 800 m2/g). This synergy of properties makes biopolymer aerogels promising candidates for a wide gamut of applications such as thermal insulation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, functional foods, catalysts, adsorbents and sensors. This work demonstrates the use of pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the ionic cross linking of amidated pectin into hydrogels. Initially a biopolymer/salt dispersion is prepared in water. Under pressurized CO2 conditions, the pH of the biopolymer solution is lowered to 3 which releases the crosslinking cations from the salt to bind with the biopolymer yielding hydrogels. Solvent exchange to ethanol and further supercritical CO2 drying (10 - 12 MPa) yield aerogels. Obtained aerogels are ultra-porous with low density (as low as 0.02 g/cm3), high specific surface area (350 - 500 m2/g) and pore volume (3 - 7 cm3/g for pore sizes less than 150 nm).

A new way for the production of biopolymer-based aerogels by carbon dioxide (CO2) induced gelation is shown. The technique utilizes pressurized carbon dioxide (5 MPa) for the production of biopolymer hydrogels and supercritical CO2 (12 MPa) to convert gels into aerogels. The only solvents needed besides CO2 are water and ethanol.

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

化学

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made suitable for agricultural applications by removing plant growing inhibitory substances. Wet household waste such as fruit peel, coffee grounds, inedible vegetable parts, or wet lignocellulosic material in general, are treated in presence of water at 215 &#x00B0;C and 21 bar in an autoclave, i.e., by hydrothermal carbonization. All these leftovers have a considerable water content of up to 90 weight % (wt%). Adding water extends the procedure to drier materials such as nutshells or even garden prunings and compostable polymers, i.e., the plastic bag for collection of the leftovers.
Usually, the resulting carbon material, called hydrochar, produces a negative effect on plant growth when added to soil. It is supposed that this effect is caused by adsorbed phytotoxic compounds. A simple post-treatment under inert atmosphere (absence of oxygen) at 275 &#x00B0;C removes these substances. Therefore, the raw hydrochar is placed on a glass frit of a vertical tubular quartz reactor. A nitrogen gas flow is applied in down-flow direction. The tube is heated to the desired temperature by means of a heating mantle for up to one hour.
The success of the thermal treatment is easily quantified by thermogravimetry (TG), carried out in air. A weight loss is determined when the temperature of 275 &#x00B0;C is reached, since volatile content is desorbed. Its amount is reduced in the final material, in comparison to the untreated hydrochar.
The two-step treatment converts household leftovers, including compostable bags employed for their collection, into a carbon material that may serve as plant growth promoter and, at the same time, as a carbon sink for climate change mitigation.

A protocol for hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable food waste in an autoclave is presented, with subsequent dry thermal treatment at 275 &#x00B0;C in a continuous flow reactor desorbing volatile organic substances. The aim is to produce a carbon material suitable as soil amendment product or substrate component.

将有机家庭剩剩食品转化为泥炭替代品

A two-step procedure is described for the synthesis of a carbon material with a similar composition and properties as peat. The produced hydrochar is made ...

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

从藻类水热液化使用二维气相色谱时间飞行质谱法水提取部分的定性鉴定

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

生物工程

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a high-protein crambe meal that has limited value, as it is not fit for food or feed use. However, it contains proteins that could potentially make it a suitable raw material for higher-value products. The purpose of this study was to find methods of making this side stream into extruded films, showing that products with a higher value can be produced. The study mainly considered the development of material compositions and methods of preparing and extruding the material. Wheat gluten was added as a supportive protein matrix material, together with glycerol as a plasticizer and urea as a denaturant. The extrudate was evaluated with respect to mechanical (tensile testing) and oxygen barrier properties, and the extrudate structure was revealed visually and by scanning electron microscopy. A denser, more homogeneous material had a lower oxygen transmission rate, higher strength, and higher extensibility. The most homogeneous films were made at an extruder die temperature of 125-130 &#176;C. It is shown here that a film can be extruded with promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, the latter especially after a final compression molding step.

Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends

The side stream from plant oil production of Crambe abyssinica has limited value. The purpose of this study was to find methods for extruding materials based on this side stream, demonstrating that products with a higher value can be produced. The extrudates were found to have promising properties.

薄膜挤出<em&gt;海甘蓝abyssinica</em&gt; /谷朊粉共混物

Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a ...

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

Chitin is an underexploited, naturally abundant, mechanically robust, and chemically resistant biopolymer. These qualities are desirable in an adsorbent, but chitin lacks the necessary specific surface area, and its modification involves specialized techniques and equipment. Herein is described a novel chemical procedure for expanding chitin flakes, derived from shrimp shell waste, into foams with higher surface area. The process relies on the evolution of H2 gas from the reaction of water with NaH trapped in a chitin gel. The preparation method requires no specialized equipment. Powder X-ray diffraction and N2-physisorption indicate that the crystallite size decreases from 6.6 nm to 4.4 nm and the specific surface area increases from 12.6 &#177; 2.1 m2/g to 73.9 &#177; 0.2 m2/g. However, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the process does not change the chemical identity of the chitin. The specific Cu adsorption capacity of the expanded chitin increases in proportion to specific surface area from 13.8 &#177; 2.9 mg/g to 73.1 &#177; 2.0 mg/g. However, the Cu adsorption capacity as a surface density remains relatively constant at an average of 10.1 &#177; 0.8 atom/nm2, which again suggests no change in the chemical identity of the chitin. This method offers the means to transform chitin into a higher surface area material without sacrificing its desirable properties. Although the chitin foam is described here as an adsorbent, it can be envisioned as a catalyst support, thermal insulator, and structural material.

This study describes a method to expand chitin into a foam by chemical techniques that require no specialized equipment.

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

Chitin is an underexploited, naturally abundant, mechanically robust, and chemically resistant biopolymer. These qualities are desirable in an adsorbent, ...

Mammalian Cell Encapsulation in Alginate Beads Using a Simple Stirred Vessel

Cell encapsulation in alginate beads has been used for immobilized cell culture in vitro as well as for immunoisolation in vivo. Pancreatic islet encapsulation has been studied extensively as a means to increase islet survival in allogeneic or xenogeneic transplants. Alginate encapsulation is commonly achieved by nozzle extrusion and external gelation. Using this method, cell-containing alginate droplets formed at the tip of nozzles fall into a solution containing divalent cations that cause ionotropic alginate gelation as they diffuse into the droplets. The requirement for droplet formation at the nozzle tip limits the volumetric throughput and alginate concentration that can be achieved. This video describes a scalable emulsification method to encapsulate mammalian cells in 0.5% to 10% alginate with 70% to 90% cell survival. By this alternative method, alginate droplets containing cells and calcium carbonate are emulsified in mineral oil, followed by a decrease in pH leading to internal calcium release and ionotropic alginate gelation. The current method allows the production of alginate beads within 20 min of emulsification. The equipment required for the encapsulation step consists in simple stirred vessels available to most laboratories.

This video and manuscript describe an emulsion-based method to encapsulate mammalian cells in 0.5% to 10% alginate beads which can be produced in large batches using a simple stirred vessel. The encapsulated cells can be cultured in vitro or transplanted for cellular therapy applications.

使用简单搅拌容器在藻酸盐珠中的哺乳动物细胞包封

Cell encapsulation in alginate beads has been used for immobilized cell culture in vitro as well as for immunoisolation in vivo. Pancreatic islet ...

Synthesis of Black Seed Oil-loaded-, Alginate-based, pH-sensitive Beads Using Electrospraying Technique

Black seed oil (BSO), derived from the seeds of the Nigella sativa plant, has garnered attention for its potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in the context of colon cancer. Its active compound, thymoquinone, may help inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Additionally, black seed oil's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects could contribute to a healthier gut environment, potentially reducing cancer risk. Therefore, this study synthesized pH-sensitive alginate beads to deliver BSO into the colon in a controlled-release manner without releasing the drug at pH 1.2 (stomach), thus providing a well-defined release pattern at pH 6.8. The use of electrospray technology improves process performance by making it easier to formulate small, homogeneous beads with a higher rate of swelling and diffusion in the gastrointestinal medium. 
The formulated beads were characterized by an ex-vivo mucoadhesive strength test, bead size, sphericity factor (SF), encapsulation efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscope (SEM), in vitro swelling behavior (SB), and in vitro drug release in acidic and buffer media. All these manufactured beads demonstrated modest sizes of 0.58 &plusmn; 0.01 mm and spherical shape of 0.03 &plusmn; 0.00 mm in this testing. The formulation showed promising floating and releasing properties in vitro. With a very low cumulative percentage of beads, the oil EE of 90.13% &plusmn; 0.93% was high, and the release study demonstrated more than 90% in pH 6.8 with good floating nature in the stomach. Additionally, the beads were evenly spaced throughout the intestine. The electrospraying approach used in this protocol can be reproducible, yielding consistent outcomes. Therefore, this protocol can be used for large-scale production for commercialization purposes.

A technique employing high electric voltage and a targeted, active ingredient-loaded emulsion to fabricate pH-responsive, uniform microbeads is presented.

Black seed oil (BSO), derived from the seeds of the Nigella sativa plant, has garnered attention for its potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>含 芦荟 的夫西地酸负载水凝胶薄膜可增强药物递送

Development and Characterization of Fusidic Acid-Loaded Alginate-Aloe vera Based Hydrogel Film

A new fusidic acid-loaded hydrogel film was prepared via the solvent casting technique using alginate and Aloe vera. The hydrogel films were optimized using different ratios of sodium alginate, Aloe vera, and glycerin. The films containing 10% glycerin (w/w of alginate) exhibited the best appearance. Incorporating Aloe vera influenced the thickness, swelling behavior, water vapor permeability, and drug release profile of the hydrogel films. Higher Aloe vera content resulted in thicker films (up to a certain ratio), increased swelling, reduced water vapor permeability, and a prolonged drug release of up to 93% over 12 h. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups and the interaction between the hydrogel components. The study suggests that the combination of sodium alginate, Aloe vera, and glycerin can improve the mechanical properties and drug release profiles of hydrogel films, making them a promising option for enhanced topical drug delivery and wound healing applications.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：优化 芦荟-海藻酸盐水凝胶膜以增强夫西地酸输送和伤口愈合

A formulation of fusidic acid-loaded hydrogel film was developed with different Aloe vera ratios and characterized in this study.

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟 基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

A new fusidic acid-loaded hydrogel film was prepared via the solvent casting technique using alginate and Aloe vera. The hydrogel films were optimized ...

Aquafaba 的成分和性质: 从商用罐装鹰嘴中回收的水

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

将有机家庭剩剩食品转化为泥炭替代品

从藻类水热液化使用二维气相色谱时间飞行质谱法水提取部分的定性鉴定

薄膜挤出

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

使用简单搅拌容器在藻酸盐珠中的哺乳动物细胞包封

Synthesis of Black Seed Oil-loaded-, Alginate-based, pH-sensitive Beads Using Electrospraying Technique

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

Aquafaba 的成分和性质: 从商用罐装鹰嘴中回收的水

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

鸡羽毛角蛋白水解物的制备及其在化妆品中的应用

生物聚合物气凝胶制备使用绿色溶剂

将有机家庭剩剩食品转化为泥炭替代品

从藻类水热液化使用二维气相色谱时间飞行质谱法水提取部分的定性鉴定

薄膜挤出

准备扩大的奇廷泡沫及其用于去除水中的铜

使用简单搅拌容器在藻酸盐珠中的哺乳动物细胞包封

Synthesis of Black Seed Oil-loaded-, Alginate-based, pH-sensitive Beads Using Electrospraying Technique

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟 基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟 基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征

夫西地酸负载海藻酸盐-芦荟基水凝胶薄膜的开发和表征